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PubMed1979

Modified Wheeler orbicularis overlap procedure for senile entropion.

Senile entropion is a condition involving the lower lid due to aging. Surgical correction has been directed to either increasing the vertical or horizontal tension on the tarsus. While all are good, each has its shortcomings with resultant recurrences. The procedure we are presenting is a combination of features which has given us the least recurrence rate. These include horizontal shortening of skin and orbicularis muscle and positioning of orbicularis straps so as to prevent their riding up on the tarsus. Figures illustrating the procedure in detail as well as pre and postoperative photos are shown.

Dermatologic Surgical Procedures↗

PubMed1985

Free chondral fragment involving the lateral trochlear ridge of the talus in a dog.

A saucer-shaped defect involving the lateral trochlear ridge of the talus and a radiopaque joint fragment were evident on radiographs of the left tarsus in a 6-month-old Rottweiler. Surgical treatment involved removal of the joint fragment and debridement of the defect. Histologic interpretation of the specimen was a chondral fragment. It is important to realize the possibility of a lesion in the location described, as this may be an additional site for osteochondrosis dissecans of the canine tarsus.

Animals↗

PubMed1979

Bristle patterns and compartment boundaries in the tarsi of Drosophila.

We describe cell lineage of the tarsus of wild-type Drosophila. Large Minute+ clones were made to map the position of the antero-posterior compartment boundary in all three tarsi. The tarsus is mirror symmetric, but the compartment boundary does not coincide with the mirror plane. This boundary runs along the dorsal and the ventral rows of bristles which are immediately posterior to the mirror plane; elements in these rows being made by both anterior and posterior polyclones. The provenance of bristles and bracts suggests that the bristle cells move into their final positions. The homoeotic mutation engrailed affects only the posterior compartments of all three tarsi. The mutations bithorax and postbithorax affect only the anterior and posterior compartments of the third legs, respectively, transforming them into homologous compartments of the second leg. These results support the selector gene model of development (Garcia-Bellido, 1975) and emphasize that collaboration between polyclones is important in pattern formation.

Animals↗

PubMed1978

[Partial palpebral myotarsectomy (author's transl)].

In cases of senile entropium we prefer an operation method, which attempts to exclude the aetiologic factors of these senile alterations. The tension of the tarsus must be increased and the muscle of the orbicularis at the palpebral margin must be reduced and retightened over the convex margin of the tarsus. It is not of less importance to correct the reduced elasticity of the fascia tarsoorbitalis. These corrections are achieved by a perforating rhomboid excision of the lower eyelid. The operation is performed with the use of a Chalazion forceps (Desmarres) which steps all bleeding. The method of operation was successful in all 34 cases and achieved good functional and cosmetic results. Recurrences were not observed.

Entropion↗

PubMed1984

[Dehiscence and disinsertion of the aponeurotic bundle of the upper eyelid levator in acquired ptosis].

Aponeurotic defects and disinsertion of the levator aponeurosis are responsible for many cases of acquired ptosis. The typical clinical findings in aponeurotic defects are: history of prior orbital swelling, injury, ocular surgery, blepharochalasis; good to excellent levator function, thinning of the eyelid above the tarsus, high to absent lid crease, and normal Müller's muscle function. The purpose of the treatment is to repair a defect or advance the aponeurosis onto the tarsus. Levator aponeurosis surgery was used to treat 18 upper eyelids with acquired ptosis. Local anesthesia and surgery from an anterior approach were used in all cases. The advantages of this technique are: The lid height is determined by asking the patient to look in various fields of gaze. A blepharoplasty can be performed when necessary. The lid crease is formed. The exposition of the levator aponeurosis disinsertion is easier to recognize.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Morphological description of Androlaelaps lehfeni sp. nov (Laelapinae, Laelapidae) found in North Sinai, Egypt.

Androlaelaps lehfeni sp. nov. collected from Gerbillus pyramidum in Beer Lehfin, N. Sinai, Egypt. The female is described. Apilus dentilis on the fixed digit of chelicera. The tarsus of palp with two tined apotele. Tarsus of leg II with 3 spurs ventralcind stout setae. Genitoventral shield with one pair of ventral setae. The new species is compared with the related species in this genus.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Transglutaminase factor XIIIA in the cartilage of developing avian long bones.

Previously, we showed that mRNA for transglutaminase factor XIIIA (FXIIIA) is up-regulated in the hypertrophic zone of the growth plate of the chicken tibiotarsus, a well-characterized model of long bone development. In the present study, we have studied the distribution of the FXIIIA protein and of transglutaminase enzymatic activity in this growth plate, as well as in the cartilage of the epiphysis, which includes that of the articular surface. By immunohistochemical analysis, the protein is detected in the zone of maturation, where it is mostly intracellular, and in the hypertrophic zone, where it is present both intracellularly and in the extracellular matrix. The intracellular enzyme is mostly a zymogen, as determined with an antibody specific for the activation peptide. Externalization of FXIIIA is accompanied by enzyme activation. To study the pattern of transglutaminase activity, a synthetic transglutaminase substrate, rhodamine-conjugated tetrapeptide (Pro-Val-Lys-Gly), was used for pulse labeling in organ cultures. Intensive incorporation of the fluorescent substrate was observed throughout the hypertrophic zone and in the cells surrounding the forming blood vessels. The patterns of FXIIIA immunostaining and substrate incorporation overlap almost completely. The cartilaginous factor XIIIA is different from the plasma form in that, both intracellularly and extracellularly, it exists as a monomer, as determined by Western analysis, whereas the plasma form of FXIII is a tetrameric complex composed of both A and B subunits. We also identified FXIIIA and transglutaminase activity within the articular and condylar regions of the tarsus, suggesting a possible involvement of mechanical pressure and/or stress in the production of the molecule and subsequent cross-linking of the cartilage matrix. Thus, transglutaminases, in particular FXIIIA, are involved in the formation of long bones through its activity both in the hypertrophic region of the growth plate and in the formation of articular/epiphyseal cartilages.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Evolution and homology of the astragalus in early amniotes: new fossils, new perspectives.

The reorganization of the ankle in basal amniotes has long been considered a key innovation allowing the evolution of more terrestrial and cursorial behavior. Understanding how this key innovation arose is a complex problem that largely concerns the homologizing of the amniote astragalus with the various ossifications in the anamniote tarsus. Over the last century, several hypotheses have been advanced homologizing the amniote astragalus with the many ossifications in the ankle of amphibian-grade tetrapods. There is an emerging consensus that the amniote astragalus is a complex structure emerging via the co-ossification of several originally separate elements, but the identities of these elements remain unclear. Here we present new fossil evidence bearing on this contentious question. A poorly ossified, juvenile astragalus of the large captorhinid Moradisaurus grandis shows clear evidence of four ossification centers, rather than of three centers or one center as posited in previous models of astragalus homology. Comparative material of the captorhinid Captorhinikos chozaensis is also interpretable as demonstrating four ossification centers. A new, four-center model for the homology of the amniote astragalus is advanced, and is discussed in the context of the phylogeny of the Captorhinidae in an attempt to identify the developmental transitions responsible for the observed pattern of ossification within this clade. Lastly, the broader implications for amniote phylogeny are discussed, concluding that the neomorphic pattern of astragalus ossification seen in all extant reptiles (including turtles) arose within the clade Diapsida.

Alligators and Crocodiles↗

PubMed1998

Osteochondrosis of the canine tibiotarsal joint.

This article reviews previous literature and current conclusions regarding osteochondrosis dissecans in the canine tarsus since it was first reported only 20 years ago. Breed, signalment, and clinical characteristics can greatly aid the clinician in suspicion of this condition. Specific radiographic techniques for confirmation of osteochondrosis are discussed. Treatment options, expectations, and specific surgical approaches are reviewed.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

[The role of quinine chlorhydrate in the conditioned inhibition of the tarsal reflex in Drosophila melanogaster].

The proboscis extension reflex (PER) can be elicited by applying a sucrose stimulation to the tarsus of a walking fly. This reflex decreases in frequency with repetition, presumably habituation, a nonassociative learning. If each sucrose stimulation is followed by a bitter stimulation, quinine chloride, the PER declines more rapidly, probably the result of conditioning, an associative learning. The present work shows that quinine chloride does not always inhibit PER suppressions but depends on the moment of delivery, being most effective when presented immediately after a sucrose stimulation. A bitter stimulus presented before, or simultaneously with a sucrose stimulation is less effective than habituation to sucrose alone. This experiment provides evidence for an interpretation in terms of cognitive association. The model of learning is not a Pavlovian conditioning as advanced by Medioni and Vaysse (1975), but corresponds to the punishment paradigm of Dyal and Corning (1973).

Animals↗

PubMed1994

[The colonization of forested areas by Ixodes ricinus (Linné, 1758) in France: use of the roe deer, Capreolus capreolus (L. 1758) as a biological marker].

The roe-deer is a wild animal for which Ixodes ricinus has a particular fondness. Its territory is similar to that of the ticks and it is a species which is found throughout France yet which rarely leaves its territory. Given these conditions, a systematic parasitological examination of the ungulate can provide pertinent information concerning the forests inhabited by the tick. Since it is difficult to conduct a thorough examination of a large number of roe-deer over a limited space of time and on a large territory, the best solution is to examine the hind feet (hooves and tarsus) of the animal which are widely covered by the preimaginal stages of the tick. This biological material is easily available to the extent that the measurements of the animals are often used for game management. A preliminary study was conducted in Dordogne (southwestern France). Out of the 137 pairs of feet examined more than 50% carried the tick species (larvae or nymphs). The critical analysis of the results obtained throughout the investigation enables us to be more specific about the conditions of application of the advocated method.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Heterogeneity in stable isotope profiles predicts coexistence of populations of barn swallows Hirundo rustica differing in morphology and reproductive performance.

Population studies assume that individuals belonging to a study population are homogeneous for natal and breeding origin, although this assumption is rarely tested. We tested for heterogeneity in stable-isotope profiles (delta15N, delta13C, deltaD) of feathers grown in the African winter quarters from a Danish breeding population of adult barn swallows, Hirundo rustica. Deuterium isotope values did not provide useful information on population segregation of wintering swallows in Africa. However, both delta15N and delta13C values showed a clearly bimodal distribution with 6% belonging to one category and the remaining birds belonging to another category, resulting in this population comprising three categories of birds. Adults belonging to the two categories of delta13C isotope profiles differed weakly in morphology for several different characters. The frequency and the size of second broods differed between categories of delta13C isotope profiles. Phenotypes of nestlings from the first brood in terms of tarsus length, body mass and T-cell response differed significantly between the two delta15N isotope categories, suggesting that conditions during winter carried over to the breeding season at least as late as the first brood. Polymorphism can be maintained only if fitness is similar for birds from categories of isotope profiles. We suggest that fluctuating selection or migration-selection balance may maintain the observed polymorphism.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1998

Control of distal antennal identity and tarsal development in Drosophila by spineless-aristapedia, a homolog of the mammalian dioxin receptor.

We report the molecular characterization of the spineless (ss) gene of Drosophila, and present evidence that it plays a central role in defining the distal regions of both the antenna and leg. ss encodes the closest known homolog of the mammalian dioxin receptor, a transcription factor of the bHLH-PAS family. Loss-of-function alleles of ss cause three major phenotypes: transformation of distal antenna to leg, deletion of distal leg (tarsal) structures, and reduction in size of most bristles. Consistent with these phenotypes, ss is expressed in the distal portion of the antennal imaginal disc, the tarsal region of each leg disc, and in bristle precursor cells. Ectopic expression of ss causes transformation of the maxillary palp and distal leg to distal antenna, and induces formation of an ectopic antenna in the rostral membrane. These effects indicate that ss plays a primary role in specifying distal antennal identity. In the tarsus, ss is expressed only early, and is required for later expression of the tarsal gene bric à brac (bab). Ectopic expression causes the deletion of medial leg structures, suggesting that ss plays an instructive role in the establishment of the tarsal primordium. In both the antenna and leg, ss expression is shown to depend on Distal-less (Dll), a master regulator of ventral appendage formation. The antennal transformation and tarsal deletions caused by ss loss-of-function mutations are probably atavistic, suggesting that ss played a central role in the evolution of distal structures in arthropod limbs.

Alleles↗

PubMed2005

Osseous lesion of the calcaneus following the use of shock wave therapy in a horse.

An 8-year-old Dutch warmblood gelding was presented with a mechanical lameness (2/10) because of the presence of a soft tissue injury on the top of the right tuber calcanei. Plain radiographs of the tarsus demonstrated the presence of soft tissue swelling caudal to the right tuber calcanei, without osseous involvement, and ultrasonography revealed excessive scar tissue within and around the superficial digital flexor tendon. Extra-corporeal shock wave therapy was applied on the right hock to decrease the amount of scar tissue. One month after the therapy the lameness was greater (3/10) and a marginal increase in the size of the swelling was found. Periosteal new bone formation associated with an ill-defined radiolucent area and two bony fragments were detected radiographically at the caudo-proximal aspect of the right tuber calcanei. A blister containing oil of croton, camphor, pine and thyme, turpentine and cantharides was applied on the right calcaneus. Twenty days after blister application, the size of the swelling had been reduced by 50% and the degree of lameness had also been decreased (1/10). On clinical re-evaluation 6 months after treatment, the degree of lameness was stable (1/10) and flexion test of the limb was negative.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Arthroscopic approach and intra-articular anatomy of the plantar pouch of the equine tarsocrural joint.

Arthroscopic examination of structures within the plantar pouch of the tarsocrural joint was accomplished via portals in both the plantaromedial and plantarolateral aspects of the joint. Flexion and extension of the tarsus while examining the joint through either portal allowed observation of the proximal and plantar aspects of the lateral and medial trochlear ridges, the trochlear groove, the caudal aspect of the distal tibia, and the deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT) in its sheath. From a plantarolateral portal, the plantar talocalcaneal ligament and the plantar aspect of the lateral malleolus could be observed. The caudal aspect of the medial malleolus could not be observed with flexion or extension of the joint from a plantaromedial portal, but in some horses, the caudal aspect of the lateral malleolus could be observed. The dorsolateral and dorsomedial aspects of the plantar pouch were best examined from a portal on the ipsilateral side of the joint. An instrument portal opposite either arthroscope portal allowed access to most regions of the joint except the abaxial surface of the trochlear ridge opposite the instrument.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Occult subchondral osseous cyst-like lesions of the equine tarsocrural joint.

OBJECTIVE: To report the clinical signs, diagnosis, management, and outcome of horses with occult sub-chondral osseous cyst-like lesions of the tarsocrural joint. DESIGN: Retrospective study. ANIMALS: Twelve horses with subchondral osseous cyst-like lesions (SOCLs) in the tarsocrural joint. METHODS: Information about history, examination findings, diagnostic techniques, and surgical procedures as obtained from medical records. Outcome was determined by patient re-evaluation and telephone communication with the referring veterinarian, owner, or trainer. RESULTS: Horses were aged from 3 to 29 years. Lameness (2 weeks to 1 year) varied from moderate to severe. Synovial fluid analyses (9 horses) yielded changes consistent with suppurative inflammation and positive bacterial culture was obtained in 4 horses. Eight of 9 horses that had intra-articular analgesia had a dramatic reduction in lameness. No abnormalities were detected on tarsal radiographs in 10 horses. Scintigraphy identified foci of increased radiopharmaceutical uptake in the distal tibia or talus of all horses, and the lesion was further characterized by computed tomography in 7 horses. SOCLs were identified in the medial malleolus (5), intertrochlear groove of the talus (4), lateral malleolus (2), and distal intermediate ridge of the tibia (1). One horse was euthanatized, 6 horses had surgical debridement, and 5 horses were managed conservatively. Four horses treated surgically (67%) returned to soundness. Conservatively treated horses continued to exhibit lameness but 2 were sufficiently sound for light pleasure riding. CONCLUSIONS: Occult lesions of the tarsus not visible on radiographs can be detected by computed tomography and scintigraphy and may be a source of lameness. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: SOCL, possibly of septic origin, should be a differential diagnosis for persistent lameness localized to the tarsocrural joint without radiographic abnormalities. Surgical debridement of the lesions may offer the best prognosis for a return to athletic soundness.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Use of contoured bar transhock external fixators in 17 cats.

Seventeen cats with injuries involving the distal tibia, talocrural joints, tarsus and metatarsus were treated with contoured connecting bar transhock external fixators as either primary or secondary fixation. The assemblies stabilised all the injuries successfully. Fracture union was achieved in 11 out of 12 cases. Excellent results were achieved in eight cats and the outcome was satisfactory in a further five. Those cats with injuries involving talocrural joint luxation with displacement and significant periarticular soft tissue disruption had poorer long-term results. Complications occurred in seven cases.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Dorsal tarsal instability in three racing greyhounds.

Rupture of the dorsal ligaments of the tarsus in the greyhound is a rare racing injury. This case report describes dorsal tarsal instability in three greyhounds. A stumble and somersault were observed in two cases and were thought to have caused the injury. Previous reports advocate partial intertarsal arthrodesis as the preferred treatment for dorsal instability of the proximal intertarsal joint, but not all dogs returned to successful racing. In these three cases, stability was restored by the insertion of a wire tension band anchored to two bone screws, allowing the development of periarticular fibrosis. The dogs raced again with no loss of form.

Animals↗