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PubMedDate not supplied

Temperature, metabolic adaptation and crying in healthy full-term newborns cared for skin-to-skin or in a cot.

The aim of the present study was to compare temperatures, metabolic adaptation and crying behavior in 50 healthy, full-term, newborn infants who were randomized to be kept either skin-to-skin with the mother or next to the mother in a cot "separated". The babies were studied during the first 90 min after birth. Axillary and skin temperatures were significantly higher in the skin-to-skin group; at 90 min after birth blood glucose was also significantly higher and the return towards zero of the negative base-excess was more rapid as compared to the "separated" group. Babies kept in cots cried significantly more than those kept skin-to-skin with the mother. Keeping the baby skin-to-skin with the mother preserves energy and accelerates metabolic adaptation and may increase the well-being of the newborn.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Effect of skin surface lipid on the skin permeation of lidocaine from pressure sensitive adhesives.

Pressure sensitive adhesives (PSA) tapes containing different concentrations of lidocaine were prepared by a general casting method using styrene-isoprene-styrene block copolymer, and the in vitro skin permeation of lidocaine from each tape was evaluated using diffusion cell and excised hairless rat skin. The skin permeation was proportionally increased by up to 40% lidocaine in the PSA tape and did not change after this concentration. Although the bending point of the steady-state flux via skin concentration curve was found at 40%, saturated concentration or solubility of lidocaine in the tape was estimated to be about 20% by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurement. In addition, the steady-state flux of lidocaine through skin from water or silicone fluid suspension (92 or 120 micrograms/cm2.h, respectively) was very similar to those of 40, 50 and 60% tapes (105, 101 and 112 micrograms/cm2.h, respectively). Decrease in the concentration in tapes during the permeation experiment explained only part of these phenomena. To analyze them further, the drug free PSA tape with or without (control) skin surface lipid was affixed to 50% lidocaine PSA tape for 48 h, and the amount of lidocaine crystal in the layered tapes was measured by DSC. The amount was found to be lower in the lipid-containing tape than in the lipid-free tape, suggesting that skin surface lipid can dissolve lidocaine crystal or solid in PSA tape to decrease its thermodynamic activity. Thus it is important to follow the concentration and thermodynamic activity of lidocaine in PSA tape, skin and the interface between the two layers to exactly assess its skin permeation flux.

Adhesives↗
PubMed2002

The role of fluoroquinolones in skin and skin structure infections.

Skin and skin structure infections encompass a broad range of clinical presentations and disease severity. Antimicrobial therapy is clearly beneficial for both recovery from these infections as well as preventing disease progression. Fluoroquinolones are potent broad spectrum antimicrobial agents with the older agents characterized as having broad spectrum anti-Gram-negative activity, borderline activity against clinically important Gram-positive pathogens and little or no anti-anaerobic bacteria activity. In contrast, the new quinolones are characterized by having enhanced activity against Gram-positive pathogens, anti-anaerobic activity and they remain highly active against aerobic-Gram-negative bacilli. Several fluoroquinolones have been evaluated for the treatment of uncomplicated skin and soft tissue infection, difficult skin and soft tissue infection and serious skin and skin structure infections. Clinical cure rates were found to be equivalent to comparators suggesting a role for the fluoroquinolone in treating these infections. It may be necessary to use some fluoroquinolones in combination with anti-anaerobic agents for those infections with mixed aerobic and anaerobic pathogens. Some additional clinical trials are necessary to identify the full potential of newer fluoroquinolones for skin and skin structure infections. At present, quinolones are, in general, equivalent to beta-lactam agents in the treatment of skin and soft tissue infection.

Anti-Infective Agents↗
PubMed1997

The skin and the gut in psoriasis: the number of mast cells and CD3+ lymphocytes is increased in non-involved skin and correlated to the number of intraepithelial lymphocytes and mast cells in the duodenum.

The aim of this work was to study tryptase+ mast cells and CD3+ T lymphocytes in non-involved skin in psoriasis and their possible relation to mast cells and lymphocytes in the duodenal mucosa. Skin biopsy specimens were obtained from 43 patients with psoriasis of variable severity and from 10 healthy subjects. Compared with the reference subjects, the number of mast cells in non-involved skin was clearly increased, most markedly in the papillary dermis. The increase was present both in mild, moderate and severe psoriasis. CD3+ lymphocytes were increased in non-involved skin in moderate and severe psoriasis. Patients with an increased number of duodenal intraepithelial lymphocytes had significantly more mast cells in non-involved skin than those without such an increase, and there was a significant correlation between the number of mast cells in non-involved skin and score for intraepithelial lymphocytes. However, when the 14 patients with increased intraepithelial duodenal lymphocytes were excluded-as they may represent a separate type of psoriasis-another type of correlation between the skin and the duodenal mucosa was found, namely a highly significant inverse correlation between the number of CD3+ lymphocytes in non-involved skin and the number of duodenal mast cells, which is highly elevated in psoriasis. The results might indicate an interplay between skin and intestinal mast cells and lymphocytes in a hitherto unknown way.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Skin impedance reduction for electrophysiology measurements using ultrasonic skin permeation: initial report and comparison to current methods.

Ultrasonic skin permeation using the SonoPrep (Sontra Medical Corporation, Franklin, MA) device was evaluated as a methodto reduce skin impedance for electrophystology measurements. SonoPrep treatment was compared to QuikPrep (Quinton , Inc, Bothell, WA) and mechanical abrasion with the Kendall Excel electrode release liner (Tyco Healthcare, Mansfield, MA). Five skin sites for each prepping method were treated on the backs of 10 volunteer subjects. Skin impedance was measured across the sites over 24 hours at times equal to 0 to 7 hours, 23 hours, and 24 hours. Average skin impedance for all sites and times following treatment with SonoPrep war 1.9 kiloohms (komega), with QuikPrep was 18. 7komega, and with Excel abrasion was 97.2 komega. Skin impedance was stable for 24 hours following SonoPrep treatment and declined initially following QuikPrep. Skin impedance decilned continually following Excel abrasive preparation. SonoPrep ultrasonic skin permeation reduces skin impedance to significantly decreased levels in a reproducibly consistent manner.

Electric Impedance↗
PubMed1996

Skin absorption of solvent mixtures--effect of vehicles on skin absorption of toluene.

The skin absorption rates of toluene in various solvent mixtures were investigated in mice. The skin absorption rate of toluene in toluene/methanol mixtures exhibited a parabolic relationship to the mixed ratio. The maximum rate was obtained at a mixed ratio of 50% (V/V). The skin absorption rate of toluene at this point (50%) was about 4.7 times higher than that of pure toluene. The permeability coefficient (Kp) of toluene increased as the mixed ratio of methanol increased. Methanol enhanced skin absorption of toluene. The skin absorption rate of toluene in a toluene/benzene mixture was inversely proportional to the concentration of benzene. The Kp of toluene is kept constant through the mixed ratios of benzene, and benzene does not have an enhancing effect on the skin absorption of toluene contained in the toluene/benzene mixture. We examined the effects of various vehicles on the skin absorption rates of toluene in mixtures containing 50% (v/v) of toluene. Methanol was a good penetration enhancer for toluene, and its effect is similar to the effect of well-known skin penetration enhancers like DMSO, N,N-Dimethylacetamide, and N,N-Dimethylformamide. Therefore, it is necessary to take special precautions against the skin absorption of toluene when handing thinners that contain methanol.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Increased skin tearing in broilers and reduced collagen synthesis in skin in vivo and in vitro in response to the coccidiostat halofuginone.

In vivo and in vitro experiments were conducted in an effort to elucidate the mechanism of suppression by halofuginone of skin strength in broilers. In the in vivo study, halofuginone was included at concentrations of 0, 1.5, 3, and 6 mg/kg of diet, corresponding to 0, 50, 100, and 200%, respectively, of the amount recommended for use as a coccidiostat. Each dietary treatment was given to 260 female broiler day-old chickens. Skin tearing was evaluated at the processing plant. Skin collagen and Kjeldahl-nitrogen were determined chemically. At the age of 7 wk, BW and feed efficiency were affected only in birds consuming the diet containing the highest concentration of the drug. Skin tearing increased but skin collagen concentration decreased in a dose-dependent manner. Fibroblasts were obtained by collagenase digestion from chicken skin and cultured. The cultured cells were incubated with various concentrations of halofuginone, monensin, and nicarbazin, and [3H]proline incorporation was evaluated in collagenase-digestible (representing mostly collagen) and nondigestible proteins exported by the cells into the medium. Halofuginone, at a concentration as low as 10(-11) M, inhibited incorporation of [3H]proline into collagenase-digestible proteins, but did not affect incorporation of [3H]proline into collagenase-nondigestible proteins. Even at concentrations as high as 10(-9) M, neither monensin nor nicarbazin affected collagenase-digestible proteins. The in vitro results suggest that halofuginone specifically inhibits collagen synthesis by skin fibroblasts. Results of both in vivo and in vitro trials suggest that the increase of skin tearing during processing, induced by halofuginone, is caused by direct suppression of skin collagen synthesis.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

[Induction of atopic dermatitis-like skin lesion in NC/Nga mice--the influence of the skin barrier destroying solution to the induction of dermatitis].

NC/Nga mouse is well known as a mouse model for atopic dermatitis. In general, when NC/Nga mouse are raised under specific pathogen free (SPF) conditions no skin lesions are detected, but when under non-filtrated (conventional) condition, atopic dermatitis like skin lesions appear spontaneously. However, this dermatitis develops in 70-90% of mice (not 100%), which makes it difficult to perform reproducible experiments every time. This study was performed under SPF conditions, using the four solutions (2% SDS, 4% SDS, ethanol, acetone/ether) to destroy the skin barrier function, and thereafter, applying the extracted solution of mite: Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, which is a very popular antigen in pathogenesis of human atopic dermatitis. The extracted solution of mite was applied repeatedly on the NC/Nga mice with a pretreatment of barrier destroying solution and after 8 weeks the mice developed severe dermatitis (clinical skin condition score of 7-10.2 points) with marked elevation of plasma IgE level, whereas mice coated only with the barrier destroying solution showed weak skin lesion with no elevation of plasma IgE level. BALB/c mice, which are employed as control, showed weak skin lesion (clinical skin condition score of 0-3.8 points) and slight elevation of plasma IgE level after repeated application of the extracted solution of mite with a pretreatment of the barrier destroying solution, whereas mice coated only with the barrier destroying solution showed weak skin lesion and the no elevation of plasma IgE level was observed. In this study, using several solutions to disturb the skin barrier function before applying the antigen, we have found a suitable condition and types of solutions in inducing dermatitis in NC/Nga mice.

Acetone↗
PubMed2002

Determination of plasma and skin concentrations of orbifloxacin in dogs with clinically normal skin and dogs with pyoderma.

Plasma and skin concentrations of orbifloxacin (Orbax tablets, Schering-Plough Animal Health) were assessed in 14 clinically normal dogs and 14 dogs with pyoderma following oral administration of the drug at 7.5 mg/kg once daily for 5 to 7 days. Skin biopsies and whole blood samples were obtained before dosing and at the time of the expected maximum concentration in skin (3 hours after dosing) on the first and on the fifth to seventh day of dosing. Skin biopsies and plasma were analyzed for orbifloxacin concentrations by high-performance liquid chromatography. Dogs with pyoderma had significantly higher mean skin concentrations of orbifloxacin within 3 hours of administration (Day 0: 7.80 +/- 3.40 mcg/g, Days 4 to 6: 9.47 +/- 6.23 mcg/g) than did dogs with normal skin (Day 0: 3.85 +/- 1.08 mcg/g, Days 4 to 6: 5.43 +/- 1.02 mcg/g). After dosing on Day 0 and after five to seven daily treatments, dogs with pyoderma had significantly higher mean orbifloxacin skin:plasma ratios (1.40 and 1.44, respectively) than did clinically normal dogs (0.81 and 0.96, respectively). The accumulation of orbifloxacin in diseased skin may contribute to the efficacy of this compound for the treatment of bacterial skin infections.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2006

[Primary repair of tissue defects of achilles tendon and skin by free grafting of anterolateral femoral skin flap and iliotibial tract].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the clinical outcome of primary repair of the tissue defects of the Achilles tendon and skin by thigh anterolateral free flap and free iliotibial tract. METHODS: From January 2000 to January 2005, the thigh anterolateral free flap and the iliotibial tract were used to primarily repair the defects of the Achilles tendon and skin in 11 patients (7 males and 4 females, aged 6-45 years). The defects of the skin and Achilles tendon were found in 6 patients, and the defects of the Achilles tendon and skin accompanied by the fracture of the calcaneus were found in 5 patients. The defect of the Achilles skin was 6 cm X 5 cm-14 cm X 8 cm in area. The defect of the Achilles tendon was 5-11 cm in length. The skin flap was 11 cm X 6 cm-17 cm X 11 cm in area. The iliotibial tract was 7-13 cm in length and 3-5 cm in width. The medial and lateral borders were sutured to from double layers for Achilles tendon reconstruction. The wound on the donor site could be sutured directly in 5 patients, and the others could be repaired with skin grafting. RESULTS: After operation, all the flaps survived and the wound healed by first intention. The follow-up of the 11 patients for 6 mouths-4 years (average, 30 months) revealed that according to Yin Qingshui's scale, the result was excellent in 6 patients, good in 4, and fair in 1. The excellent and good rate was 99%. The results showed a significant improvement in the "heel test" and the Thompson sign, and both were negative. No complications of ulceration on the heel and re-rupture of the Achilles tendon occurred. CONCLUSION: The primary repair of the tissue defects of the Achilles tendon and skin by free grafting of the anterolateral femoral skin flap and the iliotibial tract is an effective surgical method.

Achilles Tendon↗
PubMed1990

[Skin surface lipids and sweat of hand in girl students who complained of impaired skin on the hand by using household detergents].

A questionnaire was presented to female university students concerning the relationship between the use of household detergent and the occurrence of impaired hands. In addition, in order to determine whether there was any relationship between the amounts and qualities of skin surface film and the incidence of impairments of hands, the following experiment was undertaken. From among the 1,861 female university students, 28 girls between the ages of 21-22 were chosen; 14 of whom had complained of impaired skin of hands (impairment group) attributable to household detergent during the past one year and 14 who had not experienced such disorders, either of the hands or elsewhere (non-impairment group) during the same period. The method of collecting skin surface lipids and sweat simultaneously is for the subjects to wear special gloves made of a given cotton fabric by the modified method of Straus & Pochi for a fixed of time. Then, the skin surface lipids and sweat were analyzed to determine the differences between the impairment group and the non-impairment group. The following results were obtained: 1) Of the 1,861 people surveyed, 496 or 26.7% of them stated that they had suffered from impaired skin due to the use of household detergents during the past one year. The most frequent site was the hands, including wrists, and the main symptom was dry skin. There were some seasonal changes in the occurrence of the impaired skin, with the highest occurrence in winter. There was a significant difference between the occurrence in winter, and that in spring, summer and autumn (p less than 0.01). 2) During the hot season, (average temperature 23-29 degrees C), the arithmetic averages and their standard deviation of the skin surface lipids of both the impairment group (N = 14) and the non-impairment group (N = 14) were 29.10 +/- 7.89 micrograms/cm2/8 hr and 45.98 +/- 23.29 micrograms/cm2/8 hr, respectively. In the cold season, (average temperature 5-13 degrees C), these become 31.95 +/- 16.69 micrograms/cm2/8 hr, and 53.45 +/- 24.16 micrograms/cm2/ 8 hr, respectively. In both these seasons, it was found that the amount of skin surface lipids of the impairment group was significantly less (hot season p less than 0.05, cold season p less than 0.01) than that of the non-impairment group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Schistosoma mansoni: correlations between mouse strain, skin eicosanoid production, and cercarial skin penetration.

We have previously reported that cercarial penetration is highly correlated with cercarial production of leukotrienes (LT's) and hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETE's). Because skin also produces various eicosanoids, we undertook an investigation of skin eicosanoids in various strains of mice and 1 strain of rat in order to ascertain if skin eicosanoids could be correlated to cercarial penetration. SENCAR, ICR, NMRI, A/J, C3H/HeJ, C57Bl/6, ASEBIC, and BALB/c mouse strains were used in this study as well as the SD-Rat strain. The ability of cercariae to penetrate skin was strain specific. A/J and SENCAR mice had the highest penetration rates (approximately 98%), whereas the SD-Rat strain had the lowest (43%). These penetration rates we linearly correlated with tail skin HETE production at 10 min (R = 0.826), whereas HETE production at 60 min had a parabola-shaped relationship (R = 0.793). The primary infection of mice with Schistosoma mansoni cercariae may therefore be directly correlated with both the skin's innate ability to synthesize HETE, as well as with cercarial eicosanoid production, especially HETE levels. However, we believe that skin eicosanoid production is just one of many factors affecting cercarial skin penetration. Other factors discussed are: skin surface fatty acid levels, cercarial eicosanoid production, epidermal vs. dermal eicosanoid production, and the immunocompetence of the host.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

The effect of replacing different regions of limb skin with head skin on regeneration in the axolotl.

Head skin was used to replace different halves of limb skin from the upper and lower arms of axolotls. Replacement of upper arm posterior skin caused the regeneration of a high proportion of single-digit limbs while replacement of dorsal, ventral or anterior skin caused only minor defects to the normal skeletal pattern. When dorsal or ventral skin was replaced, however, regenerates often lacked dorsal or ventral muscle. Results from the lower arm were different in that replacement of any half of limb skin failed to cause defects either in the skeletal or muscular pattern. These results are used in conjunction with previous work (Wigmore & Holder, 1985; Wigmore, 1986) to suggest that posterior skin is essential for regeneration of the anteroposterior axis and dorsal and ventral skin is necessary for the differentiation of the muscle pattern in regenerates from the upper arm. In the lower arm no localized region of skin appears to be essential for regeneration of the normal pattern and the patterning mechanism may have a different spatial organization.

Ambystoma mexicanum↗
PubMed1985

Staphylococcal infections of the skin and skin structures.

A review of the pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and therapy of staphylococcal skin and skin structure infections begins with discussion of the staphylococcal carrier state. Patients carrying Staphylococcus aureus are particularly vulnerable to infection if their skin is broken by wounds or placement of intravenous lines or catheters. S. aureus begins the process of infection by binding tightly to fibronectin-coated surfaces and endothelial cells; bacterial invasion, however, depends on the innate pathogenicity of the bacterial strain and on the status of the host's defenses. The carrier state may be manifested by recurrent infections in the skin and skin structures. Infection may be spontaneous, associated with skin trauma and/or presence of a foreign body, or related to the presence of bacteria. For diagnosis, appropriate samples of purulent materials are needed for Gram stain and culture. Drainage is absolutely essential. Most staphylococci are now penicillinase-producing. Initial coverage with a cell-wall-active agent combined with an aminoglycoside is usually highly effective. If a methicillin-resistant organism is suspected, vancomycin should be used. Treatment of the carrier state may eliminate recurrent episodes of staphylococcal skin infection. Meticulous infection-control procedures are extremely important in the prevention of staphylococcal infection of the skin and skin structures.

Carrier State↗
PubMed1984

The living skin-equivalent as a structural and immunological model in skin grafting.

The living skin equivalent is a tissue formed when self-assembled collagen fibrils are contracted by fibroblasts. The rate and extent of volume contraction is proportional to the number of cells incorporated into the lattice. The fibroblasts are biochemically active in the lattice, synthesizing collagen and adding it to the matrix. This compacted lattice provides a substrate allowing attachment of keratinocytes and the formation of a multilayered keratinized epidermis with a basement lamella. When a skin equivalent grafted to a recipient animal is wounded, it is capable of wound contraction and repair. Because of the simplified character of the skin equivalent it may offer a useful model for studying wound healing. During the initial healing of the grafted skin equivalent, fibroblasts from the skin equivalent move freely into the surrounding tissue. Karyotyping of fibroblasts grown from skin surrounding the skin equivalent graft shows that fibroblasts from the graft migrate at least 6-9 mm from the graft edge. At 3-6 mm from the graft edge about 50% of the fibroblasts present are of donor origin. Fibroblasts also migrate from allogenic skin grafts before these grafts are rejected. At 3-6 mm from the scar left by the rejected graft 36% of the fibroblasts are of donor origin 2 months after grafting. The skin equivalent model provides a well-defined system for studying transplantation reactions. Results obtained on persistence of allografted fibroblasts support our theory that in the rat, the fibroblast is antigenically neutral.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Smoking and skin: a study of the physical qualities and histology of skin in smokers and non-smokers.

Tobacco smoke is toxic to cells and could be a factor contributing to accelerated skin ageing. The aim of this study was to provide new information on the possible effects of smoking on the physical qualities of skin and the morphology of elastic fibres. The study population consisted of 98 men, including 47 current smokers and 51 never-smokers. Skin thickness and elasticity were measured from cheek, temple, abdomen, dorsal forearm and non-sun-exposed upper inner arm. Verhoeff-stained punch biopsies from the non-sun-exposed upper inner arm were assessed with a computerized image analyser in a blinded fashion to assess the amount and width of elastic fibres. The thickness of cheek skin was increased in the smokers, but skin thickness in other measured sites did not differ between the groups. The amount and width of elastic fibres in the sun-protected skin of the smokers and non-smokers did not differ significantly, nor did skin elasticity in this or any other region under evaluation, suggesting that smoking alone affects neither the amount and width of dermal elastic fibres nor the elasticity of skin in male smokers.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Bacteria and fungi on the surface and within noninflamed hair follicles of skin biopsy specimens from horses with healthy skin or inflammatory dermatoses.

A retrospective study using light microscopy was performed to assess the prevalence of surface and follicular bacteria and fungi in skin biopsy specimens from 247 horses with inflammatory dermatoses and from 27 horses with healthy skin. Cocci were found on the surface of specimens from 23% (95% confidence interval 18%, 29%) and 7% (95% confidence interval, 0%, 19%), respectively, of horses with skin disease and horses with healthy skin. Of the nine dermatoses with at least 10 cases in our series of horses, bacterial folliculitis had a higher prevalence of surface bacteria (57%; 95% confidence interval 34%, 81%) than the other eight (which all had a prevalence < 30%). There was a significant association between the prevalence of surface cocci and the extent of epidermal hyperkeratosis. Cocci were found in the keratin of noninflamed hair follicles in only 2% of the horses with skin disease, and in none of the horses with healthy skin. Fungal poroconidia were found on the surface of 4% of the horses with skin disease, and on none of the horses with healthy skin. Yeasts were not found.

Animals↗