Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Retirement”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 343 records · Page 19Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

A life course perspective on retirement, gender, and well-being.

The existing research literature on the links between retirement and physical and psychological health is examined. This synthesis characterizes the complexity of the relationship between retirement and health; points out potential gender differences in the nature, experience, and implications of retirement; and develops a life course model of the pathways through occupational career and retirement leading to health. Such a life course model suggests a research agenda that can produce important insights on the dynamics and consequences of the retirement transition, including the mechanisms and conditions linking withdrawal from employment to changes in health and well-being.

Aged↗
PubMed1995

Are there gender differences in predicting retirement decisions?

Although there has been speculation about gender differences in retirement decisions, research directly on the issue has been sparse, and results have been inconsistent. This study, which examined hypotheses based on traditional gender roles, is one of the few to examine the interactions between retirement predictors and gender. In a random sample of older employees and retirees from a large midwestern manufacturing organization, retirement decisions differed between men and women primarily when dependents lived in the household, when the health of one's spouse was a consideration, and when one's spouse was retired. These differences appeared to be partially dependent on the operational definition of retirement.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

A longitudinal study of retirement in older male veterans.

In this study, the authors examined the effect of retirement on psychological and physical symptoms in 404 older male veterans who were taking part in an ongoing longitudinal study. Hierarchical linear modeling was used to analyze symptom trajectories from preretirement, peri-retirement, and postretirement periods in veterans with either lifetime full or partial posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), trauma exposure only, or no traumatic exposure. As expected, the PTSD group experienced greater increases in psychological and physical symptoms during retirement, relative to the other groups. Retirement due to poor health in the PTSD group did not account for the findings regarding physical symptoms. Results indicate that clinicians should recognize and address the potential for older individuals with PTSD to experience difficulties during retirement.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Race inequities in men's retirement.

A multistate life table model is used to identify how labor force experiences and mortality determine the labor force participation rates (LFPRs) and the qualities of the retirement life cycle of Black and White older men. LFPRs and the life cycle measures are compared to assess inequities of retirement access for the racial groups. The results show that Blacks' lower LFPRs are a function of disability. Despite lower LFPRs than Whites, however, Blacks spend a greater portion of their lives both working and disabled, reducing the retirement period. Race differences in the retirement life cycle also are highly sensitive to mortality. Reducing Black mortality to that of Whites would substantially narrow the life cycle differences. The combination of higher disability and mortality rates among Blacks suggests that health is a key determinant of retirement inequity.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1996

Health and social precursors of later life retirement-community migration.

This study uses the developmental migration paradigm developed by Litwak and Longino (1987) as a framework to investigate the health and social determinants of late-life elderly mobility to retirement communities. Data from four waves of the Longitudinal Study of Aging are used to predict the likelihood of moving from the general community to two types of retirement communities--those with group meals and those without group meals. Multinomial logistic regression reveals that the likelihood of migrating to both types of retirement communities increases as disability advances to moderate levels, but declines as disability becomes severe. Migration to retirement communities is also more likely among elderly persons who live alone and among those whose children do not live nearby. The results suggest that retirement community migration in middle and late old age is motivated not only by social and amenity considerations, but also by the need for assisted living arising from physical frailty. Implications for developmental migration theory and long-term care policy are discussed.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1976

Determinants of a positive attitude toward retirement.

This research investigates the possibility that attitude toward retirement is better understood as resulting from the worker's realistic appraisal of the type of retirement experience which he can expect than as part of a general value orientation stressing the worker role. Questionnaire data collected from 70 older industrial workers indicate that workers who can expect a positive retirement experience in terms of finances, friends, social activity, and level of preparedness are likely to have a positive attitude toward retirement. No relationship was found between commitment to work and attitude toward retirement.

Attitude↗
PubMed1976

Expectancy theory prediction of the preference to remain employed or to retire.

Vroom's (1964) expectancy theory model was used to predict older workers' choices between continued employment or immediate retirement. It was hypothesized that a person's preference for one of the two alternatives would be a function of the differences between the instrumentality of employment and the instrumentality of retirement for the attainment of outcomes, multiplied by the valence of each outcome, summed over outcomes. To test this, 290 Israeli male workers, aged 57 to 64, were interviewed. Measures included: preference for employment or retirement; valences of 35 outcomes; perceived instrumentalities of employment and retirement. The results supported the hypothesis (R = .40; p less than .01). It is suggested that further research along these lines could equip organizations with a tool for assisting older employees in the transition to retirement or for encouraging those who are still capable of making a significant contribution to remain employed.

Decision Making↗
PubMed1985

Determinants and consequences of retirement among men of different races and economic levels.

Data from two national longitudinal studies of older workers were examined in order to compare the determinants and consequences of retirement for white and black men, and for poverty, marginal, and upper economic level men. The number of categories important in determining retirement was greater for white men than for black men and increased with increase in economic level. Retirement was found to have few consequences, being important mainly with respect to health and economic matters. Blacks and poverty level men were minimally affected by retirement, the impact of retirement probably being somewhat ameliorated by age-determined income maintenance programs and subsidies. Men at the marginal economic level were affected most adversely.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1985

Predicting the retirement intentions and attitudes of professional workers.

The purpose of this study was to examine the intentions about and attitudes toward retirement of professional workers, one of the more neglected groups in the retirement literature. Four types of professionals were represented: attorneys, social workers, high school teachers, and college professors. Intentions were defined in terms of projections regarding when respondents planned to retire, consideration of early retirement, and thinking about life after retirement. Attitudes were measured by using a set of three previously developed attitude scales. Six kinds of independent variables were controlled: (a) certain social factors (gender, age, and profession), (b) alienation from work and everyday life, (c) work history, (d) life-long habits of using free time constructively, (e) extensiveness of financial preparation, and plans for second careers and new involvements were the most consistent predictors of both intentions and attitudes. Alienation and certain types of financial preparation were by far the major variables.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

The social construction of retirement among professionals 50-60 years old.

This study documents the range of images held about retirement among a group of professional men and women 50-60 years old. The decade of the fifties is a point of transition in the development of professionals' consciousness about retirement. Examined are the work contingencies influencing whether respondents anticipate retirement positively. Those who have unfinished agendas at work, have high job satisfaction, perceive retirement as financially unfeasible, and retain their health are least likely to anticipate retirement favorably.

Attitude↗
PubMed1996

Does retirement hurt well-being? Factors influencing self-esteem and depression among retirees and workers.

A set of older workers from the Raleigh-Durham-Chapel Hill metropolitan area were followed for two years in order to explore the social psychological consequences of retirement. Three findings are of particular interest. First, when we separated workers who retired from those who continued to work and compared their self-esteem and depression scores over the two-year interval, we found that self-esteem scores did not change for either group, but that depression scores declined for workers who retired. Turning to differences between retirees and those who continued to work, regression analyses revealed that retirement had a positive influence on self-esteem and a negative influence on depression. In addition, earlier worker identity meanings had a stronger negative effect on the depression scores of respondents who continued to work than on those who retired.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Like a high wave: adjustment to retirement.

PURPOSE: The purposes of the study are to provide a phenomenological description of the pre- and post-retirement experience and to examine adjustment during the two periods. DESIGN AND METHODS: This is a longitudinal study of 56 Israeli men that employs both personal interviews and standard measures of physical and mental health. RESULTS: The pre-retirement interviews show four main perceptions. The dominant perception was as a period of uncertainty and crisis. The others were as providing hope for change, as a continuation of their lives until then, and as a developmental transition. Interviews 1 year post-retirement show that most of the men were happily occupied. Comparison of pre- and post-retirement scores on standardized tests shows reduced distress. IMPLICATIONS: The findings point to the desirability of supportive pre-retirement interventions that would emphasize working out emotional difficulties posed the anticipation of ending work.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2006

Retirement patterns from career employment.

PURPOSE: This article investigates how older Americans leave their career jobs and estimates the extent of intermediate labor force activity (bridge jobs) between full-time work on a career job and complete labor-force withdrawal. DESIGN AND METHODS: Using data from the Health and Retirement Study, we explored the work histories and retirement patterns of a cohort of retirees aged 51 to 61 in 1992 during a 10-year period in both cross-sectional and longitudinal contexts. We examined determinants of retirement patterns in a multinomial logistic regression model. RESULTS: We found that a majority of older Americans with career jobs retire gradually, in stages, rather than all at once. We also found that the utilization of bridge jobs was more common among younger respondents, respondents without defined-benefit pension plans, and respondents at both the lower and upper ends of the wage distribution. IMPLICATIONS: Older Americans are now working longer than pre-1980s trends would have predicted. Given concerns about the traditional sources of retirement income (Social Security, employer pensions, and prior savings), older Americans may have to rely more on earnings. This article suggests that many are already doing so by moving to bridge jobs after leaving their career employment.

Aged↗
PubMed1995

Health conditions and perceived quality of life in retirement.

This study investigated the effects of specific health conditions on perceived quality of life in retirement as measured by dimensions of retirement satisfaction. Respondents were 252 men and 199 women who participated in the retirement substudy of an ongoing epidemiological investigation of people age 65 and over in two rural Iowa counties. Retirement satisfaction was measured by the Retirement Descriptive Index, which assesses satisfaction with activities and work, finances, health, and people. Pulmonary disease was a predictor of dissatisfaction with health for both sexes. Pulmonary disease and heart attack were the strongest predictors of dissatisfaction with health for men, followed closely by stroke. Arthritis was the strongest predictor of dissatisfaction with health for women. Implications for social work practice are discussed.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

Ill-health retirement and diabetes mellitus.

Five hundred and five subjects retired for medical reasons in 1987. Two hundred and ninety-nine were male and 206 female. Thirty (5.94 per cent) subjects had diabetes of whom 4 were insulin-treated. Twelve of these subjects retired because of diabetes and diabetic complications; 10 retired because of the former and other pathology and 8 retired because of other pathology but had diabetes incidentally at the time of assessment. The expected prevalence of diabetes in the 20-69-year-old group from recent population studies is 9.2-10.1/1000 population. The figure of 59.4/1000 is significantly greater than this. Excluding those who had diabetes incidentally at the time of assessment reduces this figure to 43.6/1000 which still remains significant. After age-standardization the results remain significant. Morbidity from diabetes as assessed by numbers of retirements with diabetes indicates that this is greater than expected.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Return to work after ill-health retirement in Scottish NHS staff and teachers.

BACKGROUND: Most major public and private sector pension schemes have provision for ill-health retirement (IHR) for those who become too ill to continue to work before their normal retirement age. AIM: To compare the causes, process and outcomes of IHR in teachers and National Health Service (NHS) staff in Scotland. METHODS: A total of 537 teachers and 863 NHS staff who retired due to ill-health between April 1998 and March 2000 were mailed an IHR questionnaire by the Scottish Public Pensions Agency. RESULTS: The response rate for teachers was 53% and for NHS staff 49%. The most common cause of IHR was musculoskeletal disorders for NHS staff and mental disorders for teachers. Teachers retired at a younger average age than NHS staff. Ninety-two per cent of NHS staff but only 11% of teachers attended occupational health services (OHS) prior to IHR. Eighteen per cent of NHS staff and 9% of teachers were offered part-time work by their current employer in response to their ill-health. Fifteen per cent of NHS staff and 5% of teachers were offered alternative work prior to retirement. Seventeen per cent of NHS staff and 36% of teachers subsequently found employment. Multiple logistic regression analyses showed the following variables as independent predictors of subsequent employment: occupational group, age group, sex, managerial responsibility and cause of IHR. CONCLUSIONS: Return to work after IHR suggests that some IHR could be avoided. Teachers had a higher rate of return to work and much less access to OHS.

Age Distribution↗
PubMed1989

Faculty renewal: modeling the impact of the end of mandatory retirement in the University of California medical schools.

The Age Discrimination in Employment Act was amended in 1986 to remove age-determined mandatory retirement for nearly all employees. The present study was prompted by the concern that if medical school faculty failed to retire, there would be no positions available for new faculty. The author used 1984-85 data on both tenure-track and non-tenure-track faculty of the five medical schools of the University of California (UC) to make projections, over 20 years, of faculty age distributions and available positions, at several possible growth rates and delays in retirement age. Association of American Medical Colleges data on all U.S. medical school faculty in 1980 were used to show that the UC data were not exceptional. Acknowledging the various assumptions used in manipulating the data and the need to examine longitudinal data on faculty age, growth, turnover, and retirement to make more realistic projections, the author demonstrates that the impact of delaying retirement by several years would be minimal. Because of this conclusion and also the inevitable aging of the faculty resulting from the slowed growth of medical schools, academic institutions should pay more attention to maintaining the vitality and productivity of their individual faculty members, regardless of age.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1992

Aging of medical school faculty and the end of mandatory retirement.

In anticipation of the end of mandatory retirement for tenured professors in 1994 (mandatory retirement ended for other academics in 1986), the author analyzed the demographics of medical school faculty, using 25 years of data taken in mid-1989 from the Faculty Roster of the Association of American Medical Colleges. The annual growth rate of the number of full-time faculty dropped from well over 10% before 1972 to about 1.5% after 1982, while the mean age of the faculty increased from under 42 years to over 45 in 1988. Retirement patterns changed little after the minimum mandatory retirement age was raised in 1982 from 65 to 70 (for tenured professors). Only about 2.5% of all faculty separations in 1984-1987 occurred at or after age 70, and only 5.5% did even in the tenure tracks of the 20 largest private medical schools. Since such a small proportion of openings is created each year by mandatory retirement, uncapping will have little effect on the age or turnover of medical faculty.

Adult↗