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At least 343 records · Page 19Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Simulating the 'other-race' effect with autoassociative neural networks: further evidence in favor of the face-space model.

Other-race (OR) faces are less accurately recognized than same-race (SR) faces, but faster classified by race. This phenomenon has often been reported as the 'other-race' effect (ORE). Valentine (1991 Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology A: Human Experimental Psychology 43 161-204) proposed a theoretical multidimensional face-space model that explained both of these results, in terms of variations in exemplar density between races. According to this model, SR faces are more widely distributed across the dimensions of the space than OR faces. However, this model does not quantify nor state the dimensions coded within this face space. The aim of the present study was to test the face-space explanation of the ORE with neural network simulations by quantifying its dimensions. We found the predicted density properties of Valentine's framework in the face-projection spaces of the autoassociative memories. This was supported by an interaction for exemplar density between the race of the learned face set and the race of the faces. In addition, the elaborated face representations showed optimal responses for SR but not for OR faces within SR face spaces when explored at the individual level, as gender errors occurred significantly more often in OR than in SR face-space representations. Altogether, our results add further evidence in favor of a statistical exemplar density explanation of the ORE as suggested by Valentine, and question the plausibility of such coding for faces in the framework of recent neuroimaging studies.

Asian People↗
PubMed2005

Bemisia argentifolii is a race of B. tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae): the molecular genetic differentiation of B. tabaci populations around the world.

The phylogenetic relationships between genotypes of Bemisia tabaci were compared using ITS1 and CO1 nucleotide sequences. Phylogenetic and minimum spanning network analyses identified six major races, Asia, Bali, Australia, sub-Saharan Africa, Mediterranean/Asia Minor/Africa and New World as well as a large collection of genotypes from the Asia region with no strong association with any of the races. The term race is based on its usage in Mallet (2001). Mating incompatibility occurs between some races. There is insufficient data to raise races to species status, but the data supports the recognition of the six races and an unresolved core of ungrouped genotypes under the single Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) species name. To clarify the identity of the race to which the B. tabaci under investigation is known, the following nomenclature is suggested, B. tabaci (Asia), B. tabaci (Bali), B. tabaci (Australia) B. tabaci (sub-Saharan Africa), B. tabaci (Mediterranean/Asia Minor/Africa) and B. tabaci (New World). Further, there is insufficient molecular or biological data to support the separation of B. tabaci and B. argentifolii Bellows & Perring and its use should be discontinued.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Running intensity as determined by heart rate is the same in fast and slow runners in both the 10- and 21-km races.

The aims of this study were to determine (1) whether running speed is directly proportional to heart rate (HR) during field testing and during 10- and 21-km races, and (2) whether running intensity, as estimated from HR measurements, differs in 10- and 21-km races and between slow and fast runners at those running distances. Male runners were divided into a fast (65-80 min for 21 km; n = 8) or slow (85-110 min for 21 km; n = 8) group. They then competed in 10- and 21-km races while wearing HR monitors. All subjects also ran in a field test in which HR was measured while they ran at predetermined speeds. The 10-km time was significantly less in the fast compared with the slow group (33:15 +/- 1:42 vs 40:07 +/- 3:01 min:s; mean +/- S.D.), as was 21-km time (74:19 +/- 4:30 vs 94:13 +/- 9:54 min:s) (P < 0.01). Despite the differences in running speed, the average running intensity (%HRmax) for the fast and slow groups in the 10-km race was 90 +/- 1 vs 89 +/- 3% and in the 21-km race 91 +/- 1 vs 89 +/- 2%, respectively. In addition, %HRmax was consistently lower in the field test at the comparative average running speeds sustained in the 10-km (P < 0.01) and 21-km (P < 0.001) races. Hence, factors in addition to work rate or running speed influence the HR response during competitive racing. This finding must be considered when running intensity for competitive events is prescribed on the basis of field testing performed under non-competitive conditions in fast and slow runners.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Gender and race matching preferences for HIV post-test counselling in an African-American sample.

This study tested whether having racially and gender-matched counsellors for HIV Post-test counselling were preferred. In the NIDA-funded EachOneTeachOne study, 115 African American respondents (19-68) were asked would they rather talk to someone of the same sex and race. Forty-three percent of the counsellor-respondent pairs were race concordant, and 58% were gender concordant. Chi-square statistics examined effects of gender, race and match. Out of those who desired a gender-match, 89% were men compared to 11% of women. Only 9% of African-Americans reported that they would feel more comfortable talking to an African-American counsellor. The sample size dropped due to non-response of the matching reference questions. Among the 39 race-counsellor concordant respondents (n=98), 23% expressed a preference for a race matched counsellor while no one with a race discordant counsellor expressed such a preference. Among the 56 respondents with a gender concordant counsellor (n=102), 27% said they would prefer a gender matched counsellor in the future; only 7% of those with a gender discordant counsellor expressed such as preference. Previously matched respondents were more likely to desire matched counsellors, but the majority still did not. Assumptions that race and gender matching are imperative are not supported by these findings.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Race, socioeconomic status and survival in three female cancers.

OBJECTIVES: Although many studies have reported that socioeconomic status (SES) and race affect cancer survival, researchers have not established whether SES and race affect survival independently. The research reported here addresses this question with special attention to cancers affecting large numbers of women in the US. METHODS: The authors analyzed data on survival among patients in the Centralized Cancer Patient Data System (CCPDS) with cancers of the breast (n = 6896), cervix (n = 2209) and uterine corpus (n = 1492). RESULTS: According to Cox proportional hazards models, race predicted survival in all three cancers, while socioeconomic status predicted survival for cancers of the breast and uterine corpus. Interaction effects between race and SES were generally not statistically significant. This study includes larger numbers of observations within specific forms of cancer and covers a broader patient population than most previous investigations. These features promote detectability of SES effects, comparability among disease sites, and generalizability to cancer patients throughout the US. CONCLUSIONS: Findings imply that SES and race affect cancer mortality risk independently of each other, and that the impact of SES and race may vary by malignancy. Survival disadvantages due to race-which may be more pronounced among women than men-should remain a continuing concern.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Mechanical energy flow in the recovery leg of elite race walkers.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanical energy flow in the recovery leg and its relationship to performance descriptors of elite male race walkers in an official race. Male race walkers participating in official 20 km races were videotaped with a VTR camera (60 Hz) set perpendicular to the course. The 28 elite race walkers (race records 1:19'50"-1:33'58") were selected as subjects. A two dimensional 14-segment linked model was used to calculate biomechanical parameters from the walking motion in the early phase of the race. The walking speed was significantly related to the step length but not related to the step frequency. Large mechanical energy flows at the hip occurred from the trunk to the foot during the first half of the recovery phase and from the foot to the trunk during the second half by the joint force power. Joint force powers at the hip in the second half of the recovery phase were significantly related to the walking speed and the step length. It is suggested that large joint force power at the hip would be one of the important factors to obtain high walking speed.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Immunoassay detection of drugs in racing horses: detection of ethacrynic acid and bumetanide in equine urine by ELISA.

We have raised antibodies and developed one-step enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) for the diuretics ethacrynic acid and bumetanide as part of a panel of pre- and post-race tests for high potency drugs in racing horses. These ELISA tests are rapid (completed within one hour), sensitive, and can be read by eye. The ELISA detects ethacrynic acid at a drug concentration for half-maximal inhibition (I-50) of about 2.5 ng/mL for the parent drug. After dosing horses intravenously with 5 mg ethacrynic acid per horse, the parent drug or its metabolites are detectable in urine for at least 8 hours. The bumetanide ELISA has an I-50 for the parent drug of about 2.0 ng/mL and will detect bumetanide or its metabolites for about 8 hours in urine after intravenous administration of a 1.7-mg dose per horse. Both antibodies are relatively specific for each drug and do not cross-react with other commonly used diuretics or other acidic compounds often found in post-race equine urine samples. Ethacrynic acid and bumetanide are potent diuretics suspected of being illegally substituted for furosemide in certain racing jurisdictions. Development of these rapid, sensitive, and simple tests for these agents will allow more effective pre- and post-race control of the use of these agents in racing horses. Both tests have recently uncovered several "positives" for these medications in a midwestern racing jurisdiction.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Event-related potentials and time course of the "other-race" face classification advantage.

Other-race faces are less accurately recognized than same race faces but classified faster by race. Using event-related potentials (ERPs), we captured the brain temporal dynamics of face classification by race processing performed by 12 Caucasian participants. As expected, participants were faster to classify by race Asian than Caucasian faces. ERPs results identified the occurrence of the other-race face classification advantage at around 240 ms, in a stage related to the processing of visual information at the semantic level. The elaboration of individual face structural representation, reflected in the N170 face-sensitive component, was insufficient to achieve this process. Altogether, these findings suggest that the lesser experience of other-race faces engender fewer semantic representations, which in turn accelerate their speed of processing.

Abstracting and Indexing↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Race and ethnicity as variables in Nursing Research, 1952-2000.

BACKGROUND: Although the use of race and ethnicity as variables in research has increased over the past five decades, there is confusion regarding the meaning of the terms, as well as how the words are defined and determined in scientific inquiry. OBJECTIVE: To review the use of race and ethnicity as variables in nursing research literature. METHODS: Original research articles published in Nursing Research in the years, 1952, 1955, and every 5 years thereafter through 2000 were reviewed. Those articles describing human characteristics (N = 337) were analyzed for content concerning: (a) frequency of racial and ethnic terms, (b) words used for racial and ethnic categories, (c) detinitions of racial and ethnic terms, and (d) how a study participant's race or ethnicity was determined. RESULTS: Racial and ethnic variables were mentioned in 167 of the 337 reviewed articles. Eighty-one terms and word phrases were used for these variables. In only five articles were the variables defined. Race and ethnic labels were often intermixed and the majority of studies provided no information about how categorization of the participant's race or ethnicity was made. In addition, there was relatively little growth in the number of studies that had racial/ethnic groups, other than Whites, as the majority of the sample. CONCLUSION: Racial and ethnic variables provide nurse researchers with many challenges. Although race and ethnicity were widely used in Nursing Research articles, the categories were not defined in the majority of papers, and methods used to determine a participant's race or ethnicity were unclear. In order to construct a common and consistent understanding of racial and ethnic categories, nurse researchers should be explicit regarding the rationale related to their use of the categories and the assumptions underlying particular racial and ethnic categorizations.

Bibliometrics↗
PubMed1999

Musculoskeletal injuries in a six-day track race: ultramarathoner's ankle.

OBJECTIVE: To document injuries during a 6-day track race (in which direction was reversed every 2 hours) and compare these injuries with those incurred during other ultra-marathon track and road races, and to investigate a characteristic ultra-marathon injury, tendonitis of the ankle dorsiflexors. DESIGN: A prospective, cohort study of competitors during a 6-day race. SETTING: 400-m grass track in Colac, Victoria. PARTICIPANTS: All 17 competitors (16 men and 1 woman). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Total numbers and percentages of specific musculoskeletal injuries. RESULTS: A total of 36 injuries were recorded in 11 competitors. The ankle (36%) and the knee (22%) were the regions most frequently injured. The four most common diagnoses were: Achilles tendonitis (19%); extensor digitorum longus tendonitis (14%); retropatellar pain syndrome (14%); and anterior compartment pain (11%). CONCLUSION: Achilles tendonitis, patellofemoral pain, and tendonitis of the foot dorsiflexors are the three most common injuries in ultra-marathons of 6 days or more. Ankle injuries predominate in track races, whereas knee injuries are more common in road races. Road races are associated with higher frequency of injury to the leg on the downside of the camber. Track races have an even distribution of injury. Confirmation is presented that the characteristic ultra-marathon injury is tendonitis of the foot dorsiflexors.

Ankle Injuries↗
PubMed1977

Host-Pathogen Interactions: XIII. Extracellular Invertases Secreted by Three Races of a Plant Pathogen Are Glycoproteins Which Possess Different Carbohydrate Structures.

The invertase present in the culture fluid of races 1, 2, and 3 of Phytophthora megasperma Drechs. var. sojae A. A. Hildebrand (Pms) were purified until they gave but a single band, whether stained for protein or carbohydrate, after isoelectric focusing in flat bed gels. The sugar compositions of multiple preparations of the purified invertases from each race of this fungal pathogen were determined by quantitative gas chromatography of their alditol acetates. The invertases are composed of about 25% carbohydrate. Mannose and glucosamine make up more than 97% of the carbohydrate portions of the invertases of all three Pms races analyzed, but the ratio of mannose to glucosamine is clearly not the same in each race. The glycosyl linkage compositions of the glucosamine-containing mannans of multiple preparations of the Pms invertases were determined by GC-MS analysis of the partially methylated alditol acetate derivatives. The results of these analyses demonstrate clear quantitative differences between the glycosyl components of the different Pms races. The existence of race-specific carbohydrate structures in the differentially virulent Pms races suggests that these carbohydrates may be involved in determining the specificity of hostpathogen interactions.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Neural signals for the detection of unintentional race bias.

We examined the hypothesis that unintentional race-biased responses may occur despite the activation of neural systems that detect the need for control. Participants completed a sequential priming task that induced race-biased responses on certain trials while electroencephalography was recorded. The error-related negativity (ERN) wave, a component of the event-related potential with an anterior cingulate generator, was assessed to index neural signals detecting the need for control. Responses attributed to race bias produced larger ERNs than responses not attributed to race bias. Although race-biased responses were prevalent across participants, those with larger ERNs to race-biased responses showed higher levels of control throughout the task (e.g., greater accuracy and slowed responding following errors). The results indicate that race-biased responses may be made despite the activation of neural systems designed to detect bias and to recruit controlled processing.

Arousal↗
PubMed2006

Deformation and fracture of RaCe and K3 endodontic instruments according to the number of uses.

AIM: To evaluate, by scanning electron microscopy, the deformation and fracture of NiTi RaCe and K3 size 25, 0.04 taper instruments. METHODOLOGY: Ten sets of instruments from RaCe and K3 NiTi rotary systems were used to prepare 100 simulated canals in epoxy resin blocks with 20 or 40 degree curvatures beginning 8 or 12 mm from the orifice. Each instrument set was used to prepare five simulated canals using a crowndown technique. The size 25, 0.04 taper instruments were analysed by SEM when new and again after each use. Three observers scored images of the instruments after each use for distortion of the spirals (no distortion, distortion of one spiral or distortion of more than one spiral), wear (no wear, small, moderate or severe wear) and fracture (yes or no). Two-way anova was used to analyse differences between instruments for distortion and wear; Fisher's exact test looked for differences related to fracture of instruments. RESULTS: No fractures occurred with K3 instruments, whereas six RaCe instruments fractured (P = 0.005). A statistically significant difference occurred between RaCe and K3 instruments in terms of distortion of spirals and surface wear (P < 0.001). Distortion of spirals and wear increased with progressive use of RaCe instruments, whereas K3 instruments remained relatively undamaged after their fifth use. The simulated canals with smaller radii of curvature were positively associated with fracture of RaCe instruments. CONCLUSIONS: A significant difference was found between RaCe and K3 in terms of deformation and fracture of size 25, 0.04 taper instruments; K3 instruments had more favourable results.

Dental Alloys↗
PubMed2005

How lay people respond to messages about genetics, health, and race.

There is a growing movement in medical genetics to develop, implement, and promote a model of race-based medicine. Although race-based medicine may become a widely disseminated standard of care, messages that advocate race-based selection for diagnosing, screening and prescribing drugs may exacerbate health disparities. These messages are present in clinical genetic counseling sessions, mass media, and everyday talk. Messages promoting linkages among genes, race, and health and messages emphasizing genetic causation may promote both general racism and genetically based racism. This mini-review examines research in three areas: studies that address the effects of these messages about genetics on levels of genetic determinism and genetic discrimination; studies that address the effects of these messages on attitudes about race; and, studies of the impacts of race-specific genetic messages on recipients. Following an integration of this research, this mini-review suggests that the current literature appears fragmented because of methodological and measurement issues and offers strategies for future research. Finally, the authors offer a path model to help organize future research examining the effects of messages about genetics on socioculturally based racism, genetically based racism, and unaccounted for racism. Research in this area is needed to understand and mitigate the negative attitudinal effects of messages that link genes, race, and health and/or emphasize genetic causation.

Attitude↗
PubMed2006

African-American race is a predictor of prostate cancer detection: incorporation into a pre-biopsy nomogram.

OBJECTIVES: To construct a pre-biopsy predictive model incorporating several clinical variables, including African-American (AA) or Caucasian race, to predict the risk of prostate cancer detection on prostate biopsy, as traditionally AA men have had a higher incidence of prostate cancer than Caucasian men, but previous predictive tools for prostate cancer have not incorporated the effect of race. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We evaluated 9473 patients undergoing initial prostate biopsy at three equal-access healthcare institutes from 1993 to 2003. At each biopsy session, patient age, race, serum prostate-specific antigen level (PSA), digital rectal examination (DRE) findings, number of biopsy cores taken, year of biopsy, and pathological findings were recorded. A logistic regression model was constructed to evaluate predictors of cancer detection based on pre-biopsy variables. The model was internally validated using the bootstrap statistical method, and a nomogram was constructed. RESULTS: Prostate cancer was diagnosed in 1895 (33%) AA men and 991 (26%) Caucasians. AA men had a significantly higher mean serum PSA level than Caucasians, at 13.0 and 8.5 ng/mL, respectively (P < 0.001). The mean ages were similar between AA and Caucasian men (P = 0.23), but Caucasian men had a higher incidence of an abnormal DRE (P < 0.001). On multivariate analysis, age, race, year of biopsy, PSA level, DRE, and number of cores taken were all statistically significant (P < 0.001). Hazard ratios were (controlling for year of biopsy); age (1.30), Caucasian race (0.74), PSA level (1.47), DRE (1.75), and number of cores taken (1.19). The predicted model had a boot-strapped concordance index of 0.75. CONCLUSION: AA race remains an independent predictor of prostate cancer detection in men undergoing initial prostate biopsy. This nomogram is the first to individualise the risk by AA or Caucasian race in a predictive model for counselling men on their probability of having cancer at the time of their first biopsy.

Black or African American↗
PubMed2006

Holistic processing is finely tuned for faces of one's own race.

Recognizing individual faces outside one's race poses difficulty, a phenomenon known as the other-race effect. Most researchers agree that this effect results from differential experience with same-race (SR) and other-race (OR) faces. However, the specific processes that develop with visual experience and underlie the other-race effect remain to be clarified. We tested whether the integration of facial features into a whole representation-holistic processing-was larger for SR than OR faces in Caucasians and Asians without life experience with OR faces. For both classes of participants, recognition of the upper half of a composite-face stimulus was more disrupted by the bottom half (the composite-face effect) for SR than OR faces, demonstrating that SR faces are processed more holistically than OR faces. This differential holistic processing for faces of different races, probably a by-product of visual experience, may be a critical factor in the other-race effect.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The influence of experimenter gender and race on pain reporting: does racial or gender concordance matter?

BACKGROUND: Research on disparities in the treatment of pain has shown that minorities receive less aggressive pain management than non-minorities. While reasons include physician bias, the focus of this study was to examine whether differences in pain reporting behavior might occur when pain is reported to individuals of a different race or gender. OBJECTIVE: To test whether gender and racial concordance might influence pain reporting and pain behavior in a laboratory setting. DESIGN/SETTING: By using a two (subject race)-by-two (subject gender)-by-two (experimenter race)-by two (experimenter gender) quasi-experimental design, pain was assessed in a laboratory through a standard cold pressor task administered by someone whose gender and/or race was similar or dissimilar. SUBJECTS: Subjects were 343 (156 men; 187 women) undergraduates whose ages ranged from 17 to 43 years (mean 20.27 years). OUTCOME MEASURES: Pain tolerance was assessed by total immersion time in the ice bath. Pain ratings were obtained by using Gracely scales, which rate the intensity and unpleasantness of the task. RESULTS: Total immersion time was shorter for both blacks and women, and both blacks and women reported higher pain intensity and unpleasantness. Racial and gender concordance did not influence pain reporting or pain tolerance, but interactions between subject race and experimenter gender, as well as subject gender and experimenter race, were revealed. CONCLUSIONS: Racial and gender concordance did not influence pain reporting; however, pain reporting was influenced by interactions between gender and race in the subject-experimenter dyads.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Definition of race and ethnicity in older people in Medicare and Medicaid.

BACKGROUND: Race and ethnicity are important predictors of health care access and outcomes, but quality of their documentation in the healthcare system is often problematic. OBJECTIVES: To study the agreement between Medicare and Medicaid descriptions of race and ethnicity in older beneficiaries. DESIGN: Quasiexperimental design in a natural practice setting. SETTING: New Jersey. PARTICIPANTS: 153,241 dually enrolled participants in Medicare and Medicaid. MEASUREMENTS: Agreement rates between administrative databases on recipients' race and ethnicity. RESULTS: Agreement between Medicare and Medicaid on the recipients' race and ethnicity was modest (kappa = .58; 95% CI, .57-.58) for men and women alike and across different age groups. Depending on whether Medicare or Medicaid was used as the reference standard, the relative agreement rates for race and ethnic group assignments varied. For example, using Medicare as the reference, the relative agreement rate was 84% for whites, 74% for blacks, 61% for others, 23% for Hispanics, and only 5% for Asians. Using Medicaid as the reference, a different pattern emerged. However, such gradients of agreement rates across racial groups were observed in both programs. Medicare and Medicaid reported different percentages of all race and ethnicity groups, with Medicaid reporting greater proportions of White and Black beneficiaries, and Medicare reporting greater proportions of Hispanic, Asian, and Other groups. CONCLUSIONS: Depiction of race and ethnicity data in large government health insurance programs is approximate at best and often contradictory from one program to another. This can impede efforts to study the relationship between these important characteristics and health care utilization and outcomes.

Aged↗