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PubMed1982

A television system for point counting morphometry in high resolution light microscopy.

High resolution light microscopical images that can be superimposed on a test system for the estimation of stereological parameters are obtained by a television system modified for point-counting morphometry. The full resolving power of the light microscope is exploited and a test system applied in the same plane as the microscopical image displayed on the monitor screen. Volume fraction estimates of nuclei and zymogen granules from the rat pancreas made with the television microscopical system and with electron-microscopic micrographs rendered the same precision, and showed that the volume fraction of objects as small as zymogen granules was measurable with the light microscope. The measuring with the television microscopical system was about 15 times faster than with electron-microscopic micrography and about 5 times faster than with conventional photomicrography and the light microscope.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Health promotion using television in hospital waiting rooms: the Adelaide Children's Parent Education Project.

OBJECTIVES: The Adelaide Children's Hospital Parent Education Project was designed to determine the effect of the screening of health promotion programmes via closed circuit television facilities in hospital waiting rooms on parents' knowledge of child health issues. METHODOLOGY: A knowledge test was constructed with an internal consistency co-efficient of 0.95 and used to identify target groups of parents with low knowledge. The education programmes screened were aimed at the knowledge deficits. To assess the effects of the programmes an experiment was conducted using a post-test only/control group design, including a time delay. Days of the week were assigned randomly to programme days when health education programmes were screened and non-programme days when normal television programmes were screened. The experimental group was selected randomly from the attendance registers on programme days and the control group from non-programme days. RESULTS: The experimental group of parents gained substantial increases in knowledge with some knowledge scores increasing by nearly 70%. Overall there was a statistically significant difference between the knowledge scores of experimental and control groups. The recall of programme content by parents was notable in view of the fact that because of waiting times most only viewed part of the education programmes. Health-promoting behaviour changes were also reported. CONCLUSIONS: The screening of health programmes via hospital waiting room television significantly increases the health knowledge of viewers, although there is a decline over time.

Adult↗

PubMed1986

Television viewing at home: age trends in visual attention and time with TV.

The TV-viewing behavior of 99 families with young children was videotaped by automated time-lapse recording equipment placed in homes for 10-day periods. The 99 families comprised 460 individuals from infants to 62 years of age. Time-sample analyses of 4,672 hours of recordings indicated that the TV-viewing room contained no viewers 14.7% of the time that the TV was on. There were no age trends in time spent with television. Percent visual attention to television increased greatly across the preschool years, leveled off at about 70% during the school-age years, and declined in adulthood. Men looked at the TV more than women. There were no significant correlations between time spent with TV and percent of visual attention to TV. The increase in visual attention to television during the preschool years is consistent with the theory that TV program comprehensibility is a major determination of attention in young children.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1989

Family ecology and child characteristics that predict young children's educational television viewing.

This study investigated how sociological variables, program access, family attributes, and child characteristics influence children's viewing of the most well-established educational television program in the United States--"Sesame Street." 2 cohorts were followed from ages 3 to 5 and 5 to 7, respectively. Each family kept a diary of television viewed during 5 1-week periods over 2 years. Interviews and testing sessions were conducted before and after the 2-year period. "Sesame Street" viewing increased from age 3 to a peak between the ages of 3 1/2 and 4; thereafter, viewing declined. This developmental change appeared to be a function of age-correlated life events and perceived age appropriateness of the program rather than of ontogenetic cognitive change. Individual differences were primarily a function of family ecology--opportunities to view and characteristics of other viewers--rather than of family demographics or individual child attributes. Maternal employment and the amount of time children attended child care or preschool were negatively related to viewing. The presence of older siblings reduced viewing; the presence of younger siblings increased it. Viewing was unrelated to parent education or occupational status, child gender, child's vocabulary level, involvement in television, or interest in print and other media. Parental encouragement to watch the program was positively related to viewing for 3-5-year-olds.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1983

Historical trends in the use of television in health education.

Although health education is a relatively new professional discipline, health educators have actively utilized television for informational and persuasive purposes since its inception as a public mass medium. Informational messages have been developed for classroom and public television, while persuasive messages have been developed for commercial television. With the current health education emphasis on developing and maintaining behaviors conductive to health, the school health educator can blend both informational and persuasive methods to create a more dynamic classroom teaching environment.

Curriculum↗

PubMed1978

Temporal integration and children's understanding of social information of television.

Recent studies are reviewed that suggest that preschool and young grade-school children often have incomplete or distorted impressions of social portrayals on television. It is suggested that cognitive-processing factors in understanding television dramas may put these younger viewers at special risk for deleterious effects of television viewing.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1985

Television and sex-role acquisition. 1: Content.

Television has earned considerable public and academic criticism in recent years for the alleged bias in its sex-role content. A fundamental concern of many critics is with the representation of male and female roles that confronts children. This paper reviews the evidence accumulating from numerous content analyses of both adult and children's television. Overall, the evidence confirms that there are marked differences in the ways the medium presents the sexes. These differences are both quantitative and qualitative but the general pattern at either level is to present males as dominant and females as nurturant and complementary. Some qualifications, exceptions and gaps in the literature are discussed. The paper is the first of a three-part review series of television and sex-role acquisition: the subsequent papers will review respectively the effects of sex-stereotyped TV content upon children and the prospects for counter-stereotyped programmes aiming to modify young viewers' beliefs and attitudes.

Achievement↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Optimization of readout rate of television cameras in pulsed digital radiography.

Adaptation of existing fluoroscopic television rooms to permit radiographs to be recorded directly by the television system would be a very practical way to introduce digital radiography into general use if the image quality was adequate. The main limitation of current systems is spatial resolution. Although a digital system can change the spatial frequency response by application of spatial frequency enhancement, the amount of enhancement which can be usefully applied is a function both of the spatial frequency response of the whole system and image noise. Slow scan television systems have been proposed as a way to reduce noise; and hence, as a way to potentially improve limiting resolution. We examine all the consequences of changing readout scan rate, both theoretically and with measurements on a commercial camera with a lead oxide image tube. It is found that recent improvements in camera tube design, specifically the increase in current capability of the electron gun, have reduced the advantages theoretically available with slow scan. However, an order of magnitude increase in useful dynamic range is still possible.

Humans↗

PubMed1973

Vagotonicity of violence: biochemical and cardiac responses to violent films and television programmes.

In a search for a reproducible means of evoking different types of emotional stress it was found that in spite of increased adrenaline secretion slowing of the heart occurred when watching violent television programmes. Further evidence of increased vagal tone was provided by the "sinus arrhythmia" effect, a widening of the gap between the maximum and minimum heart rates during the respiratory cycle in parts of the humour, violence, and suspense sections of the television programme.Groups of people taken to see two particularly violent films showed similar evidence suggesting vagal overactivity, together with increases in plasma free fatty acids and decreases in triglycerides. As these changes occurred even with beta-blockade it is suggested that they might be caused by non-sympathetically mediated changes in the levels of hormones, such as growth hormone, producing lipolysis.The ability to assess objectively an individual's reaction to viewing violence might make it possible to judge the likely social impact of violent films and television programmes.

Blood Glucose↗

PubMed2001

Local television news coverage of traumatic deaths and injuries.

OBJECTIVE: To assess how local television news programs' reporting of injuries and deaths from traumatic causes compares with coroners' records of deaths and the estimated incidence of injuries in the same geographic area during the same time. METHODS: Using epidemiologic methods, we identified the underlying cause of death or injury in each of 828 local television news stories broadcast in Los Angeles during late 1996 or early 1997 that concerned recent (<3 days) traumatic injuries or deaths in Los Angeles County. Odds ratios were computed using deaths by homicide or injuries sustained in assaults as the referent group. RESULTS: The number of persons depicted as dead amounted to 47.8% of the actual total number of traumatic deaths occurring in Los Angeles County during the study period. In contrast, the number depicted as injured represented only 3.4% of injuries due to traumatic causes. Both injuries and deaths due to fires, homicides, and legal interventions were proportionally well represented. However, injuries and deaths from accidental poisoning, falls, and suicide were significantly underrepresented. CONCLUSIONS: Some types of events receive disproportionately more news coverage than others. Local television news tends strongly to present only those events concerned with death or injury that are visually compelling. We discuss reasons for concern about the effect that this form of information bias has on public understanding of health issues and possible counteractions that physicians can take.

Cause of Death↗

PubMed1996

Information through television: does it promote child safety?

OBJECTIVES: First, to evaluate whether a local campaign to prevent childhood injuries increased parents' inclination to follow eight television programmes broadcast nationwide, and second, to assess whether parents reached by a local campaign benefitted more from the television programmes than those not reached by the campaign. METHODS: Before the television programmes were broadcast, all families with preschool children living in a typical Swedish municipality (the intervention area) received a letter from the head of the child health services encouraging them to watch the programmes. The local campaign also included face-to-face information and advice on childhood injuries at all day care centres and child health centres in the intervention area. After all the programmes had been broadcast, telephone interviews were conducted with one parent from 77% of all 1699 households with at least one preschool child in the intervention area, and with 87% of a random sample of 144 parents from other, similar municipalities. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The local campaign increased parents' inclination to follow the programmes. No significant association was found, however, between the number of programmes followed and measures undertaken in the homes as a direct consequence of the programmes. Nor was a significant association found between the number of programmes viewed and parents' attitudes towards risks. A local campaign may increase parents' awareness of information provided by the mass media on childhood injuries.

Accident Prevention↗

PubMed1975

Interpretation of roentgenograms via interactive television.

The diagnostic quality of roentgenographic images transmitted by interactive television was evaluated. A series of 100 kidney, ureter and bladder, chest, and bone radiographs were read individually by five radiologists, both on direct viewing and on viewing a monitor image of the television signal. The latter was transmitted by microwave a distance of 28 miles, including four transmission legs. Analysis in terms of receiver operating characteristic curves and critical tables indicated that the television interpretations were of acceptable accuracy, in view of the participants' inexperience with teleradiology.

Bone and Bones↗

PubMed1988

Clustering of teenage suicides after television news stories about suicides: a reconsideration.

A recent study reported a significant increase in teenage suicides after television newscasts about suicide in the period 1973-1979 and suggested that the increase might have resulted from an imitative effect of television. In the present study, the authors found no significant association between newscasts and subsequent teenage suicides over the period 1973-1984. Although teenage suicides increased after newscasts in 1973-1980, the authors identify reasons why this increase is not consistent with an imitative effect of television. Furthermore, during 1981-1984 teenage suicides decreased after newscasts about suicide; the reversal differs significantly from the association before 1981.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1977

The use of cable television as a tool in health education of the elderly: screening.

A cable television channel was used to inform residents in a housing project for the elderly about a series of preventive health services. Screening and referral services for common health problems were offered to this group. The televised communications included a series of brief, informal advertising-style and direct teaching-style messages developed for each of five screening areas. An evaluation found that the televised messages had both direct and indirect effects on participation in the screening programs; overall attendance was about 8% of the estimated potential attendance. Knowledge and health attitude effects of the messages were also assessed.

Aged↗

PubMed1979

Detection of suspicious cells and rejection of artefacts in cervical cytology using the Leyden Television Analysis System.

In slide based automation of cervical cytology the first stage of analysis involves finding possibly suspicious cells, or areas on the slide with these types of cells. By using a television based system such as the Leyden Television Analysis System (LEYTAS), a number of detection methods can be applied to rapidly screen a large number of fields automatically for suspicious cells. In this paper, results using a parameter based on increased nuclear DNA content of cells are given and a second detection method based on a chromatin pattern feature, called chromatin contrast, is discussed. Two blind trials on 41 positive and 22 negative cervical slides, using the Leyden Television Analysis System to detect suspicious cells with an increased nuclear DNA content, were promising. In 1 of the 41 positive cases no suspicious cells were found. In the negative specimens, suspicious cells were detected in 1 of 9 cases and 1 of 13 cases, with the two detection parameters investigated. These findings are discussed and some automatic artefact rejection procedures with preliminary results are given.

Cervix Uteri↗

PubMed2024

Leisure television watching exerts a causal effect on gastroesophageal reflux disease: evidence from a two-step mendelian randomization study.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have shown that physical activity (PA) and leisure sedentary behaviors (LSB, including leisure television watching) are linked to gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). However, the associations between PA/LSB and GERD remain controversial. In this study, we aimed to reveal whether these associations reflect causal relationships and reveal the potential mechanisms of these relationships using bidirectional and two-step Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses. METHODS: We obtained genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary statistics for PA/LSB, four common risk factors (including cigarettes smoked per day, alcoholic drinks per week, triglycerides, total cholesterol) and GERD from published GWASs. A bidirectional MR analysis was performed to identify causal relationships between PA/LSB and GERD. Then, a series of sensitivity analyses were performed to verify the robustness of the results. Finally, a mediation analysis via two-step MR was conducted to investigate any effects explained by common risk factors in these relationships. RESULTS: Genetically predicted per 1-SD increase in leisure time television watching significantly increased the risk of GERD in the bidirectional MR analysis (OR = 1.33; 95% CI: 1.14-1.56; P = 2.71 × 10- 4). Sensitivity analyses successfully verified the robustness of the causal relationship. Further mediation analysis showed that this effect was partly mediated by increasing cigarettes smoked per day, with mediated proportions of 18.37% (95% CI: 11.94-39.79%). CONCLUSION: Our findings revealed a causal relationship between leisure television watching and an increased risk of GERD, notably, the causal effect was partially mediated by cigarettes smoked per day. These findings may inform prevention and management strategies directed toward GERD.

Humans↗

PubMed2000

How mental illness is portrayed in children's television. A prospective study.

BACKGROUND: There are no published studies concerning the depiction of mental illness in children's television programmes. AIMS: To determine whether mental illness was depicted in children's television. METHOD: Sample of one complete week of children's television (57 hours, 50 minutes; 128 series episodes: 69 cartoon animations, 12 non-cartoon animations, 47 real life) provided for children under the age of 10 years. Disclosure analysis of portrayals of mental illness through repeated viewings identified patterns in the use of linguistic, semiotic and rhetorical resources. RESULTS: Of the 128 episodes, 59 (46%) contained one or more references to mental illness, predominantly in cartoons (n = 47, 80%) compared with other episode types (chi 2 = 17.1, d.f. = 2, P < 0.05). Commonly occurring terms such as 'crazy' (n = 28), 'mad' (n = 19) and 'losing your mind' (n = 13) were employed to denote loss of control. The six consistently mentally ill characters were almost entirely devoid of admirable attributes. CONCLUSION: Young viewers are being socialized into stigmatizing conceptions of mental illness.

Attitude to Health↗

PubMed1985

A set of X-ray test objects for quality control in television fluoroscopy.

The history of performance testing in Leeds of television fluoroscopic systems is briefly outlined. Using the visual, physical and technological requirements as a basis, a set of nine test objects for quality control in television fluoroscopy is described. The factors measured by the test objects are listed in the introduction; the test objects and their function are fully described in the remainder of the paper. The test objects, in conjunction with a television oscilloscope, give both subjective and objective information about the X-ray system. Three of the test objects enable the physicist or engineer to adjust certain aspects of the performance of the X-ray system. The set of nine test objects is available commercially.

Fluoroscopy↗