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At least 343 records · Page 19Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Confusing thoughts and speech: source monitoring and psychosis.

To explore the idea that deficits in source monitoring may underlie positive symptoms of schizophrenia, the current study compared schizophrenic patients' performance (n=15) on an internal source-monitoring task with that of normal controls (n=15). On the basis of a source-monitoring task in which participants had to recall whether they had verbalized answers or merely thought about these answers, overall source monitoring performance, discrimination index, and response bias were calculated. In addition, participants completed cognitive tests and symptomatology questionnaires. Relative to controls, patients had significantly more difficulties with monitoring their own actions and showed a tendency towards misclassifying imagined thoughts as verbalized thoughts. Source-monitoring performance was related to selective attention, but not to other cognitive domains. No relationship was found between source-monitoring and symptomatology. Failures in internal source monitoring are a prominent feature of schizophrenia, and our results suggest that they form a more enduring characteristic of this disorder than has previously been assumed.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Predicting neurobehavioral patterns following anterior communicating artery aneurysm.

This multiple case report presents two groups of survivors from aneurysms of the anterior communicating artery (ACoA); amnesic and non-amnesics, to examine the similarities and differences in neuropsychological profiles. All six patients were consecutive admissions to acute inpatient rehabilitation, and exhibited generally intact attention, concentration and intellectual ability. Confabulation and personality changes were observed only among the amnesic ACoA patients. However, difficulties in concept formation and perseverative responding was observed in all subjects. A neurobehavioral hypothesis addressing the underlying mechanism of the main features of the "ACoA syndrome" is presented.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Qualitative research: what do we know about teaching good nutritional habits?

Drawing from a number of qualitative studies, a set of basic principles is presented for development of sound, effective nutrition education material. First, research is needed each and every time a new intervention or materials development project is initiated. This research should include formative, process, and outcome testing. Second, reality checks are needed. Programs and materials need to be tested in the settings and for the purpose for which they are intended. Third, messages need to be tailored to the audience. Certain concepts, such as the Dietary Guidelines, may be more or less universal, but the actual educational process and materials need to be tailored to specific target groups. Generic messages do not work. Sound scientific methodology is readily available as well as empirical principles to guide in the development and testing of nutrition education programs and materials, but each new intervention must be tested because there is always a creative element involved. Research will be ineffective, however, unless the right questions are asked and the right people (usually requiring a multidisciplinary team) are used to find the answer.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Cognitive deficits and thought disorder: II. An 8-month followup study.

Schizophrenic (n = 21) and manic (n = 19) patients were followed up an average of 8 months after an index assessment during an acute admission. These patients were tested at both assessments with laboratory tasks measuring distractibility and reality monitoring and were examined with clinical ratings of positive and negative thought disorder. For manic patients, none of the measures predicted the patients' clinical state of followup, while negative thought disorder, although rare, was temporally stable. For the schizophrenic patients, both negative thought disorder and distractibility were temporally stable, and more severe negative thought disorder was found at index assessment in patients who were psychotic at followup. The differential utility of laboratory and clinical indices for the prediction of overall clinical state is related to these data.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Incidence and correlates of depersonalization following head trauma.

Using the criteria of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R Dissociative Disorders (SCID-D), we assessed the incidence of feelings of unreality among a sample of 70 persons who had sustained head injuries. Among those whose head trauma could be classified as mild, more than 60% complained of a depersonalization syndrome. Among those with a significant period of unconsciousness, only 11% had similar complaints. There was a high comorbidity with post-traumatic stress disorder and vertigo. Feelings of unreality were not associated with cognitive impairment or elevated personality test scores, nor were there significant relationships with gender or involvement in litigation. A conservative estimate of incidence of depersonalization among persons with minor head trauma is 13%, while, at the upper end, as many as 67% of persons who sustain mild head injury may experience feelings of unreality.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Lack of insight in schizophrenia.

A neuropsychological etiology has been suggested for lack of insight in schizophrenia patients, mainly based on frontal, right parietal, right hemisphere, or diffuse cerebral dysfunctions. The aim of this study ws to investigate the neuropsychological pathogeny of lack of insight in schizophrenia patients. We examined a sample of 40 DSM-III-R schizophrenia inpatients admitted because of a recrudescence of symptoms. Schizophrenic symptoms were evaluated through the Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms and the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms. Neurologic explorations included an assessment of frontal neurologic signs, abnormal involuntary movements, and soft neurologic signs. Lack of insight was assessed through three items from the Manual for the Assessment and Documentation of Psychopathology (AMDP). A global index from these three items (lack of feeling ill, lack of insight, and uncooperativeness) was obtained. A neuropsychological battery composed of tests involving many functional areas of the brain was used. No correlation between bad performance and lack of insight was found on any test. On the contrary, lack of insight was associated with better performance on immediate verbal, immediate visual, and delayed visual memory tasks. Moreover, the three components of lack of insight were extracted as an independent factor when they were included together with the positive and negative symptoms, neurologic abnormalities (frontal and soft neurologic signs, and abnormal movements), and a global measure of cognitive performance. The results of the study do not support the neuropsychological hypothesis of lack of insight.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Concordance between two measures of dream bizarreness.

To assess the level of concordance between two published measures of dream bizarreness, 100 randomly selected dreams from 93 college students were scored for primary process using the Auld, Goldenberg, and Weiss scale and for dream distortion using Zepelin's scale. This analysis yielded a strong relationship between these measures, indicating adequate concurrent validity for the content analysis of the construct of dream bizarreness.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

[Diagnosis of "cataphasia" based on a drawing].

Drawings done by a patient before examination led to the suspicion of cataphasia, in view of previous experience of similar pictures drawn by verbigerate patients, and this proved to be so. We assume that the verbigerate affection of the thinking process is pictorially reflected in spontaneous casual drawing. In a less spontaneous situation, on other hand, the patient will not be so completely disorganised, and thus the author of an utterly confused drawing can still retain some measure of mental control in the course of tests.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Virtual reality exposure therapy and standard (in vivo) exposure therapy in the treatment of fear of flying.

This controlled clinical trial tested virtual reality exposure (VRE) therapy for the fear of flying (FOF), a relatively new and innovative way to do exposure therapy, and compared it to standard (in vivo) exposure therapy (SE) and a wait list (WL) control with a 6- and 12-month follow-up. Eighty-three participants with FOF were randomly assigned to VRE, SE, or WL. Seventy-five participants, 25 per group, completed the study. Twenty-three WL participants completed randomly assigned treatment following the waiting period. Treatment consisted of 4 sessions of anxiety management training followed either by exposure to a virtual airplane (VRE) or an actual airplane at the airport (SE) conducted over 6 weeks. Results indicate that VRE was superior to WL on all measures, including willingness to fly on the posttreatment flight (76% for VRE and SE; 20% for WL). VRE and SE were essentially equivalent on standardized questionnaires, willingness to fly, anxiety ratings during the flight, self-ratings of improvement, and patient satisfaction with treatment. Follow-up assessments at 6 and 12 months indicated that treatment gains were maintained, with more than 70% of respondents from both groups reporting continued flying at follow-up. Based on these findings, the use of VRE in the treatment of FOF was supported in this controlled study, suggesting that experiences in the virtual world can change experiences in the real world.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Fluency, familiarity, aging, and the illusion of truth.

Research has shown that repeated statements are rated as more credible than new statements. However, little research has examined whether such "illusions of truth" can be produced by contextual (nonmnemonic) influences, or compared to the magnitude of these illusions in younger and older adults. In two experiments, we examined how manipulations of perceptual and conceptual fluency influenced truth and familiarity ratings made by young and older adults. Stimuli were claims about companies or products varying in normative familiarity. Results showed only small effects of perceptual fluency on rated truth or familiarity. In contrast, manipulating conceptual fluency via semantic/textual context had much larger effects on rated truth and familiarity, with the effects modulated by normative company familiarity such that fluency biases were larger for lesser-known companies. In both experiments, young and older adults were equally susceptible to fluency-based biases.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Do positive schizotypal symptoms predict false perceptual experiences in nonclinical populations?

We examined whether positive schizotypy (i.e., reports of hallucinatory and delusional-like experiences) in nonclinical participants could predict false perceptual experiences during detection of fast-moving words beyond a possible response bias. The participants (N = 160) were assigned to one of two conditions: they were asked either to make presence/absence judgments (loose criterion) or to read aloud every detected word (strict criterion). Regression analysis showed that high levels of positive schizotypy predicted false alarms in the loose condition and false perceptions of words in the strict condition. The obtained effects were independent of detection accuracy, task order, impulsivity, and social desirability. We discuss the results in the context of information processing biases linked to the positive symptomatology of schizophrenia. Clinical and theoretical implications are also considered.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Source monitoring impairments in schizophrenia: characterisation and associations with positive and negative symptomatology.

This article describes a consistent pattern of the associations between source monitoring failure and clinical symptomatology in schizophrenia. The associations with positive symptoms in this sample have been reported previously, but not the associations with negative symptoms. Forty patients with schizophrenia were administered several memory tasks including free recall of lists of words, recognition and source memory. Various memory errors assumed to stem from source monitoring failure were derived. They include intrusions and recall of words from previous lists in free recall, false recognitions, and confusion with regard to the source of the stimuli. We studied the associations of these memory errors with positive symptoms and with a broad range of negative symptoms. All the memory errors were positively associated with at least one positive symptom. On the other hand, these errors were inversely associated with certain negative symptoms reflecting lack of emotion or lack of social interactions. Thus positive and negative symptomatology appear to have opposite links to the source monitoring errors observed in patients with schizophrenia. Cognitive mechanisms leading to different types of source monitoring errors and possibly to the formation of positive symptoms are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Pathogenesis of delusions.

This overview of attempts to shed light on the pathogenesis of delusions provides a sense of promise, because we are grappling with the right problems, and reasons for both optimism and skepticism. Optimism is justified because some of the approaches have yielded empirical support and can be tested profitably in research. Skepticism is warranted because we remain unclear about precisely what delusions are; and we have as yet no means of identifying them with a laboratory test. Hence, we must rely on the problematic nature of clinical observation of the inner experiences of patients to make progress. The different mechanisms proposed still require considerable testing, but scrutiny of current results suggests that anomalous experience as a stimulus for delusion formation has been better documented than proposals invoking disordered reasoning or motivational deviances. Nevertheless, no view is as yet established, and each may have some relevance to solving the delusion puzzle.

Delusions↗
PubMed2006

Impaired verbal source monitoring in schizophrenia: an intermediate trait vulnerability marker?

Patients with schizophrenia, particularly those with positive symptoms show impaired verbal source monitoring. Specific cognitive deficits have been observed during both active and remission phases of the illness as well as in groups of unaffected first degree relatives of patients with schizophrenia. This type of schizophrenia vulnerability marker may precede the onset of frank psychotic symptoms and contribute to their developments. The aim of this study was first to determine if unaffected siblings were impaired in discriminate internal vs. external generated events when compared to their remitted schizophrenics relatives and healthy subjects. Performances of healthy subjects were then compared with results from previous studies with acute hallucinating patients, acute non-hallucinating patients and patients with resistant auditory verbal hallucinations. Compared with healthy subjects, unaffected siblings are impaired (effect size, ES=0.7), remitted or acute non-hallucinating patients are more impaired than siblings (ES=1.4); patients with verbal auditory hallucinations (acute or resistant) are even more impaired than non-hallucinating patients (ES=2.1). Our results suggest that a source monitoring deficit could be considered as an intermediate vulnerability marker of schizophrenia.

Adult↗