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At least 343 records · Page 19Linked to original sources
PubMed1985

Smell and other sensory disturbances in migraine.

Osmophobia or hyperosmia featured in 25 of 50 migraineurs during the headache phase of their attacks. Pleasant or unpleasant odours could precipitate migraines in 11 patients in this series. Other sensory disturbances and precipitants were also studied. Neurological precipitation of attacks provides further support for a primary neural rather than a vascular pathogenesis of migraine.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

[New morphologic principles of the physiology of smell and taste].

New results as revealed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy have given us further knowledge about the structure of the olfactory region of vertebrates. With comparative studies we are now able to discuss the functional relationship of this region. In all vertebrates the olfactory cell is a primary sensory cell. The apical segment of the olfactory cell with its olfactory vesicle is involved in the formation of the olfactory border. As a rule of the receptor possesses cilia or cilia-like processes. These are absent in the olfactory receptor of the shark, the microvillus receptor of the fish and the olfactory cell of Jabonsons organ of amphibians, reptiles and mammals. The odorous substances in the fish are brought to the receptor membrane by the water flow. In air breathing vertebrates a terminal film is present. This film is a product of secretion from the Bowmans glands. Gasous odorous substances must first be dissolved in the terminal film and penetrate it before reaching the receptor membrane. The cilia-like olfactory process of the fish in the proximal segment is not essentially different from the kinocilia of the supporting cell, except that they are shorter. In contrast the olfactory cell of air-breathing vertebrates form cilia-like processes with a short cilia-like proximal segment and a long and very thin distal end piece. In the amphibians and sauropsidians the end pieces can have a length of up to 150 mu and up to 80 mu in mammals. The olfactory vesicles with its processes undergo continuous regeneration. The olfactory epithelium of man show the same structural formation as observed in other mammals. Regressive changes in the adult can lead to a reduction in the number of sensory cells and also to a flattening of the epithelium. Morphological criteria for regenerative processes in the sensory cell structures are present. A specialized olfactory cell type has been found in some teleosts. This cell is characterized by a small pit below the olfactory border in which the cilia of the olfactory cell are redrawn. There is some evidence that this olfactory cell type may be compared with the olfactory cells in the parafollicular tubes of lamprey. The so called rod-shaped receptor in the olfactory mucosa of fishes has no axon and is therefore no olfactory cell. The same kind of cell is also present in the olfactory mucosa of air-breathing animals. We classify this cell as brush cell.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1975

[Physiology of smell and taste].

The functional organization of olfaction and taste are briefly discussed in morphological, physiological, biochemical and behavioural terms. Olfaction in animals serves often for long range navigational purposes whereas taste acts as a close up "last moment food checking system". Special attention is given to the coding problems in both systems. In taste, the spatial coding mode is prevalent. In olfaction a very complex coding system exists, which used temporal as well as spatial means and in which a whole set of olfactory nerve fibers is activated during the transmission of any specific odor information, each fiber of the set discharging at a specific impulse pattern. The role of the olfactory bulb is seen as an integrating center with the capabilities for short and long term information storage. The impact of von Békésy's microstimulation experiments on the physiology of taste is discussed. Research on taste modifiers such as gymnemic acid or of the taste modifying protein "miraculin" enrich our present understanding of the interaction between taste stimulants and the chemoreceptor sites in the taste buds.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

The underwater electro-olfactogram: a tool for the study of the sense of smell of marine fishes.

Recording the olfactory receptor activity of marine fishes presents problems due to the shunting of the electrical signals by the highly conductive sea water, which results in significant signal loss. By recording the large signal-to-noise ratio D. C. potentials using the underwater electro-olfactogram (EOG), we were able to study olfactory receptor properties of freshwater and marine fishes in a comparable manner.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1979

[Irtitation by smell in the neighborhood of a garbage burning plant].

Dilution threshold values were measured using sensory methods for an evaluation of odorous emissions of an incineration plant. The dispersion of odours was estimated based on recording of the local wind. The level of public annoyance in the neighbouring residential areas will be assessed by special questionnaires.

Refuse Disposal↗
PubMed2005

Dysfunction of the liver affects the sense of smell.

BACKGROUND: Cirrhosis of the liver (CL) has been reported to be accompanied by olfactory loss. The aim of the present study was to re-investigate previous work with a special focus on differential olfactory function, the relation between CL etiology and olfactory function, and the correlations between laboratory/psychological parameters and olfactory function. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 45 CL patients participated. Olfactory function was tested using the "Sniffin' Sticks" technique, which provides measures for butanol odor thresholds, odor discrimination and odor identification. Serum levels of zinc and bilirubin were obtained. Psychometric measurements included the trailmaking test. RESULTS: The study provided the following major results: (1) Olfactory function was compromised in 76% of CL patients; in addition, the patient's ability to identify odors, but not odor thresholds or odor discrimination, was related to the degree of CL. This pattern may be an expression of a stronger effect of CL on the central- nervous processing of odors than on the periphery of the system. (2) Neither etiology of the CL (e.g., alcoholism) nor serum levels of bilirubin and zinc were correlated with olfactory function. However, (3) there was a relation between the results from psychometric function tests and the ability to identify odors. CONCLUSION: Although the reason for olfactory dysfunction in CL is far from clear, future investigations should focus on the hypothesis that endogenous intoxication may lead to a stronger deficit in the central-nervous processing of olfactory information than to peripheral lesions in the olfactory system. In addition, while more specific research is needed, olfactory dysfunction may serve as a subclinical indicator of hepatic encephalopathy.

Adult↗