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PubMed1981

Effect of air filtration on respiratory disease in intensively housed veal calves.

The effect of a recirculating air filter unit on concentrations of airborne bacteria, clinical and subclinical respiratory disease and production performance of veal calves was studied over a period of one year. Six groups of 28 calves in sheds with internally filtered air were paired by age and time of entry with six similar groups in non-filtered sheds; they were also compared with 23 groups, each of 28 calves, in non-filtered sheds present in the unit during the period of study. Mean aerial bacteria concentration in filtered sheds was reduced by 44.9 per cent (P less than 0.0001). A comparison of unfiltered and filtered sheds on a paired basis showed that the number of animals requiring antibiotic treatment for respiratory disease was reduced by 19.3 per cent (P greater than 0.05). The number of repeat courses of treatment was reduced by 28.9 per cent (P less than 0.025) and total antibiotic usage was reduced by 34.8 per cent (P less than 0.025). At slaughter the average area of lung consolidation in calves from filtered sheds was reduced by 38.4 per cent (P less than 0.025. When all the 644 calves in the unit from 23 non-filtered sheds were compared with the 168 calves in the six filtered sheds the reduction in first treatments, repeat courses and total treatments were 19.7 per cent (P less than 0.025), 28.3 per cent (P less than 0.025) and 31.6 per cent (P less than 0.025) respectively. Air filtration was therefore associated with a reduction in both incidence and severity of clinical and subclinical disease in calves. Both treatment for respiratory disease and area of lung consolidation at slaughter were directly related to reductions in daily weight gain. The economic effect of respiratory disease on veal calves is briefly discussed.

Air Microbiology↗
PubMed1996

[Efficacy of sulbactam/cefoperazone in respiratory tract infections in elderly patients with underlying respiratory diseases].

We examined the clinical effect of sulbactam/cefoperazone (SBT/CPZ) on respiratory tract infections in elderly patients (from 65 to 91, average 70.8) with underlying respiratory diseases. Thirty (30) patients (25 men and 5 women) were registered and SBT/CPZ (2 g/day) divided into two doses, was administered intravenously through drip infusion. The efficacy rate was 63% (excellent in 1 patient and good in 18 patients). No significant difference in efficacy was found among patient's age groups (group 1: 65-69, group 2: 70-74, group 3: 75-79, group 4: > 80). Bacterial eradication rate was 50% (6 out of 12 strains). An adverse reaction occurred in one patient, who experienced uticaria. Laboratory abnormalities, which were increasing with their ages, were observed in 12 patients during the study. These results suggest that SBT/CPZ was effective, but we found it is important to use caution in the treatment of elderly patients on respiratory tract infections with underlying respiratory diseases.

Aged↗
PubMed1981

Observations on a respiratory disease outbreak in weaned suckled calves.

Outbreaks of respiratory disease with a similar temporal pattern occurred in both autumn and spring-born groups of suckler calves transported from all parts of Great Britain to breed evaluation centre. Thirteen per cent (18 of 137) of the autumn-born group and 15 per cent (22 of 147) of the spring-born group were treated for respiratory disease. Most disease occurred within three weeks of an animal's entry to the centre. No disease occurred within certain breed groups of both age groups. There was a tendency for distance travelled to affect the need for treatment.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Rapid detection of adenovirus in throat swab specimens by PCR during respiratory disease outbreaks among military recruits.

We evaluated the performance of a generic PCR test to detect adenoviruses (AdV) in throat swab specimens collected from asymptomatic and ill military recruits with acute respiratory disease. Samples (n = 210) were collected at entry to basic training and at the time of large outbreaks of AdV-associated acute respiratory disease among military recruits at Fort Jackson, South Carolina, from 1997 to 1998. Compared to cell culture, a sensitivity of 99% and a specificity of 98% were noted for the PCR method to detect AdV in throat swabs. Similar results were obtained with or without DNA extraction, suggesting the absence of significant inhibitors for the PCR method in throat swab samples. No AdV was detected by culture or PCR in throat swabs from healthy recruits, suggesting the absence of latency or asymptomatic shedding. Throat swab specimens proved to be adequate, noninvasive samples to rapidly diagnose respiratory disease in young adults. This generic direct PCR proved to be a useful test for the rapid diagnosis of AdV-associated respiratory disease, detecting all serotypes tested to date and furnishing results within 6 h of specimen arrival. The use of this direct, rapid, sensitive, and specific assay would assist health care providers and public health practitioners in the early diagnosis, management, and control of AdV-associated respiratory disease.

Adenoviridae↗
PubMed2003

A case control study of factors and infections associated with clinically apparent respiratory disease in UK Thoroughbred racehorses.

A matched case control study was used to determine infections and other factors associated with clinically apparent respiratory disease in young racehorses in training in the UK. A total of 170 cases, defined as horses with sudden onset coughing, nasal discharge or pyrexia, were identified and matched to 632 non-affected controls by trainer and time period. Factors examined included age, sex, time since entry into the training yard, time since last race and different infections including tracheal and nasopharyngeal (NP) bacteria and viruses. Multivariable conditional logistic regression (CLR) modelling was used to evaluate the risk of being a case for variables after adjustment for other factors. Three analyses were conducted using clinical cases as outcomes, which were compared with: (i) controls without evidence of subclinical inflammatory airway disease (IAD) (ii) controls with evidence of subclinical IAD and (iii) all controls irrespective of IAD status. A fourth analysis was conducted comparing the two groups of controls, i.e. those with and without IAD. Younger horses and those that had entered training more recently were at increased risk of suffering episodes of clinically apparent respiratory disease. Among the infections, increasing numbers of Pasteurella/Actinobacillus spp. in tracheal washes were associated with increasing risk of clinical disease. Tracheal infection with Streptococcus zooepidemicus was associated with both clinical respiratory disease and subclinical IAD when compared with controls with no evidence of IAD. This explained the lack of association between clinical cases and S. zooepidemicus when all controls were used. Tracheal isolation of Mycoplasma felis was also associated with clinical disease after controlling for other factors. An inverse association was identified between risk of clinically apparent disease and isolation from tracheal washes of the transient, non-pathogenic bacteria Staphylococcus and Acinetobacter spp. There was no significant association identified between clinical disease and infection with equine herpesviruses-1 and -4, rhinoviruses-1 and -2 or adenovirus. Equine influenza was significantly associated with clinical respiratory disease but it was a very rare infection in this well-vaccinated population, only occurring in three cases.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

A case-control study of malignant and non-malignant respiratory disease among employees of a fiberglass manufacturing facility.

A case-control study was conducted to determine the influence of non-workplace factors on risk of respiratory disease among workers at the Owens-Corning Fiberglas plant in Newark, Ohio. Cases and controls were drawn from a historical cohort mortality study conducted on behalf of the Thermal Insulation Manufacturers Association (TIMA) of workers employed at Newark for at least one year between 1 January 1940 and 31 December 1963 and followed up to the end of 1982. The TIMA study reported a statistically significant increase in respiratory cancer (compared with national death rates). Interviews were completed for 144 lung cancer cases and 299 matching controls and 102 non-malignant respiratory disease cases and 201 matching controls. Unadjusted odds ratios (ORs) were used to assess the association between lung cancer or non-malignant respiratory disease and birthplace, education, income, marital state, smoking with a duration of six months or more, age at which smoking first started, and duration of smoking. Only the smoking variables were statistically significant. For lung cancer, of the variables entered into a conditional logistic regression model, only the smoking OR of 23.4 (95% CI 3.2-172.9) was statistically significant. For non-malignant respiratory disease no variables entered into the final model were statistically significant. Results of the interview portion of our case-control study clearly indicate that smoking is the most important non-workplace factor for risk of lung cancer in this group of workers. Smoking does not seem to play as important a part, however, for non-malignant respiratory disease. Prevalence of cigarette smoking at the Newark plant was estimated for birth cohorts by calendar year. Corresponding data for the United States were compiled from national smoking surveys. Prevalence of cigarette smoking for Newark in 1955 appears to be sufficiently greater than the corresponding United States data in 1955 to suggest that some of the previously reported excess of lung cancer for Newark based on United States mortality may be accounted for by differences in the prevalence of cigarette smoking between white men in Newark and those in the United States as a whole.

Aged↗
PubMed1985

Relationship between parental smoking and respiratory diseases of three year old children.

In order to study the effect of the indoor pollution, particularly by parental smoking, on respiratory diseases of children, the relationship was examined between smoking by family members, use of various types of stoves and air conditioners, and the prevalence rate of respiratory diseases in 7,916 three year old children who, for health check up, visited the Chita Public Health Center located in the Aichi Prefecture in 1978-1979. Results of this study suggested that among various sources of the indoor pollution, smoking by mother had the strongest effect on respiratory diseases, especially asthmatic bronchitis of young children, while the use of various types of stoves including non-ventilated kerosene stoves was not related significantly to the prevalence rate of respiratory diseases of those children except an increased rate of frequent common cold in children of households having an air conditioner(s).

Asthma↗
PubMed1976

Familial aggregation of chronic respiratory disease: use of National Health Interview Survey data for specific hypothesis testing.

The 1970 National Health Interview Survey included questions on respiratory disease and smoking habits. The new data were released in July 1974. Data consisted of information on approximately 116,000 persons from 37,000 households selected randomly from 357 primary sampling units. To test a hypothesis about familial clustering of chronic respiratory disease in households, we selected as index households those having an adult (aged 35-54 years) reporting a diagnosis of asthma, bronchitis, or emphysema and also having first order relatiaves less than age 35. Index households were matched with households from the same neighbourhood having an adult aged 35-54, of the same sex as the diseased person in the index household, without disease and with all other adults 35-54 without disease, and which had first order relatives less than 35 living in the same household. Analysis was carried out using Cochran's d-test to compare frequency of respiratory disease in persons less than 35 in each group. There was a strong association (P less than .001) between persons over 35 with chronic respiratory diseases and the disease rate in their first order relatives. The association could not be explained by differences in demographic variables and smoking habits.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

[An assessment of the quality of life of patients with COPD and chronic hypoxemia by using the Spanish version of the Chronic Respiratory Disease Questionnaire].

INTRODUCTION: The Chronic Respiratory Disease Questionnaire (CRDQ) is a specific evaluation instrument that has been recently translated to Spanish and validated in patients with COPD without chronic respiratory insufficiency. OBJECTIVE: To study the relation of CRDQ scores to several lung function parameters in COPD patients with chronic hypoxemia (PaO2 < 65). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Forty-four middle aged [68 (7)] men with COPD (FEV1 post-PBD < 50%; PaO2 < 65 mmHg) were enrolled with established medical histories, including blood gas and spirometric data. We collected the patients' responses to the CRDQ and measured blood gas levels, spirometric and plethysmographic variables and DLCO. Performance on a six-minute walking test was recorded, with dyspnea assessed on a visual analogue scale (VAS) initially and at the end of the walk. Nighttime pulse oximetry was also monitored. Pearson's and Spearman's correlation coefficients were used to study the relation between CRDQ scores and the aforementioned parameters. Gas and spirometric data were compared to CRDQ scores between groups of patients treated with continuous domiciliary oxygen therapy (CDOT) and the untreated group, using Student t-test and a Mann-Whitney U-test. RESULTS: Results are expressed as means and standard deviations within parentheses. FVC was 2,609 (618) ml, 72 (15)%; FEV1 867 (297) ml, 34 (11)%; FEV1/FVC 33 (8)%; PaO2 55(8) mmHg; and PaCO2 49(6) mmHg. The overall CRDQ score was related to FEV1 (0.38; p < 0.01); FEV1/FVC (0.43, p < 0.005); walking test distance (0.49, p < 0.01); final VAS (-0.64, p < 0.0001) and DLCO (0.59, p < 0.01). No relation was observed between CRDQ score and blood gases, nighttime pulse oximetry or plethysmograph data. "Dyspnea", "fatigue", "emotional function" and "disease control" dimensions of the CRDQ were related to the same variables as was the overall score, with the exception of FEV1/FVC for the "fatigue" dimension and FEV1 and DLCO for the "disease control" dimension. The CRDQ scores were similar in the CDOT and non-CDOT groups in spite of differences in their spirometric and gasometric variables. CONCLUSIONS: 1) Score on the CRDQ is related to FEV1, the FEV1/FVC ratio, walking test distance, dyspnea and DLCO but not to blood gases, FVC, lung volume or nighttime pulse oximetry. 2) The VAS dyspnea score recorded at the end of the walking test is the variable that is most strongly related to CRDQ score. 3) We found that use of CDOT did not undermine the COPD patient's quality of life.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

The effect of an outbreak of respiratory disease on herd-level milk production of Norwegian dairy farms.

This study was done to evaluate the effect of an outbreak of acute respiratory disease associated with bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) on the daily milk yield per cow in Norwegian dairy-cattle farms. Retrospective data from 184 dairy herds located in two neighbouring veterinary districts during the study period (December 1994-May 1995, during which an epidemic of acute respiratory disease associated with BRSV occurred in this area) were analysed. Data on the bulk-milk deliveries and the date of the outbreak were collected at herd level, whereas information on calving dates and parity was collected at cow-level. The effect of the herd outbreaks on the daily milk yield was analysed with a repeated-measurement approach. The average daily milk loss was estimated to be 0.70kg per cow for 7 days after a herd outbreak (compared with the period >1 week prior to an outbreak), adjusted for the herd-level lactation stage, parity and their interaction term. We consider the estimated milk loss associated with a herd outbreak of epidemic respiratory disease to be of minor importance.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Mortality from cancer and chronic respiratory diseases among workers who manufacture carbon electrodes.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the risk of cancer and non-neoplastic respiratory diseases among workers who manufacture carbon electrodes, as this industry entails exposure to mixtures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. METHODS: A historical cohort study was carried out of 1006 male workers employed for at least 1 year between 1945 and 1971 in a carbon (graphite) electrode production plant in central Italy, who were followed up for mortality between 1955 and 1996. The ratio of observed to expected deaths (standardised mortality ratios, SMRs) was computed from both national and (for the period 1964-96) regional age and period specific mortalities. A multivariate Poisson regression analysis was performed to investigate the relative risk (RR) of death according to duration of employment and time since first employment in the factory. RESULTS: A total of 424 workers had died, 538 were still alive, and 44 were lost to follow up. Mortalities from all causes, all cancers, and respiratory tract cancer were in line with the regional figure. An excess was found over the expected deaths from skin cancer including melanoma (SMR 3.16, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.65 to 9.23) and from non-neoplastic respiratory diseases (SMR 1.58, 95% CI 1.16 to 2.11). Poisson regression analysis including age as a covariate showed an increased risk of dying from gastric cancer with increasing duration of employment, and an increase in the RR of dying from lung cancer and from non-neoplastic respiratory diseases with increasing time since first employment, although the linear trend was not significant. CONCLUSION: This study supports previous findings that working in the carbon electrode manufacturing industry may not increase the risk of dying from respiratory cancer. However, a possible association with non-malignant respiratory diseases cannot be excluded.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Passive smoking in obstructive respiratory disease in an industrialized urban population.

We examined the risk of obstructive respiratory disease associated with tobacco smoke in indoor air, independent of active smoking, ambient air pollution, and some of the other sources of residential indoor air pollution. Data came from a probability sample survey of nine neighborhoods in Philadelphia conducted in 1985-1986, leading to information on approximately 4200 individuals. While for never-smokers the prevalence of obstructive respiratory conditions was proportional to the level of environmental tobacco smoke, this second-hand smoke was not a factor in the frequency of such problems among current smokers. In a series of analyses restricted to never-smokers, each of the 219 index cases of obstructive respiratory disease was matched by age, gender, and neighborhood to three randomly selected controls where matching by neighborhood effectively controlled for ambient air pollution. Both matched and unmatched two-sample analyses showed a statistically significant difference (P = 0.019 and 0.016, respectively) between cases and controls with respect to the level of tobacco smoke in the indoor environment. A conditional logistic regression-matched analysis revealed that heating and cooking as sources of indoor air pollution were not associated with the case/control status. However, the odds ratio for passive smoking at a level of more than one pack per day in the house environment was 1.86 (95% CI, 1.21-2.86). The results show that passive smoking is a significant risk factor for obstructive respiratory disease for never-smokers in an industrialized urban population.

Case-Control Studies↗
PubMed1993

Changing patterns of respiratory disease in HIV positive patients in a referral centre in the United Kingdom between 1986-7 and 1990-1.

BACKGROUND: Respiratory illness is a significant contributor to morbidity and mortality in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). It has been suggested that Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia is no longer the most frequent cause of respiratory disease in this group because of widespread use of prophylaxis and anti-retroviral drugs. METHODS: A retrospective comparison of the diagnoses in HIV 1 antibody positive patients with respiratory illness admitted to a major UK centre in 1986-7 and 1990-1 was carried out to identify changes in patterns of respiratory disease. RESULTS: In the 1986-7 period there were 73 patients, of whom none received zidovudine or prophylaxis for pneumocystis pneumonia while in the 1990-1 period there were 122 patients. One hundred and ninety patients (98%) were male homosexuals. Pneumocystis pneumonia remained the commonest respiratory disease, comprising 68% of all diagnoses in the 1986-7 period and 48% in the 1990-1 period. Bacterial infections (bronchitis and pneumonia) were seen more commonly in the 1990-1 period (23%) than in the 1986-7 period (14%), as was pulmonary Kaposi's sarcoma (12% in 1990-1 and 4% in 1986-7). Mycobacterial infection remained uncommon (4% in 1986-7 and 6.5% in 1990-1). CONCLUSION: Despite widespread use of zidovudine and prophylaxis, pneumocystis pneumonia remains the commonest respiratory disease in homosexual men.

Bronchitis↗
PubMed2002

Assessing the burden of respiratory disease in the UK.

This review explores the health and social burden of some of the main respiratory diseases (asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis, cystic fibrosis, lung cancer, mesothelioma, obstructive sleep apnoea and tuberculosis) in order to increase awareness of these diseases and highlight areas where improvements in care are required. The overall impact of respiratory diseases in the U.K. in terms of prevalence, mortality, morbidity and economic costs, with particular reference to secondary care has been considered and comparisons made with the rest of Europe where data are available. Respiratory diseases are responsible for a significant proportion of serious morbidity and premature death among the population of the U.K. and they will continue to present a growing challenge; special support is needed to tackle this burden.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Changes in the pattern of respiratory diseases necessitating hospitalization of HIV-infected patients since the advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy.

The incidence rates of opportunistic diseases, hospital admission and death have fallen markedly since the advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). We examined the impact of HAART on the pattern of HIV-related respiratory diseases necessitating hospitalization. We retrospectively compared the numbers and etiologies of respiratory diseases diagnosed in HIV-infected patients hospitalized in the chest department of a Paris university hospital during the three years preceding widespread prescription of HAART in France (era 1, starting in July 1993) and the first three years of widespread HAART prescription (era 2, starting in July 1996). Respectively, 207 and 119 HIV-infected patients were admitted for respiratory disease in era 1 and era 2. Only 31.1% of patients admitted during era 2 were receiving HAART. Pulmonary opportunistic infections other than Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) (p = 0.0008) and exacerbations of chronic bronchial disease due to gram-negative bacilli (p = 0.04) virtually disappeared in era 2. In contrast, PCP, bacterial pneumonia, tuberculosis, pulmonary Kaposi's sarcoma and pulmonary non-Hodgkin lymphoma showed only a twofold decrease in era 2, while lung cancer was more frequent (p = 0.004). The frequency of severe respiratory diseases necessitating hospitalization of HIV-infected patients has fallen since the advent of HAART, and their etiologic distribution has changed.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMed1992

Assessment of a strategy for the control of respiratory diseases in children.

A programme for the control of respiratory diseases in children was conceived for the State of S. Paulo, Brazil, in 1986. Its progress thereafter and the epidemiology of the diseases concerned are examined. Apart from an inquiry into the 64 existing State local health authorities, a sample of 18,255 cases of children assisted by the programme at different levels, including both in-patient and outpatient care, is analysed. Each case record included information about identification (child, doctor and health facility), reasons for calling, diagnoses made and outcome of treatment. Further data were also sought from hospitals and from State mortality records. The programme was found to be poorly implemented in the State but, where implemented, it showed itself capable of resolving problems (only 0.5% of the cases could not be handled) as also of changing ongoing trends (more than 50% reduction in hospital admission rates). Individual assessment of each item of the programme indicated its bottlenecks. Regarding the epidemiology of respiratory diseases, it is observed that the major burden to health services comes from children aged less than five, and that the most important diseases are wheezing illnesses and pneumonia. Moreover, they were found to be significantly associated (p = 0.000) so that a child in the community presenting wheezing diseases is 5 times more likely to develop pneumonia than a child with any other respiratory diagnosis. Similarly, among the under five deaths it was found that the risk for pneumonia is 3 times greater for children who died presenting wheezing diseases than it is for children with any other sort of diagnosis. In conclusion, the programme is deemed to be efficient and effective but its efficacy is marred by administrative flaws. The successful control of respiratory problems in childhood is related to a proper appreciation of the importance of wheezing diseases.

Brazil↗
PubMed2006

Reported occupational respiratory diseases in Catalonia.

OBJECTIVES: A voluntary surveillance system was implemented in Catalonia (Spain) to ascertain the feasibility, incidence, and characteristics of occupational respiratory diseases and compare them with those of the compulsory official system. METHODS: In 2002, in collaboration with the Occupational and Thoracic Societies of Catalonia, occupational and chest physicians and other specialists were invited to report, on a bimonthly basis, newly diagnosed cases of occupational respiratory diseases. Information requested on each case included diagnosis, age, sex, place of residence, occupation, suspected agent, and physician's opinion on the likelihood that the condition was work related. Compulsory official system data derived from statistics on work related diseases for possible disability benefits declared by insurance companies, which are responsible for declaring these diseases to the Autonomous Government of Catalonia. RESULTS: Of 142 physicians seeing patients with occupational respiratory diseases approached, 102 (74%) participated. Three hundred and fifty nine cases were reported, of which asthma (48.5%), asbestos related diseases (14.5%), and acute inhalations (12.8%) were the most common. Physicians rated 63% of suspected cases as highly likely, 28% as likely, and 8% as low likelihood. The most frequent suspected agents reported for asthma were isocyanates (15.5%), persulphates (12.1%), and cleaning products (8.6%). Mesothelioma (5.9%) was the most frequent diagnosis among asbestos related diseases. The number of acute inhalations reported was high, with metal industries (26%), cleaning services (22%), and chemical industries (13%) being the most frequently involved. The frequency of occupational respiratory diseases recorded by this voluntary surveillance system was four times higher than that reported by the compulsory official system. CONCLUSIONS: The compulsory scheme for reporting occupational lung diseases is seriously underreporting in Catalonia. A surveillance programme based on voluntary reporting by physicians may provide better understanding of the incidence and characteristics of these diseases. Persulphates and cleaning products, besides isocyanates, were the most reported causes of occupational asthma. Metal industries and cleaning services were the occupations most frequently involved in acute inhalations with a remarkably high incidence in our register.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Associations between viral infection and respiratory disease in young beef bulls.

Blood samples were taken from bull calves at two Meat and Livestock Commission performance testing centres, just after weaning at six months of age and at six weekly intervals until the end of the performance test seven months later. Sera were assayed by specific ELISAS for antibodies to bovine herpes virus 1 (BHV1), respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza 3 (Pi3) and adenoviruses A and B. Seroconversions between each sampling were related to the occurrence of clinical respiratory disease using chi-squared (chi 2) and relative risk (RR) analyses. In 294 bulls there were 123 cases of respiratory disease. Seroconversion to bovine respiratory syncytial virus (RR = 4.7, chi 2 = 96.3, P less than 0.001) and adenovirus A (RR = 1.8, chi 2 = 8.9, P less than 0.001) and adenovirus B (RR = 1.9, chi 2 = 5.6, P less than 0.05) were significantly associated with clinical respiratory disease. There was evidence that prior exposure to respiratory syncytial virus (RR = 0.4, chi 2 = 9.8, P less than 0.01) Pi3 (RR = 0.4, chi 2 = 12.8, P less than 0.01) and adenovirus A (RR = 0.7, chi 2 = 7.5, P less than 0.01) conferred some protection against respiratory disease after arrival at the centre. It is concluded that vaccination before weaning, at least against bovine respiratory syncytial virus, would be beneficial.

Adenoviridae↗