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PubMed1989

Tumors of the minor salivary glands.

Ten to 15% of all salivary gland tumors arise from the minor salivary glands, which are distributed throughout the upper aerodigestive tract. Most of these tumors occur in the oral cavity, and there is a much higher incidence of malignancy than is the case with the major salivary glands. The pathologic appearance, clinical features, treatment, and prognosis of minor salivary gland tumors are discussed. Particular reference is made to the role of adjuvant radiotherapy in improving the control rate after surgical excision.

Humans↗
PubMed2005

Management of the neck in salivary gland carcinoma.

Major salivary gland malignancies are rare. Treatment of the primary tumor involves resection with or without postoperative radiation therapy. When there is clinical neck disease, neck dissection is performed to remove gross disease. Treatment of the N0 neck is controversial. Most centers treat the high-risk patient and perform either elective neck dissection or elective neck irradiation to eradicate residual occult disease.

Antineoplastic Agents↗
PubMed2004

Major salivary gland cancer.

Major salivary gland cancers are rare, with many histologic types and subtypes. The tumor stage at presentation will dictate the need for imaging,FNA, and facial nerve monitoring. Immunohistochemistry has enhanced diagnosis. In addition, precise attention to surgical landmarks and technique will reduce complications. Tumor stage, histologic type, tumor grade,surgical margin, facial nerve dysfunction, perineural involvement, extra-parenchymal spread, and nodal metastasis are factors influencing the indication for neck dissection, postoperative radiation therapy, and survival rate.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1984

Phosphoinositide breakdown in blowfly salivary glands.

In blowfly salivary glands, 5-hydroxytryptamine stimulated a rapid and sustained loss of [3H]inositol, [32P]phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate, and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate. There was a corresponding increase in labeled inositol phosphates. In the absence of Ca2+, 5-hydroxytryptamine stimulated a rapid but transient loss of labeled phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate. By 5 min, the amount of labeled phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate recovered to control values. The divalent ionophore A23187 stimulated loss of labeled phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate and increased the amount of labeled phosphatidylinositol. In homogenates, Ca2+ stimulated phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate breakdown but not phosphatidylinositol breakdown. These results suggest that hormone-stimulated breakdown of labeled phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate occurs through a phospholipase C and is relatively independent of extracellular Ca2+. There is also a Ca2+-activated conversion of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate to phosphatidylinositol.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Alteration of Ringer pH and its effects on precursor incorporation into Drosophila salivary gland nuclei.

Drosophila salivary glands were explanted and incubated with 3-H-uridine (or 3-H-thymidine) in Ringer's solution (Ephrussi-Beadle modified saline) adjusted to pH values in the integral range, 4 to 10. The results of autoradiographic investigations indicate a differential effect of altering Ringer pH on 3-H-uridine as opposed to 3-H-thymidine incorporation: a) Relatively uniform levels of chromosomal incorporation of 3-H-thymidine occured over the range of test pH. Some decrease of incorporation was noted at pH 5 and some increase at pH 9. b) Chromosomal incoroporation of 3H-uridine was severely depressed at pH 4 and 7 relative to the high incorporation levels observed at other pH values. Controlling pH of Ephrussi-Beadle Ringer's solution in such experiments a necessity. This appears especially important for studies involving 3-H-uridine incorporation.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Vesicular stomatitis virus nucleocapsid protein production in cells treated with selected fast protein liquid chromatography fractions of tick salivary gland extracts.

A salivary gland extract (SGE) prepared from 5-days-fed Dermacentor reticulatus female ticks was fractionated by fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC). The effect of three FPLC fractions selected on the basis of anti-interleukin 8 (anti-IL-8) activity on vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) nucleocapsid (N) protein formation in mouse L-cells was determined. Infected 14C-labeled cells treated with the FPLC fractions were analyzed by two-dimensional (2D) electrophoresis. The yields of VSV N protein were evaluated by Imagemaster software analysis. Most noticeable was an increase in the N protein production after treatment with the fraction 39 corresponding to the major peak of the anti-IL-8 activity. The nature of the substance in SGE that was responsible for this effect remains unclear.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

A case/control study of risk factors for major salivary gland cancer.

BACKGROUND: Salivary gland cancer (SGC) is a rare disease with a largely unknown origin. Because cancer of the tongue and mouth floor is caused primarily by smoking and alcohol consumption, we investigated the role of tobacco, alcohol, and other possible risk factors in the development of SGC in a hospital-based study. METHODS: Interviews were obtained from 128 patients with newly diagnosed histologically confirmed SGC and from 114 age- and gender-matched controls by using a structured questionnaire. All patients were interviewed at bedside by a trained interviewer. RESULTS: No differences in levels of education were found between the two groups. Cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption did not independently or jointly increase the risk of SGC. Chewing tobacco and snuff use were also unrelated factors. The odds ratio for low body mass in men was 0.46 (p = 0.05). There was no relation with body mass in women. An examination of employment history and job-related exposures revealed no occupational risk factors. CONCLUSION: These findings show that smoking, alcohol consumption, and most occupational exposures are unrelated to SGC.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

The effects of sodium, potassium and ATP on a developmental puff sequence in Drosophila salivary glands in vitro.

Salivary glands of late third instar larvae of Drosophila melanogaster were isolated at a developmental stage when the release of ecdysone had already taken place. They were then incubated in a chemically defined medium. An ecdysone-dependent developmental puff sequence was measured in vitro and influenced by adding various substances or by changing iso-osmotically the sodium or potassium content of the medium. Trinactin, valinomycin N-ethylmaleimide and KCN blocked the puff sequence, i.e. the regression of the early and the induction of the late ecdysone-dependent puffs probably by increasing the Na+ influx and depleting the ATP content of the cell. A medium that contained Na+ as the only monovalent cation decreased the size of the late ecdysone-dependent puffs and increased the size of other puffs, such as 50 CD. Addition of tetrodotoxin to the normal medium had the opposite effect, i.e., it increased 63 E and inhibited 50 CD. Na+ free medium, inhibition of K+ flux by tetraethylammonium chloride, and application of ouabain did not considerably influence the size of the puffs measured. It is concluded from these results that Na+ in particular has an inhibitory effect on the induction of late ecdysone-dependent puffs. Na+ (and perhaps also K+) may act by modulating the effect of proteins that are involved in gene control mechanisms.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed2006

CHCHD7-PLAG1 and TCEA1-PLAG1 gene fusions resulting from cryptic, intrachromosomal 8q rearrangements in pleomorphic salivary gland adenomas.

Pleomorphic salivary gland adenomas are characterized by recurrent chromosome rearrangements of 8q12, leading to activation of the PLAG1 oncogene. Here we demonstrate that CHCHD7-PLAG1 is a novel and recurrent gene fusion generated by a cytogenetically cryptic rearrangement in pleomorphic adenomas. CHCHD7 is a newly identified member of a multifamily of proteins containing a conserved (coiled coil 1)-(helix 1)-(coiled coil 2)-(helix 2) domain. Northern blot analysis revealed that the gene is ubiquitously expressed. Its biological function is unknown and the gene has hitherto not been associated with neoplasia. CHCHD7 and PLAG1 are located head-to-head about 500 bp apart in 8q12. Molecular analyses of 27 tumors revealed CHCHD7-PLAG1 fusions in three tumors, two of which had t(6;8) and t(8;15) translocations as the sole anomalies and one a normal karyotype. FISH analyses of interphase nuclei and nuclear chromatin fibers of a fourth adenoma with a normal karyotype revealed that a second fusion partner gene, TCEA1, located about 2 Mb centromeric to PLAG1, also is fused to PLAG1 as a result of a cryptic 8q rearrangement. The breakpoints in both fusions occur in the 5'-noncoding regions of the genes, leading to activation of PLAG1 by promoter swapping/substitution. Western blot and immunohistochemical analyses demonstrated that the PLAG1 protein was overexpressed in epithelial, myoepithelial, and mesenchymal-like tumor cells in tumors with both fusions. Our findings further emphasize the significance of PLAG1 activation in pleomorphic adenomas and demonstrate that the gene is more frequently activated than previously anticipated.

Adenoma↗
PubMed1980

Neuronal mechanisms for bilateral coordination of salivary gland activity in Helisoma.

The salivary neuroeffector system of Helisoma consists of the paired salivary glands and buccal ganglia. Previous work demonstrated that neuronal control was required for coordination of activity in the two salivary glands. This neuronal control is provided by a pair of identified buccal ganglion neurons, 4R and 4L. This study examines the organization of this neuronal control and addresses the questions of monosynaptic vs. polysynaptic pathways as well as the bilateral effects of each neuron 4. Action potentials in neuron 4 elicit one-for-one EPSPs in a subpopulation of the salivary cells. These EPSPs can, in some cases, be increased by TEA injection into a neuron 4 and are unaffected by the addition of six-times normal calcium. These data coupled with the constancy of synaptic transmission, as well as morphological evidence, further indicate the monosynaptic nature of the connection between neurons 4 and salivary secretory cells. Three different mechanisms exist to insure that activity in 4R and 4L result in coordinated activation of the salivary glands: (1) Lucifer Yellow injection and direct intracellular recording and stimulation demonstrate that both 4R and 4L can send axons to and innervate both salivary glands; (2) both 4R and 4L receive virtually identical synaptic input from higher-order buccal ganglion neurons; and (3) 4R and 4L are electrically coupled. Thus, the system is organized with a high degree of redundancy, and bilateral synchrony of glandular activity is assured by mechanisms at various levels of neuronal organization.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1995

Polycystic disease of salivary glands.

Polycystic disease of salivary glands is a rare condition which hitherto has been reported only in the parotid glands. We report a case in which an accessory salivary gland had evidence of polycystic disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Salivary immunoglobulins in diseases affecting salivary glands.

Inflammatory disorders of the salivary glands cause marked abnormalities in secretion of immunoglobulins. The changes are reversible, however, in a relatively short period of time. More subtle changes in immunoglobulin transport are present in such diseases as Sjogren's syndrome and diabetes. No changes are discernable in alcoholic cirrhosis. Apparently salivary gland basement membranes are much more resistant to derangement than plasma membranes and the secretory IgA system can continue to operate in the face of numerous affronts. If nothing else these findings suggest that vaccination procedures in the region of the salivary glands may produce an inflammatory response, but it would be readily reversible. In addition, one could anticipate a functioning s-IgA system even in salivary glands with alterations in electrolyte transport. It is difficult to anticipate the situation in immunologically compromised patients, such as those on hemodialysis. Fortunately these patients represent a small population and for them at least, caries is a relatively minor concern.

Albumins↗
PubMed2004

[Salivary gland lymphomas].

This tutorial focuses on malignant lymphomas and inflammatory conditions as potential precursors of primary malignant lymphomas in salivary glands. Salivary glands display a mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue and are often associated with intra- and periglandular lymph nodes. Inflammation of the glands may variably produce duct ectasia, lymphoepithelial lesions, atrophy, and fibrosis. Primary lymphomas of the salivary glands may develop on the basis of autoimmune sialadenitis and comprise most frequently marginal zone lymphomas, less often monocytoid lymphomas or other lymphoma entities. In a large proportion of cases, lymphoma infiltrates are attributable to extraglandular lymphomas either as a leukemic infiltrate with diffuse enlargement or as a localized manifestation of primary nodal non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Diagnosis is based on conventional histology and immunohistology.

Humans↗
PubMed2000

Salivary gland development in Drosophila melanogaster.

The Drosophila salivary gland is proving to be an excellent experimental system for understanding how cells commit to specific developmental programs and, once committed, how cells implement such decisions. Through genetic studies, the factors that determine where salivary glands will form, the number of cells committed to a salivary gland fate, and the distinction between the two major cell types (secretory cells and duct cells) have been discovered. Within the next few years, we will learn the molecular details of the interactions among the salivary gland regulators and salivary gland target genes. We will also learn how the early-expressed salivary gland genes coordinate their activities to mediate the morphogenetic movements required to form the salivary gland and the changes in cell physiology required for high secretory activity.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

11C-methionine PET, a novel method for measuring regional salivary gland function after radiotherapy of head and neck cancer.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Loss of salivary gland function is a distressing side-effect of radiotherapy (RT) for head and neck cancer. The aim of this study was to develop a positron emission tomography (PET) method for measuring regional salivary gland function in the major salivary glands irradiated during RT. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Eight head and neck cancer patients were included; two were examined before RT and six after parotid sparing RT. Patients were examined by dynamic 11C-methionine PET of the major salivary glands and parotid gland salivary flow measurements. PET data were analysed using a kinetic model of salivary gland 11C-methionine metabolism, in which salivary gland function was quantified by the net metabolic clearance of 11C-methionine, K. Functional voxel-wise images of K were calculated and matched with the CT-dose-plan for comparing regional salivary gland function with the regional radiation dose. RESULTS: Parotid gland K correlated positively with parotid gland salivary flow, indicating that K can be used as an index of salivary gland function. K of parotid and submandibular glands was reduced dependent on the median radiation dose. In one patient, receiving a heterogeneous radiation dose to the parotid glands, regional salivary gland function was inversely correlated to the regional radiation dose. CONCLUSIONS: Salivary gland function can be measured by dynamic 11C-methionine PET. The net metabolic clearance of 11C-methionine of salivary glands was reduced dependent on the radiation dose. Dynamic 11C-methionine PET offers a method for studying the individual response of the major salivary glands to irradiation.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Guanylin and uroguanylin in the parotid and submandibular glands: potential intrinsic regulators of electrolyte secretion in salivary glands.

The intestinal peptides guanylin and uroguanylin regulate the electrolyte/water transport in the gastrointestinal epithelium via activation of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), the cystic fibrosis gene product. Because a major but incompletely understood function of the salivary glands is the CFTR-mediated secretion of an electrolyte-rich fluid, we investigated the rat and guinea pig parotid and submandibular glands for expression, cellular distribution, and subcellular localization of guanylin and uroguanylin. RT-PCR analyses with guanylin and uroguanylin-specific primers revealed that both peptides are highly expressed in the parotid and submandibular glands. At the translational level, western blotting analyses with peptide-specific guanylin and uroguanylin antibodies identified the expected 12.5-kDa immunoreactive peptides in these organs. At the cellular level, guanylin and uroguanylin were exclusively confined to epithelial cells of the intralobular and interlobular ducts. At the subcellular level, the immunoreactivities were localized by preembedding immunoelectron microscopy to small vesicles which were concentrated at the apical part of the secretory epithelial cells. The expression and cell-specific localization of guanylin and uroguanylin in the salivary glands indicate that these peptides may be specifically involved in the regulation of CFTR-mediated electrolyte/water secretion in the salivary gland ductal system.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Pediatric mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the minor salivary glands.

Carcinoma of the minor salivary glands is an uncommon lesion in children. However, due to the greater proportion of malignancies in salivary gland masses of children as compared to adults, a high degree of suspicion is warranted. Questionable lesions should be biopsied, and a diagnosis aggressively pursued. Wide local excision is the treatment of choice for mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the minor salivary glands, and radiation therapy should be considered in select cases.

Carcinoma, Mucoepidermoid↗
PubMed1996

[Hyalinizing clear cell carcinoma of the salivary glands].

Many cell types of the salivary glands have clear cytoplasm. Causes of clear cytoplasmic quality in light microscopy are loss of organelles, storage of substances or fixation artefacts. Differential diagnosis of the different clear cell types requires special staining techniques, immunocytochemistry and electron microscopy. A new and distinct salivary gland neoplasm is hyalinizing clear cell carcinoma, which was not included in the second edition of the WHO Classification of Salivary Gland Tumors. Analysis of the collected cases of the Salivary Gland Register Hamburg and recent reports in the literature reveal that this carcinoma shows low-grade malignancy with localization usually in the minor salivary glands. Most cases occur in women. The pathohistology is characterized by solid or trabecular formations of polygonal clear cells which are surrounded by a broad hyalinized desmoplastic connective tissue stroma. The clear cells are mucin negative and express cytokeratin and EMA, in some cases also CEA, but not S-100 protein, actin or other markers of myoepithelial cells. Ultrastructural findings are undifferentiated duct cells with only few organelles and inclusion of glycogen granules. The differential diagnosis includes other clear cell tumours, especially epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma and the clear cell variants of myoepithelial carcinoma and acinic cell or mucoepidermoid carcinoma.

Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell↗