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PubMed2006

Comparison of the original and revised structures of the Health Promotion Model in predicting construction workers' use of hearing protection.

Pender's health promotion model (HPM) has been revised, including substantial changes in its structure. The purpose of this study was to compare the fit and predictive usefulness of the original and revised structures of the HPM as applied to the use of hearing protection devices by 703 construction workers. Structural equation modeling was used to evaluate the two alternative forms of the model. Both forms of the model fit well, with the revised structure having a better fit and explaining more of the variance in use of hearing protection (28% vs. 18%). Results support the revised structure of the health promotion model (HPM) over the original form, and indicate it may be useful in understanding and predicting use of hearing protection.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Small-airways dysfunction in never smoking asbestos exposed Danish plumbers.

Among 701 Copenhagen plumbers we examined the lung function of 23 never smokers, who had removed asbestos insulation and intermittently been exposed to high levels of asbestos for about 25 years without being exposed to welding fume. The plumbers had significantly lower TLC, MEF25, MEF50, closing volume and closing capacity in comparison to 23 never smoking electricians without asbestos exposure. There was no reduction in TLCO. Pulmonary clearance of aerosolized 99mTc-DTPA was normal indicating that the asbestos had not induced increases in pulmonary epithelial permeability. However, in 11 of the 23 plumbers the 99mTc-DTPA ventilation scintigrams had a slightly irregular and spotty appearance, which together with the results of the lung function tests are suggestive of small airways' dysfunction. None of the subjects had symptoms or clinical signs of lung disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Inactivation of virus during anaerobic digestion of manure in laboratory scale biogas reactors.

Reduction of porcine parvovirus, bovine enterovirus and faecal enterococci were measured in biogas reactors continuously run on manure and manure supplemented with household waste at 35 degrees C and 55 degrees C and in batch test run at 70 degrees C. The aim of the experiments was to study the sanitation effect of anaerobic digestion and to evaluate the use of faecal enterococci as an indicator of sanitation. Parallel studies on the reduction of virus and faecal enterococci were done in physiological saline solution. Heat inactivation was found to be an important factor in thermophilic biogas plants and the overall dominant factor at 70 degrees C. However, other environmental factors with a substantial virucidal and bactericidal effect were involved in inactivation. The death rates for faecal enterococci were generally higher than for porcine parvovirus and lower than for bovine enterovirus. For faecal enterococci, a logarithmic reduction of 4 (corresponding to the recommended minimum guaranteed retention time) was obtained after 300 hours at 35 degrees C and after 1-2 hours at 55 degrees C. In continuously-fed reactors, a high reduction rate was initially seen for the virus tested, followed by a reduction in the rate. For porcine parvovirus, a minimum guaranteed retention time of 11-12 hours is necessary at 55 degrees C in the initial phase (0-4 hours) and 54 hours hereafter (4-48 h). Correspondingly, for bovine enterovirus a MGRT of 23 hours was necessary at 35 degrees C and < 0.5 hours at 55 degrees C. The data indicate that faecal enterococci measurements give a good indication of inactivation of enterovirus and other more heat sensitive virus, especially under thermophilic conditions. Parvovirus is very suitable for comparative investigations on inactivation in the temperature range of 50-80 degrees C, due to the extreme thermal resistance of this virus. However, in stipulating sanitation demands for biogas reactors it seems more reasonable to use less resistant virus, such as a reovirus or picornavirus, which better represents the pathogenic animal virus.

Anaerobiosis↗
PubMed1996

The influence of anaerobic pretreatment on the nitrogen removal from biosynthetic pharmaceutical wastewaters.

The C:N ratio of the pharmaceutical wastewaters is usually suitable for a combination of the anaerobic pretreatment with the high COD removal and aerobic posttreatment with the efficient biological N removal. This kind of anaerobic-aerobic process was tested in semipilot scale by using a UASB reactor and an activated sludge system with a predenitrification (total volume 100 l). It was found that at a total HRT of 2.3 days an average of 97.5% of COD and 73.5% of total N was removed. The UASB reactor was operated at 30 degrees C with a volumetric loading rate of 8.7 kg.m-3.d-1, the efficiency of COD removal was 92.2%. The processes, which take part in the biological removal of nitrogen, especially the nitrification, were running with lower rates than usually observed in aerobic treatment systems.

Aerobiosis↗
PubMed1996

Post-treatments of anaerobic effluents.

Post-treatments are necessary if anaerobic effluents need to be discharged into surface waters, because anaerobic digestion alone is not able to produce effluents that can meet the discharge standards applied in most industrialized countries, particularly for suspended solids, particulate COD, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulphides. This paper has the aim to present some results obtained in the recent years in our laboratory, where different comprehensive processes that include anaerobic digestion have been studied. Discussion will regard: 1) the ANANOX (ANaerobic-ANoxic-OXic) process for the treatment of municipal wastewater; 2) a process studied for the biological removal of C, N and P from piggery wastewater that has a hybrid anaerobic/anoxic reactor as the first treatment step; 3) the use of a Sequencing Batch Reactor for the post-treatment of digested cheese whey mixed with cheese factory cleaning waters.

Anaerobiosis↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Trends in environmental health education.

This paper outlines the development of environmental health education from the 1970s to present. Current areas of interest in environmental health are discussed, including hazardous waste management, risk assessment and risk management. Model curricula for each of these subject areas are presented. Future employment opportunities for environmental health specialists are summarized.

Curriculum↗
PubMed1984

Studies on bacterial activities in aerobic and anaerobic waste water purification.

Some aspects of the bacteriology of aerobic and anaerobic waste water purification are discussed in view of current opinions and recent developments in the technology of waste water treatment. Various contributions of scientific workers attached to the Department of Microbiology of the Agricultural University, Wageningen, during the past 65 years are summarized. Besides, present investigations are described and research activities in future indicated.

Aerobiosis↗
PubMed2004

Faucets as a reservoir of endemic Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonization/infections in intensive care units.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the role of faucets as a reservoir for Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonization/infection of patients hospitalized in intensive care units (ICUs). DESIGN: Prospective epidemiological investigation performed during a nonepidemic period of 1 year. The inner part of the ICU faucets were swabbed for P. aeruginosa. Data were recorded on all patients with at least one culture of a clinical specimens positive for P. aeruginosa. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis was used to characterize the strains. SETTING: Five ICUs of a university hospital which are supplied by two separate water distribution networks. PATIENTS: During a 1-year period 132 cases were investigated. RESULTS: In 42% of cases (56/132) there were isolates identical to those found in the faucets, with a total of nine different genotypes. Among the nine genotypes isolated from both patients and faucets one of them, the most prevalent, was isolated in the two networks and in 30 cases. The other eight genotypes were recovered almost exclusively from either one (three genotypes in 12 cases) or the other (five genotypes in 12 cases) network and from the patients in the corresponding ICUs. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the water system of the ICUs was the primary reservoir of patient's colonization/infection with P. aeruginosa in a substantial proportion of patients, although the exact mode of acquisition could not be determined.

Colony Count, Microbial↗
PubMed2001

Analysis of the microbial communities on corroded concrete sewer pipes--a case study.

Conventional as well as molecular techniques have been used to determine the microbial communities present on the concrete walls of sewer pipes. The genetic fingerprint of the microbiota on corroded concrete sewer pipes was obtained by means of denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of 16S rRNA gene fragments. The DGGE profiles of the bacterial communities present on the concrete surface changed as observed by shifts occurring at the level of the dominance of bands from non-corroded places to the most severely corroded places. By means of statistical tools, it was possible to distinguish two different groups, corresponding to the microbial communities on corroded and non-corroded surfaces, respectively. Characterization of the microbial communities indicated that the sequences of typical bands showed the highest level of identity to sequences from the bacterial strains Thiobacillus thiooxidans, Acidithiobacillus sp., Mycobacterium sp. and different heterotrophs belonging to the alpha-, beta- and gamma-Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria and Actinobacteria. In addition, the presence of N-acyl-homoserine lactone signal molecules was shown by two bio-assays of the biofilm on the concrete under the water level and at the most severely corroded places on the concrete surface of the sewer pipe.

Bacteria↗
PubMed2002

Public-private partnerships for solid waste management services.

The increasing cost of municipal solid waste (MSW) management has led local governments in numerous countries to examine if this service is best provided by the public sector or can better be provided by the private sector. Public-private partnerships have emerged as a promising alternative to improve MSW management performance with privately owned enterprises often outperforming publicly owned ones. In Lebanon, several municipalities are transforming waste management services from a public service publicly provided into a public service privately contracted. In this context, a regulated private market for MSW management services is essential. The present study examines a recent experience of the private sector participation in MSW management in the Greater Beirut Area. The results of a field survey concerning public perception of solid waste management are presented. Analysis of alternatives for private sector involvement in waste management is considered and management approaches are outlined.

Cities↗
PubMed2001

Industrial development versus environmental conservation at local scale: a case study from southeastern Spain.

Local scale has an important role in environmental management. In Spain, rapid industrialization has occurred in the last three decades, leading to substantial changes in socioeconomic relations and resulting in significant environmental degradation. This paper describes the environmental status of the township of Sax (Alicante, in southeast Spain), which has passed from agriculture to industrial manufacturing in 50 years. The human population has grown exponentially during the second half of the 20th century, with a 91% increase from 1955 to 1995, coinciding with strong growth in manufacturing (factories increased fivefold in the period 1955-1976) and important changes in the working population and land use. Illegal rubbish dumps, water pollution, forest fires, erosion, and degradation of wildlife habitats are the main outcomes of these dramatic socioeconomic and demographic changes. The administration has focused on the control of water pollution and waste management, while nongovernmental organizations have concentrated on the prevention of forest fires and the development of environmental education programs. These measures are insufficient to manage current environmental degradation, and an environmental management plan for the study area is discussed. Increasing effort in waste management and industrial wastewater control, changes in land-use policy, and the creation of an advisory committee to increase public participation in decision-making have been identified as environmental target objectives for the coming years.

Agriculture↗