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[Differentiated therapy of distal radius fracture].

The fracture of the distal radius loco typico is one of the most frequently occurring fractures. This article presents types of fractures, in particular Colles', Smith's, Barton's and multiple-fragment's fractures. Conservative and operative treatment is described, as well as problems related to the different procedures. Besides fracture retention by plaster splint or cast, Besides fracture retention by plaster splint or cast, transcutaneous osteosynthesis by Kirschner wire, lag screws, osteosynthesis by buttress plate and the use of the external fixator are described as examples of operative therapeutics.

Bone Nails↗

The effects of distal radius fracture malalignment on forearm rotation: a cadaveric study.

Seven fresh cadaveric specimens were used to determine the loss of forearm rotation with varying distal radius fracture malalignment patterns. Uniplanar malunion patterns consisting of dorsal tilt, radioulnar translation, or radial shortening were simulated by creating an osteotomy at the distal end of the radius, orienting the distal fragment position using an external fixator, and maintaining the position with wedges and a T-plate. Rotation of the forearm was produced by fixing the elbow in a flexed position and applying a constant torque to the forearm using deadweights. Forearm rotation was measured with a protractor. Dorsal tilt to 30 degrees and radial translation to 10 mm led to no significant restriction in forearm pronation or supination ranges of motion. A 5-mm ulnar translation deformity resulted in a mean 23% loss of pronation range of motion. Radial shortening of 10 mm reduced forearm pronation by 47% and supination by 29%.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗

Influence of distal radioulnar joint subluxation on restricted forearm rotation after distal radius fracture.

PURPOSE: To analyze the influence of subluxation of the distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) on restricted forearm rotation after distal radius fracture. METHODS: Twenty-two cases of healed unilateral distal radial fracture with restricted forearm rotation were included in the study. The subluxation of the DRUJ was evaluated using helical computed tomography scan at neutral, maximum pronation, and maximum supination and presented as the percent displacement of the ulnar head in both the injured and uninjured sides. The radiographic parameters of palmar tilt, radial inclination, dorsal shift, radial shift, and ulnar variance were measured on plain x-ray films and the rotational deformity of the distal radius was evaluated from the computed tomography scan. The differences of each radiographic parameter from the uninjured side were calculated. The relationships between the restricted forearm rotation and the percent displacement of the ulnar head and each of the radiographic parameters were analyzed statistically. RESULTS: When forearm pronation was restricted the ulnar head was located palmarly at neutral, maximum supination, and maximum pronation with severe dorsal tilt of the distal radius. When supination was restricted the ulnar head was located dorsally at maximum supination with severe ulnar-positive variance. CONCLUSIONS: The subluxation of the DRUJ was related to restricted forearm rotation. The radiographic parameters of palmar tilt and ulnar variance showed an adverse influence on the position of the ulnar head at the DRUJ, which might lead to restricted forearm rotation after distal radial fracture.

Adult↗

Surgical management of delayed union and nonunion of distal radius fractures.

Ten patients with malaligned fractures of the distal radius that demonstrated either delayed healing or the development of an atrophic or synovial nonunion on standard radiographs were treated with surgical realignment, stable internal fixation, and autogenous iliac crest bone grafting. All 10 fractures healed with acceptable radiologic alignment within 3 months of the index procedure. After an average follow-up period of 3 years 6 months (range, 2 years to 8 years 6 months) patients had an average of 105 degrees wrist flexion and extension, 145 degrees forearm rotation, and 73% grip strength compared with the opposite limb. In the treatment of malaligned, ununited fractures of the distal radius, specific techniques and implants must be tailored to the deformity of the distal radius and the shape of the distal fragment. A stable, well-aligned wrist with preservation of at least 50 degrees mobility in flexion and extension was achieved in every patient, but the final result was compromised by associated problems in 3 patients.

Adult↗

Fixation of unstable distal radius fractures with intrafocal pins and trans-styloid augmentation: a retrospective review and radiographic analysis.

Our technique of intrafocal pinning with trans-styloid augmentation is highly effective in treating unstable distal radius fractures. In addition, our technique is safe and has a minimal number of complications. Although patients who are over age 65 may require additional rehabilitation after fracture healing, their ultimate outcomes will be satisfactory. Our technique restores radiographic parameters, provides excellent fracture reduction, and, most important, leads to good functional outcomes.

Aged↗

Shoehorn technique for reduction of distal radius fracture: a technical note.

We describe a minimally invasive technique for reducing a fracture of the distal radius after closed reduction has failed. Being able to disimpact, distract, and translate the distal fracture fragment--using a small, intrafocally placed periosteal elevator as a lever--can make formal open reduction unnecessary for such fractures. Soft-tissue dissection and bone devascularization can be minimized with use of this technique.

Fluoroscopy↗

Gap index: a good predictor of failure of plaster cast in distal third radius fractures.

The aim of this study was to assess the usefulness of the cast index and an indigenously developed gap index as measures of poor moulding of plaster. Twenty cases of re-manipulation of distal third radius fractures in children excluding growth plate injuries were compared with a control of 80 patients. A significant difference (<0.001) was observed in the cast index and the gap index of both the groups. The gap index was more sensitive than the cast index in predicting failure. At a level of cast index of more than 0.8 the relative risk of failure is 6.8 as compared with 35 when the sum of the gap index is more than 0.15. The gap index is a better predictor of failure than the cast index. A quick assessment of these indices is a good practice before accepting any plaster following a manipulation of distal radial fractures.

Casts, Surgical↗

Distal radius fracture: the rationale of a classification.

A thorough review of both historical and contemporary classifications of distal radial fractures is presented. Critical analysis of older and newer classifications clearly shows the difficulty of including all the necessary parameters associated to a distal radius fracture in order to comprehensively assess the complexity of the lesion. The author has attempted to simplify the classification of distal radial fractures into five main groups according to the mechanism of injury. It includes the children fracture equivalent, the associated distal radioulnar joint lesions, and provides management recommendations. An alpha-numerical code is also provided for computer documentation.

Adult↗

Salvage of post-traumatic arthritis following distal radius fracture.

There are practical recommendations that can be drawn from the aforementioned results. Due to the minimal morbidity of the wrist denervation, patients with good but painful wrist motion following fracture of the distal radius should first be evaluated for wrist denervation unless formal resection of the dorsal interosseous nerve has clearly been included in the previous treatment. The evaluation is performed in a standardized manner before and after test infiltration of both interosseous nerves. This evaluation includes assessment of pain, strength, and working capacity. Whereas the grip strength often does not (cannot)increase more than 10% to 20%, the subjective pain relief can be remarkable, leading to higher repetition counts and increased dexterity. Inpatients with insufficient response to the anesthetic nerve blocks, other pain sources must be sought, especially on the ulnar side of the wrist. Patients with less than functional range are candidates for complete arthrodesis. A way for further evaluation with regard to the potential of partial and complete wrist arthrodesis is trial immobilization of the wrist in a light cast ora firm reinforced brace. Trial immobilization also allows anticipating the functional deficit from loss of range of wrist motion. Due to the still-unrestricted pronation and supination, ulnar-sid-ed wrist pain may persist and will need adequate follow-up adjunct treatment. Patients who have good pain relief but are not willing to completely lose their wrist motion should be evaluated fluoroscopically or receive lateral radiographs in full flexion and extension to measure their mid-carpal joint mobility and anticipate the potential residual motion after radiocarpal fusion. Patients without pain relief from test anesthesia, trial immobilization, and no apparent distal radioulnar joint pathology are poor candidates for further operative treatment.In evaluating different salvage procedures,among all diagnoses, painful arthritis following fracture of the distal radius is the most difficult to treat and yields the poorest results. Emphasis must therefore be on better initial fracture treatment and earlier secondary reconstructive interventions. The current salvage procedures must allow further improvement or alternatives must be developed. Prosthetic replacement merits serious consideration, especially when it can be adapted to the specific post-traumatic setting. This situation is not worse than rheumatoid arthritis because the clinician is dealing with healthy and strong intact bone stock, tendons, and ligaments,and most important, complete absence of a progressive disease.

Arthritis↗

[Current status of the treatment of distal radius fracture].

The problems encountered in the treatment of fractures of the distal radius lie in the frequent redislocation even after correct reduction. The ASIF classification should be used for a fracture-oriented therapeutic approach. Therefore, only fractures that are not dislocated should be treated conservatively. The majority of fractures require closed or open reduction followed by internal fixation. Articular fractures, in particular, require precise reduction of the articular surface. Following the reduction the fractures should be stabilized, usually with Kirschner wires. The more severe fractures--especially those falling in C1-C3 according to the ASIF classification--can be adequately treated by open reduction with a dorsal or volar approach and subsequent stabilization with the T plate, most often combined with other methods of internal fixation. Open fractures and complex traumas of the upper extremity should be treated by means of a fixateur externe for 2-4 weeks, followed by a change of treatment; the basic decision is usually between internal fixation with plates and further conservative treatment alone. The relatively poor long-term results obtained with treatment of distal radial fractures require that therapeutic guidelines be elaborated for the treatment of these fractures.

Bone Plates↗

[Eponyms of distal radius fractures. Colles-Pouteau, Smith-Goyrand and Barton fractures and their importance in the trauma surgery patient sample].

Fractures at the distal end of the radius are quite common. So, these fractures are well known to represent consequences of industrial accidents leading to temporary unfitness for work, too. Eponym descriptions of fractures may mislead authors and readers as well if used in a non-uniform way in medical literature. Using the original articles of the first describing authors a clear distinction of eponyms concerning fractures near to the wrist joint is given. The authors of this feature report of the clinical experience in treatment and results of distal radius fractures in combination with aspects of expert opinions on these fractures.

Accidents, Occupational↗

Rupture of all the flexor tendons in the hand due to malunion of a distal radius fracture.

We report the case of a patient in whom the flexor digitorum superficialis and flexor digitorum profundus tendons to the index, middle, ring and little fingers ruptured 6 years following malunion of a distal radius fracture. There was no history of rheumatoid disease. The distal ulna was displaced volarly and perforated the volar wrist capsule. There was a cumulative biological effect from chronic synovitis and mechanical compression due to the ulnar head impinging upon the normal anatomic course of the flexor tendons to the ring and little fingers. We discuss the physiopathology of this rare lesion and postulate that flexor tendon rupture to the index and middle fingers will occur on the volar surface of the radius when there is a malunion with dorsal tilt.

Aged↗

Internal fixation of distal radius fractures with novel intramedullary implants.

UNLABELLED: Fracture of the distal radius is a common injury and treatment varies depending on the fracture, patient factors, and surgeon preference. Internal fixation has grown in popularity because it affords increased stability and early motion of the extremity. The desire to provide stable fracture support while minimizing soft tissue dissection and complications has led to the development of new intramedullary implants. These implants use distal screw divergence for subchondral support, fixed-angle screws locked to the implant, and minimally invasive technique to allow early patient rehabilitation. Early results of these intramedullary devices are promising but require longer followup. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV (expert opinion).

Bone Plates↗

[Incorrect classification of extra-articular distal radius fractures by conventional X-rays. Comparison between biplanar radiologic diagnostics and CT assessment of fracture morphology].

Thirty-five displaced fractures of the distal radius, classified by standard radiographs as extra-articular type A2 and A3 fractures according to the AO classification, were investigated before operative treatment by computed tomography. The comparative analysis surprisingly revealed an involvement of the articular surface of the distal radius in 57%. The intra-articular fractures were classified after CT as C1 in 15%, C2 in 65%, and C3 in 20%. The distal radioulnar joint was involved in 80% of the type C injuries and showed a dorsal subluxation in 17% of all cases. Similar to the results of type A2 and A3 fractures, type B and C fractures of the distal radius also may be underestimated in standard radiographs. This concerns important components such as the involvement of the radiocarpal joint surface and concomitant injuries of the distal radioulnar joint. Since joint congruency is an important predictor of outcome, CT scanning should be used more generously for planning and controlling surgical therapy.

Adult↗

Conehead wedging screw for distal radius fractures in elderly patients.

A retrospective study was done of the treatment of 76 distal radius fractures in patients older than 55 years, using intrafocal fixation with a conehead wedging screw or a threaded Kirschner wire. The average age of the 57 women and 19 men was 65.9 years. The fracture types classified according to Frykman were: 10 Type I, four Type II, two Type III, 11 Type IV, eight Type V, 10 Type VI, eight Type VII, and 23 Type VIII. The fixation materials used were a threaded Kirschner wire in 37 patients, and a conehead wedging screw in 39 patients. Followups for the two groups were 28 and 26 months, respectively. The conehead wedging screws were superior to the threaded Kirschner wires in maintaining postoperative reduction in displaced, moderately comminuted intraarticular fractures in elderly patients and had a lower complication rate. Intrafocal fixation using a conehead wedging screw may be indicated for treatment of intraarticular fractures with moderate comminution in elderly patients.

Age Factors↗

The Kapandji technique for fixation of distal radius fractures--a biomechanical comparison of primary stability.

The goal of this study was to compare Kapandji-K-wiring and established K-wiring techniques of the distal radius fracture for primary stability in a biomechanical model: dorsal K-wiring according to Kapandji using different angles of the K-wire, parallel and diagonal alignment of the K-wires. A new testing system which uses a synthetic material enabled us to carry out the cantilever bending test. By application of a lower load, the Kapandji procedure shows a higher reactive torque and stiffness. A higher reaction force of the other techniques, especially of the parallel wiring, are only observable under high-grade bending stress. Application of the Kapandji procedure with K-wires at a smaller angle to the axis of the radius results in the highest primary stability of the procedures investigated in the essential range of initial deformation.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗

Interposition of extensor digitorum tendon in distal radius fracture mimicking a compartment syndrome.

A 14-year-old boy sustained a dorsally displaced Salter-Harris Type II fracture of the distal radius. A single attempt at closed reduction failed. After this closed reduction, the patient was unable to passively or actively extend or flex his fingers. He had increasing pain and compartment pressures were abnormally elevated. Dorsal fasciotomy was done, and during the open reduction, entrapment of the dorsal extensor retinaculum and extensor digitorium communis within the fracture was found. After removal of these structures, fracture reduction was easily accomplished and his fingers had a full range of motion. Postoperative recovery was uneventful.

Adolescent↗

[Physical therapy treatment of distal radius fractures].

Physiotherapy of fractures of the distal radius is a concomitant treatment, not only after-care, of conservative and operative fracture therapy. Its aim is to avoid muscular atrophy and contraction and to improve circulation. For these reasons physiotherapy should begin shortly after fracture treatment and should include active mobilisation of the fingers, the elbow and the shoulder joints, as well as isometric exercises and neurophysiological physiotherapy. Physicotherapy (local ice treatment, electrotherapy, ultrasound treatment) can support physiotherapy.

Casts, Surgical↗