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PubMed1985

[The Seralyzer dry-reagent system and its applicability to veterinary practice].

This report is an assessment of clinical chemistry dry-reagent methodology for veterinary use. A portable reflectance photometer and dry-reagent strips were used to measure total bilirubin, glucose, creatinine, creatine-kinase and urea in equine, bovine and canine sera. The following aspects of performance are reported: within run variation determined on animal samples, between run variation using a commercial control serum, correlation between dry-reagent and wet-reagent methodology on clinical samples. Results of the above analytes have shown a satisfactory precision and indicate an excellent correlation with the reference method of our laboratory. Minimal technical requirements, simplicity, reproducibility and accuracy comparable with wet-reagent methods are the technical advantages of this system.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Ward and laboratory assessment of two second-generation blood-glucose monitoring systems.

We present an assessment of two blood-glucose monitoring systems--the Ames Glucostix reagent strips read on the Glucometer II and the Boehringer-Mannheim BM-Test-Glycemie 20-800 test strips read on the Reflolux II meter. Many nurses in the wards and a technologist in the laboratory assessed the systems. All operators achieved good precision with both systems at various glucose levels, the coefficients of variation for the technologist being less than 8% and those for the nurses being less than 11%. The Boehringer-Mannheim system gave good agreement with the laboratory values, with a mean bias of +0.14 mmol/L and limits of agreement between -1.38 mmol/L and +1.66 mmol/L. The Ames system gave poorer agreement, with a bias of +0.80 mmol/L and limits of agreement between -2.12 mmol/L and +3.72 mmol/L. Our study shows that both systems are capable of providing clinically-acceptable results when used by trained personnel. Although it took longer to use, the operators unanimously preferred the Boehringer-Mannheim system because generally it was easier to handle. This is due to a smaller amount of blood being needed which is easier to apply and to remove from the strip, and the cleaning material is not as likely to be left on the strip. Also, strip insertion is easier and there is sufficient time for this after the removal of blood.

Blood Glucose↗
PubMed1999

Measurement of the albumin content of urinary protein using dipsticks.

An albumin selective urine strip based on bis (3',3''-diiodo-4', 4''-dihydroxy-5',5''-dinitrophenyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrabromo sulfonphthalein dye (DIDNTB) dye was examined in populations with clinical proteinuria. The relationship of albumin to the sum concentration of all protein in urine was found to vary widely even though the albumin concentration generally increased with the total protein concentration. The albumin reagent strips correlated well with immuno-nephrometric assays for albumin on specimens from hypertensives, diabetics, and renal disease which tended to have albumin contents of >/= 50.0%. High proteinuria concentrations of > 250 mg/l, with low albumin contents of </= 30%, occurred more frequently in cases of cancer, infection, and myeloma. The albumin strip read higher than the immuno assay in samples with high proteinuria and low albuminuria. The albumin strip was also less affected by albumin fragmentation than by the immunological assay. Overall, the albumin strip gave a lower risk of false negatives than a protein strip based on tetrabromophenol blue (TBPB) dye and was more sensitive to disease condition. The protein strip was not sensitive to low levels of albumin and the agreement between TBPB dye strip and the quantitative analysis was not as affected by the albumin content.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Identification of non-infected urine specimens in children.

The research study reported in this article set out to establish whether reagent strip testing of urine specimens could be used to identify non-infected specimens accurately, thereby reducing the number of specimens sent for laboratory testing.

Child↗
PubMed1975

A semi-quantitative test for water supply.

A recently marketed reagent strip designed for clinical urinalysis, Microstix, has been found to be useful in rapid and simple examination of water sources for baby chicks.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Epidemiological survey of urinary schistosomiasis in southeastern Mauritania.

Nine villages in the Sahelian Western Hodh Region of Mauritania, West Africa, were surveyed for infection with Schistosoma haematobium. A total of 983 subjects were randomly selected (single stage cluster sampling) and they provided specimens. The populations of five villages were highly infected with prevalence rates exceeding 50% among children under 16 years of age and peak prevalences ranging from 75% to 100% for children 6-10 or 11-15 years old. Mean densities of infection reached their peak for the same age classes with geometric means ranging from 28 to 265 eggs/10 ml urine. No difference in prevalence or mean density was found between males and females after age adjustment. Frequency distributions of egg outputs were not random but aggregated. An indirect screening technique, based on urine analysis reagent strip findings, was able to identify 98% of the most infected subjects (greater than or equal to 50 eggs/10 ml urine).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Comparison of hydrometry, refractometry, osmometry and Ames N-Multistix SG in estimation of urinary concentration.

The four currently available methods used for estimating urinary concentration were assessed. One hundred and fifty urine specimens were collected and 130 were measured. Twenty were excluded as they contained protein and/or glucose. The volume of 41 samples was inadequate for hydrometry. In urines not containing dissolved macromolecules, hydrometry, refractometry and osmolality reliably reflect the degree of concentration. Except at the extremes, the reagent strip on N-Multistix SG is not a reliable indicator of specific gravity. In a children's Hospital, one-third of urine specimens will be of insufficient volume for standard hydrometry.

Child↗
PubMed1988

Stability of reacted Chemstrip bG.

Reacted Chemstrip bG glucose reagent strips have been reported to retain their color changes for up to 7 days. Thus, patients could theoretically measure their blood glucose and mail their reacted test strips to their physicians for reanalysis. To test the stability of reacted Chemstrip bG blood glucose measurements, 268 Chemstrip bG test strips were reacted with blood obtained from 67 insulin-dependent diabetic patients, stored in desiccator vials, and read daily for 5 consecutive days with an Accu-Chek II blood glucose meter. Although Chemstrip bG blood glucose values significantly correlated with initial reference Beckman glucose analyzer glucose determinations for all 5 days, a steady significant decay in blood glucose readings over time was observed, and clinically accurate strip readings declined from 94% to 68%. Because this decay appeared consistent, correction factors were calculated with regression analyses. The correction factor for day 5 Accu-Chek II readings reduced measurement error by 77%. When applied to a different validation sample, this correction factor decreased day 5 error by 73%. Hence, it seems that correction factors may be applied to delayed readings of Chemstrips obtained with Accu-Chek II that would correct for the observed reduction in blood glucose readings. From these results, we conclude that delayed readings of Chemstrip bG test strips with the Accu-Chek II are not sufficiently accurate for clinical decision making or research purposes unless mathematically corrected.

Blood Glucose↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Self-management: an approach to patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

Patients have been shown to be able to monitor their blood glucose and administer insulin to optimize and normalize blood glucose levels. There are now three reflectance meters available whose measurements correlate well with laboratory measurement of blood glucose, with a correlation coefficient between 0.92 and 0.97. A stepwise approach toward blood glucose control has been found to be most valuable. The initial phase of the program involves patients performing blood glucose measurements before and 1 h after each meal, in addition to times when patients feel hypo- or hyperglycemic. This phase of the program demonstrates the vagaries of glucose control and emphasizes to the patients the dichotomy between symptoms and actual glucose levels. The patient is also taught during this period the risk factors associated with hyperglycemia that may contribute to vascular disease in the future. Subsequently, insulin is adjusted so that patients are given an insulin regimen that will coordinate peaks of insulin with peaks of blood glucose associated with a meal pattern. Patients are taught by health professionals and in a group setting to calibrate insulin calories and exercise depending on blood glucose readings. Such a program is received enthusiastically by patients and physicians. The major disadvantage lies in the cost of the meter and the reagent strips. Nevertheless, such programs may be cost effective because of the avoidance of diabetes-related hospitalizations.

Blood Glucose↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Urine testing.

Urine testing using reagent strips is a simple, non-invasive, reliable method of finding potential signs and symptoms of a number of diseases in their early stages. Urine testing can be carried out easily in the home, GP surgery or hospital setting.

Humans↗
PubMed1977

"Dextrostix: revisited.

A clinical trial compared blood glucose measurements obtained with reagent strips and the Eyetone Meter with those obtained on an AutoAnalyser. The blood glucose readings obtained with the Eyetone Meter were sufficiently accurate for clinical use in Intensive Care Medicine and Anaesthesia.

Autoanalysis↗
PubMed1976

[Preliminary results of an epidemiological survey for diabetes].

Mass screening for diabetes in a factory employing 464 subjects by means of a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test and measurement of blood sugar with Dextrosix reagent strips read on a reflectance meter is reported. Values of 120 mg% or over were noted in 10.34% and values in the range 110 to 120 mg% in 7.76%.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Can urine dipstick testing for urinary tract infection at point of care reduce laboratory workload?

AIM: The University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust microbiology laboratory receives 150 000 urine samples each year, approximately 80% of which prove to be culture negative. The aim of this study was to reduce the proportion of culture negative urines arriving in the laboratory, by producing local evidence based guidelines for the use of urine dipstick testing at point of care within the trust's three acute hospitals. METHODS: One thousand and seventy six unborated urine samples were dipstick tested at the point of care using an automatic strip reader. Quantitative results for the four infection associated markers-leucocyte esterase, nitrite, blood, and protein-were compared with the results of conventional laboratory microscopy and culture. RESULTS: The performance of different marker combinations was calculated against the routine laboratory methods. One hundred and seventy five (16.3%) samples were negative for all four markers. Of these dipstick negative samples, only three (1.7% of all true positives) were positive by culture. The absence of all four infection associated markers was found to have a greater than 98% negative predictive value and a sensitivity and specificity of 98.3% and 19.2%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: A urinary dipstick testing algorithm for infection associated markers was derived for use in hospital patients to screen out negative urines. Two years after distributing the algorithm and promoting access to reagent strips and strip readers, a reduction in the urine workload has been seen against an otherwise increasing laboratory specimen load.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1986

Are measurements of intensity of infection or morbidity necessary to evaluate schistosomiasis control within PHC?

Techniques that can be used to monitor changes in morbidity in large scale control schemes carried out through the PHC structure by a local health administration differ from those that can be used in well funded, small scale research programmes. Above all they must be cheap, simple, rapid and objective. They should demonstrate the effects of intervention soon after it has taken place and be directed to phenomena that have high prevalences. Monitoring of liver and spleen size in S. mansoni foci to some extent meets these criteria but can only be seen as an adjunct to quantitative microscopy. Urinalysis with reagent strips, or even simpler methods, may have a more important role in evaluating control of urinary schistosomiasis and practical constraints may make it easier to carry out than quantitative microscopy. However, the latter conveys more information and is of greater value in planning and urinalysis must be seen as an inadequate substitute for quantitative microscopy.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

[Epidemiological data on the plague in Madagascar].

The first case of plague was introduced in Madagascar in 1898 in the east coast by way of boat from India. In 1921, plague reach the highlands and a large epidemic over the next twenty years. Until the beginning of the 80's, only of few case were identified, notified mostly in rural setting. However gradually it has re-emerged as a public health problem. Urban plague is located in the city of Antananarivo (resurgence in 1978 after 28 years of apparent silence) and in Mahajanga port (resurgence in 1991 after 63 years of silence). The reactivation of the Plague National Control Program from 1994 will allow better surveillance. The aim of this analysis is to update the epidemiological data on human plague in Madagascar based on reported cases obtained from the Central Lab of the Pasteur Institute of Madagascar from 1980 to 2001 (16,928 suspected cases of which 3,500 are likely positives or confirmed positives). The Plague season runs from October to March on the central highlands and July to November on the north-western coast. Sex-ratio male/female is 1.3/1, and the age-group of 5 to 25 years is more affected. The case fatality rate was 40% in the beginning of the 1980's, and decreased to 20% by the end of the 1990's. The percentage of case with pulmonary plague decrease from 15% to less than 5%. However, geographical extension is demonstrated: 4 districts in 1980, 30 districts in 1999 and 21 districts in 2001. In 2002, the diffusion of a new rapid test (reagent strip) in the primary health centres (CSB) in 42 endemic districts may help to decrease the morbidity and the letality due to plague and improve its control at the national level.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Schistosomiasis prevalence after administration of praziquantel to school children in Melela village, Morogoro region, Tanzania.

A study of the prevalence of schistosomiasis was carried out in 253 school children in Melela, Tanzania, one year after a single dose of praziquantel, 40 mg/kg body weight. The cure rate was 90.4%. However the new incidence estimate was 21.2% in children who were initially negative. The use of reagent strips in urine tests for the detection of urinary schistosomiasis was also evaluated. The presence of blood in the urine was highly sensitive (> 96%) and specific (87%). The sensitivity of proteinuria was less, but it was highly specific (94%). This study shows that chemotherapy will have to be combined with other measures to achieve lasting benefits and raises the question as to how often the population should be treated. It also confirms the value of urine test strips as an indirect diagnostic test for urinary schistosomiasis in an endemic area. Further follow-up is necessary to make useful predictions concerning incidence and reinfection rates in the community. This will also help in deciding how often chemotherapy should be given to the population.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Standardization of the urine microscopic examination.

Two standardized systems for examining urine sediment, UriSystem and the Kova System, were compared using urines from renal patients, hospitalized patients, and a normal population. Red blood cells and white blood cells were counted with each system and counts were placed into one of three predetermined clinically relevant categories: normal, suspicious, or diagnostic. In addition, cell counts were evaluated to compare how the systems categorized cell counts when dipstick results for blood, nitrite, and leukocyte esterase were negative. Results indicated that the UriSystem placed patient values into a category of higher relevance than the Kova system. When the reagent strip test results were negative, cell counts by the UriSystem were more likely to be in the suspicious category, indicating a possible need for further patient work-up than the counts done by the Kova system. Normal ranges of the microscopic sediment of the urinalysis must be re-evaluated using standardized systems such as those studied.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Bedside blood ketone body monitoring.

The use of a reagent strip and reflectance meter for the bedside measurement of 3-hydroxybutyrate during the clinical management of diabetic ketoacidosis is described. Comparison of this method with a laboratory enzymatic assay shows good correlation (r = 0.97, p less than 0.05). Initial use in acute ketoacidosis suggests that knowledge of hourly changes in 3-hydroxybutyrate levels could be helpful in determining the optimum insulin dose.

3-Hydroxybutyric Acid↗