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PubMed1976

Immediate and delayed hypersensitivity in chronic dermatophytosis.

Delayed hypersensitivity (DH) to seven common antigens was examined in 38 men with chronic dermatophyte infections and in 20 controls. A similar percentage of the infected and the control groups reacted to four antigens. In addition to showing a low frequency of DH to trichophytin, the infected group also showed a significant reduction in their reactions to intradermal mumps skin test antigen and to a Rhus oleoresin patch test. Two members (5%) of the infected group were anergic to all tests. Patients with chronic dermatophytosis appear to have a relatively specific defect in DH to trichophytin, but their cell-mediated responses to other antigens may also be somewhat decreased. The subjects studied did not appear to suffer excessive morbidity from infectious diseases, other than dermatophytosis.

Adult↗

PubMed1977

Nonenzymic spectrophotometric determination of potential poison ivy cross-reactors.

I describe an inexpensive, nonenzymic analytical system for prescreening substances that might cross-react as Rhus toxing (e.g., poison ivy, poison oak, and sumac allergens) on human skin. By spectrophotometric assay after incubation with an oxidizing mixture of Cu(II)ammine complex and ammonium persulfate, I could accurately and reproducibly determine o-quinoidal products of several potential synthetic cross-reactors and native poison ivy allergen, and could distinguish these from catecholamines, resorcinol, p-hydroquinone, and a closely related phenol. A good correlation was obtained between this nonenzymic technique and an enzymic assay. This Cu(II)ammine/persulfate oxidative assay, however, is inexpensive and obviates any spectral interference from enzymic proteins.

Allergens↗

PubMed1976

Parenteral short-term corticosteroid therapy in moderate to severe dermatoses. A comparative multiclinic study.

Six separate investigators following the methodology stipulated in a common protocol provided a data base of 124 patients with Rhus dermatitis, other contact dermatitis, or atopic dermatitis. In this double-blind study, one or two 1 ml (4.0 mg/ml) intramuscular injections of the new sodium phosphate ester of betamethasone was compared with dexamethasone sodium phosphate in the treatment of the signs and symptoms common to these disorders. The comparably balanced groups responded dramatically to both drugs. Within 24 hours the mean scores of all symptoms and patients' overall condition were reduced appreciable. Pruritus, burning, inflammation and other typical symptoms and signs each responded well. The significant beneficial differences were observed most often in patients on betamethasone. There were no treatment failures and no side effects in this short-term trial.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

[Quality assessment for Coptis chinensis planted with ecological techniques].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the quality difference between Coptis chinensis planted with ecological techniques and shelf planted Coptis chinensis. METHODS: Ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry, alcohol extract mensuration, moisture mensuration, and ash mensuration were used to determine the contents of total alkaloids, alcohol extract, water, and total ash of Coptis chinensis, which were planted in shelf, Rhus chinensis wood, M mulbery wood, corn wood, Magnolia officinalis wood, fruiter wood, shading net, and firry wood, respectively. RESULTS: The contents of total alkaloids and alcohol extract of Coptis chinensis Table planted with ecological techniques were higher than those of Coptis chinensis planted in shelf. The contents of water and total ash were less than 12% and 5%, respectively, which met the provisions of the pharmacopoeia. CONCLUSION: The quality of Coptis chinensis planted with ecological techniques is similar to that of Coptis chinensis planted in shelf. These ecological techniques for Coptis chinensis have become mature and practical.

Agriculture↗

PubMed1991

An investigation on the quinoprotein nature of some fungal and plant oxidoreductases.

The presence of pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) as the organic cofactor of Dactylium dendroides galactose oxidase and lentil (Lens culinaris) seedling amine oxidase, purported PQQ-containing oxidoreductases (Van der Meer, R. A., Jongejan, J. A., and Duine, J. A. (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264, 7792-7794; Citro, G., Verdina, A., Galati, R., Floris, G., Sabatini, S., and Finazzi-Argo', A. (1989) FEBS Lett. 247, 201-204), was reinvestigated using the nitro blue tetrazolium redoxcycling method (Paz, M. A., Gallop, P. M., Torrelio, B. M., and Flückiger, R. (1988) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 154, 1330-1337; Paz, M. A., Flückiger, R., Boak, A., Kagan, H. M., and Gallop, P. M. (1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266, 689-692) and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with polyclonal antibodies against PQQ. The possible quinoprotein nature of the laccases from Polyporus versicolor and Rhus vernicifera was also investigated because of the similarities in spectroscopic and kinetic features of these enzymes and the laccase from Phlebia radiata, reported to be a PQQ protein (Karhunen, E., Niku-Paavola, M.-L., Viikari, L., Haltia, T., Van der Meer, R. A., and Duine, J. A. (1990) FEBS Lett. 267, 6-8). The presence of a quinonoid cofactor in lentil seedling amine oxidase is confirmed, whereas galactose oxidase and both laccases do not display any quinoprotein nature.

Amine Oxidase (Copper-Containing)↗

PubMed1991

[Protective effect of tannic acid against TPA- and cigarette smoke condensate-induced DNA strand breaks in human white cells and its antioxidant action].

Tannic acid was extracted from Rhus chinensis Mill. At a concentration of 50 micrograms/ml it could significantly prevent the DNA damaging effects induced by TPA (100 ng/ml) or cigarette smoke condensate (400 micrograms/ml). At concentrations of 5 micrograms/ml and 80 micrograms/ml, it could effectively scavenge the O2-. produced by VB2 + hv and cigarette smoke condensate, respectively. The lipid peroxidation of red cell membrane induced by H2O2 was decreased significantly by tannic acid at a concentration of 5 micrograms/ml.

Animals↗

PubMed1978

Photoreduction of copper chromophores in blue oxidases.

The low temperature (77 K) irradiation of oxidized ceruloplasmin and Rhus vernicifera laccase at the 330 nm absorption which arises from type 3 copper leads to the reduction of type 1 copper as demonstrated by bleaching of the 610 nm chromophore and the decrease of the EPR signal associated with this species. Type 2 copper remains unaffected. Concomitant with the type 1 copper reduction, a new EPR signal which is possibly that of a biradical appears. Upon thawing, type 1 copper is reversibly oxidized and the radical signal disappears. Irradiation of oxidized protein at the absorption band of type 1 copper produces no spectral change. An EPR study at room temperature confirms the wave-length specificity and reversibility of the photoreduction of type 1 copper and radical formation. Radical appearance and disappearance at room temperature are extremely slow (tau1/2 approximately 30 min). Optical studies at room temperature show that upon anaerobic irradiation of laccase in the 330 nm absorption band, both type 3 and type 1 chromophores are slowly reduced. Upon return to the dark and in the presence of O2, both type 3 and type 1 centers are reoxidized. Oxidizing equivalents either from O2 or K3Fe(CN)6 are required for the reoxidation reaction. These studies demonstrate that there is a direct energy transfer between type 3 and type 1 copper sites in blue copper oxidases.

Catechol Oxidase↗

PubMed1990

[Experimental study of 472 herbs with antiviral action against the herpes simplex virus].

Using tissue culture method, the present work with its first-hand observation was primarily concerned with evaluating the antiviral effect of 472 traditional medicinal herbs (comprising raw material 10 mg/ml), through both initial (qualitative) and repeated (quantitative) screens, on type 1 herpes simplex virus. When dealing with water and alcoholic extracts, the effective herbs during initial screens were reduced after repeated screens by a range of 28.8-80.0%. Employing the basic value attained by the simultaneous route of drug administration, a stepwise declining of effective herbs would be: extratube route greater than simultaneous route greater than therapeutic route greater than preventive route. The more the routes of drug administration, the less the multiple-route simultaneous efficacy of a herb. Through repeated screens, 10 highly effective herbs were Aristolochia debilis, Artemisia anomala, Lindera strychnifolia, Patrinia villosa, Pinus massoniana, Prunella vulgaris, Pyrrosia lingua, Rhus chinensis, Sargussum fusiforme and Taraxacum mongolicum. Clinically, among the 78 cases of herpetic keratitis due to HSV1 treated by Pyrrosia lingua and Prunella vulgaris eye drops, a cure was effected in 38 and an improvement in 37, with 3 being of no benefit.

Antiviral Agents↗

PubMed1989

An experimental study of the anti-HSV-II action of 500 herbal drugs.

Experimental assessments were made on the anti-HSV-II action of 500 herbs by determinations of the virus inhibition logarithm (VIL). 13 highly effective herbs (VIL greater than or equal to 4.00) were screened cut, providing a rational basis for clinical therapy. Among these effective herbs, 10 were aqueous extracts of Artemisia anomala, Centella asiatica, Epimedium Sagittatum, Hibiscus mutabilis, Hosta plantaginea, Hypericum japonicum, Inula japonica, Mosla punctata, Rhododendron simsii, and Rhus chinenses, while 3 were alcohol extracts of Epimedium Sagittatum, Hypericum japonicum, and Mosla punctata.

Antiviral Agents↗

PubMed1984

Comparative Cd-113 nuclear magnetic resonance studies of Cd(II)-substituted blue copper proteins.

The 113Cd NMR spectra of plastocyanin (Spinacea), stellacyanin (Rhus vernicifera), and two azurins (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Alcaligenes faecalis) have been measured after introducing Cd(II) into the blue copper-binding sites. Relative to Cd(C1O4)2 the chemical shifts are 432, 380, 372, and 379 ppm, respectively, all of which are found to be reasonable values for binding sites containing a cysteine thiolate ligand. The 113Cd resonances of the cadmium derivatives of stellacyanin and the azurins are so near the same that the proteins must present very similar metal-binding sites. In contrast the plastocyanin derivative resonates about 50 ppm further downfield which may signal a change in coordination number. The spin lattice relaxation times of the 113Cd resonances are of the order of 0.1 s, and a major portion of the relaxation apparently occurs through the chemical shift anisotropy mechanism. At 13 degrees C the 113Cd resonance of Psuedomonas azurin shifts slightly downfield with increasing pH. This is explained by a small change in the environment about cadmium which occurs as a result of the conformational change that attends the titration of His-35.

Alcaligenes↗

PubMed1983

Coordination environment for the type 3 copper center of tree laccase and CuB of cytochrome c oxidase as determined by electron nuclear double resonance.

A new rhombic EPR signal was recently discovered in the partially reduced type 2 copper-depleted Rhus vernicifera laccase (Reinhammar, B. (1983) J. Inorg. Biochem., in press). The signal originates from one of the type 3 Cu(II) ions that becomes EPR-detectable as a result of the selective reduction of the other copper ion in the exchange-coupled Cu(II)-Cu(II) pair. The 14N and 1H and 63,65Cu electron nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) of this uncoupled Cu(II) now have been collected and represent the first ENDOR measurements of a type 3 copper site. The data indicate that the copper is coordinated by at least three nitrogenous ligands, at least one of which is an imidazole. H/D exchange suggests a nearby H2O or OH-, perhaps as a fourth ligand. A similar EPR signal is seen for CuB of reduced cytochrome c oxidase under turnover conditions. The 14N ENDOR, and, therefore, the structure, of this site corresponds extremely closely to that of the laccase type 3 (Cu(II).

Copper↗

PubMed1983

The Type 3 copper site is intact but labile in Type 2-depleted laccase.

We report results of experiments designed to characterize the Type 1 and Type 3 copper sites in Rhus laccase depleted of Type 2 copper (T2D). Use of the Lowry method for determining protein concentration yielded the value 5620 +/- 570 M-1 cm-1 for the extinction of the 615-nm absorption band of this protein. Anaerobic reductive titrations with Ru(NH)3)6(2)+ and Cr(II)aq ions established the presence of three electron-accepting centers, which are reduced in a complex manner. Treatment of T2D laccase with a 70-fold excess of H2O2 induced a new shoulder at 330 nm (delta epsilon = 660 M-1 cm-1), as well as intensity perturbations at 280 and 615 nm. Comparison of difference spectra show that this 330-nm band derives from a Type 3 copper-bound peroxide and not from a reoxidized Type 3 site. Dioxygen reoxidation of ascorbate-reduced T2D laccase produced new difference bands at 330 nm (delta epsilon = 770 M-1 cm-1) and 270 nm (delta epsilon = 13,000 M-1 cm-1), the former assigned to a bound peroxide which is a dioxygen reduction intermediate. In the corresponding epr spectrum of this material new Cu(II) g parallel features (A parallel approximately 130 G) indicative of an isolated copper ion and a triplet signal near 3,400 G were observed, originating from the Type 3 sites of separate T2D laccase molecules. Reoxidation by ferricyanide or by dioxygen as mediated by iron hexacyanide did not produce these changes. Thus the magnetism of the reoxidized Type 3 site in T2D laccase can be perturbed as a consequence of aerobic turnover. The suggestion is advanced that there are presently three forms of T2D laccase, possibly metastable conformational isotypes, accounting for the apparently contradictory reports on the properties of this protein.

Copper↗

PubMed1998

[Cytomegalovirus infection and its possible treatment with herbal medicines].

Medicinal herbs, Geum japonicum, Syzygium aromaticum, Terminalia chebula, and Rhus javanica, with anti-herpes simplex virus therapeutic activity, inhibited replication of human cytomegalovirus(CMV) and murine CMV(MCMV) in vitro. These anti-CMV activities were examined in an MCMV infection model using immunosuppressed mice. Geum japonicum, Syzygium aromaticum, and Terminalia chebula significantly suppressed MCMV yields in lungs of treated mice compared with water treatment. Efficacy of oral treatment with 750 mg/kg/day of Geum japonicum-extract was similar to that of the intraperitoneal administration with 2 mg/kg/day of ganciclovir in increasing the body weight of infected mice and reducing the virus yield in the lungs. These herbs may be beneficial for the prophylaxis of CMV diseases in immunocompromized patients.

Animals↗

PubMed1963