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PubMed1999

Stretch-induced myogenin, MyoD, and MRF4 expression and acute hypertrophy in quail slow-tonic muscle are not dependent upon satellite cell proliferation.

The objectives of these studies were to determine if (1) hypertrophy-stimulated myogenic regulatory factor (MRF) mRNA increases occur in the absence of proliferating satellite cells, and (2) acute hypertrophy occurs without satellite cell proliferation. Adult and aged quails were exposed to 0 or 2500 Rads gamma irradiation, and then wing muscles were stretch-overloaded for 3 or 7 days. MRF mRNA levels in stretch-overloaded and contralateral anterior latissimus dorsi (ALD) muscles were determined after 3 days; hypertrophy was determined after 7 days. The elimination of proliferating cells in irradiated muscles was verified histologically by bromodeoxyuridine incorporation. Relative levels of MRF4, MyoD, and myogenin mRNA were elevated 100%-400% in stretch-overloaded ALD muscles from irradiated adult quails indicating that satellite cell proliferation was not a prerequisite for MRF mRNA increases. Myogenin was the only MRF that exhibited mRNA increases that were lowered by irradiation. This suggests that satellite cells contribute only to myogenin mRNA increases in non-irradiated adult muscles following 3 days of stretch-overload. Stretch-overloaded ALD muscles from aged quails had a relative increase in myogenin mRNA of approximately 150%. The myogenin increase was the same in non-irradiated and irradiated aged animals and also the same as that in stretch-overloaded muscles from irradiated adult quails. Together, these data indicate that attenuated increases in MRF expression in muscles from aged animals are attributable to lower satellite cell MRF expression. ALD muscle masses and protein contents in adult irradiated quails approximately doubled after 7 days of stretch-overload demonstrating hypertrophy despite the elimination of satellite cell proliferation.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Development of metabolic response in male quail brain during sexual maturation.

Seasonal reproductive activities of Japanese quail Coturnix japonica are induced most obviously by stimulatory effects of long-day photoperiod. This study addressed the metabolic response, as measured by 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG), in brain of male quail during sexual maturation. At 7 weeks of age, reproductively quiescent quail exposed to a short photoperiod of 6L:18D, received 2-DG on day 0 and +3, +6, +9, +12, +15 and +18 days after onset of 16L:8D. Brains were processed for autoradiography; serum testosterone was measured to indicate reproductive response to photoperiod. Circulating testosterone remained low until day 9, then rose sharply, reaching maximum levels at day 18. Heavily labeled nuclei were identified in some discrete neural pathways: both tectofugal and thalamofugal visual pathways, ascending auditory pathway, efferent vocalization pathway, and limbic structures. Metabolic activity of the terminal nucleus (ectostriatum) of the tectofugal pathway increased significantly by day 18, but in the terminal nuclei (the Wulst) of the thalamofugal visual pathway activity did not change significantly. Energy metabolism of some nuclei of the auditory pathway rose significantly by day 3, although in the vocal pathway it did not show augmentation until days 15-18. The metabolic activity of limbic structures also increased. These results suggest that, in Japanese quail, sensory nuclei and some of their integrative areas become sensitive to environmental cues in response to long-day photoperiod. It is possible that the external environmental cues that affect the reproductive activities of quail act through sensory systems.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Pigment patterns in neural crest chimeras constructed from quail and guinea fowl embryos.

The pattern of pigmentation in bird embryos is determined by the spatial organization of melanocyte differentiation. Some of the results from recent, neural crest transplantation experiments support a model based on a prepattern in the feathers; others could be interpreted in terms of a nonspecific pattern resulting from a failure of the crest cells to read the positional values in another species. To distinguish between these possibilities, the crucial test is to construct chimeras from two species with different pigment patterns. We have examined the wing plumage of quail and guinea fowl embryos. The quail has a characteristic pattern of pigmented and unpigmented feather papillae, whereas the guinea fowl shows uniform pigmentation. Chimeras were constructed by grafting wing buds isotopically between embryos. The wing buds were transplanted before they had become invaded by neural crest cells. Quail wing buds grafted to the guinea fowl developed, in most cases, a pigment pattern resembling that of the quail and not that of the guinea fowl. A few cases became uniformly pigmented and appeared to represent nonspecific patterns. The reciprocal grafts (guinea fowl wing buds grafted to the quail) became pigmented all over. We found evidence that the timing of melanocyte differentiation is controlled by cues in the feather papillae. Some cases developed a severe inflammatory response. The model which best accounts for these findings--and which can account for inconsistencies in previous reports--is the following. A prepattern is present in the feathers and this can control the differentiation of melanoblasts, even if they come from a different species. The local cues which constitute the prepattern are not positional values. In some chimeras melanoblasts fail to respond to the prepattern and so a nonspecific pattern of uniform pigmentation is produced.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Enhancement of antibody response in Japanese quails by acute NO2 exposure.

The effect of acute exposure to nitrogen dioxide (NO2) on anti-SRBC antibody response in two lines of Japanese quails, high and low responder, was investigated. Mean survival time of 11- to 13-week-old quails after exposure to 20 ppm NO2 was 12.0 hr. The high responder line lived longer than the low responder line. Changes of spleen weights of both lines were not observed in 10- and 20-ppm NO2 exposure for 4 hr. Anti-SRBC antibody response in high responder quail was significantly enhanced by 20-ppm NO2 exposure for 4 hr and the response in low responder quail was slightly enhanced. A similar, although somewhat less pronounced, tendency was observed also after 10-ppm NO2 exposure. These results suggest that acute NO2 exposure enhances the antibody response of Japanese quails.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

An investigation into the role of the crop in control of feeding in Japanese quail and domestic fowls.

With normal diets, removal of the crop in Japanese quail and domestic fowls caused reductions in mean meal lengths and sizes, and compensatory increases in meal frequencies, only in those (30-40%) birds that had previously eaten larger, less frequent meals. Sham operation had no such effect. Cropectomy had less effect on feeding activity parameters when quail were fed on a diluted (40% cellulose) diet, and had no effect on diurnal patterns of feeding with either undiluted or diluted food (all birds tending to eat more at the end of the day). This may have been because cropectomized birds could store food in the oesophagus in amounts similar to those previously stored in the crop. Cropectomy had no apparent long-term effect on food intake with undiluted diets, but may have suppressed it slightly with diluted food. In intact quail and fowls, with ad lib access to food when killed, crops were often found to be empty with undiluted food, but were rarely so with diluted food. Gizzards also tended to hold more with diluted food, but were never completely empty with any diet. The post-crop oesophagus and proventriculus were empty in nearly all birds. In quail fasted for two hours, then allowed to feed for 20 min and killed at intervals over a further two hours, maximum amounts of undiluted and diluted food in crops and gizzards were generally greater than in ad lib-fed quail. Crops and gizzards emptied faster with diluted than with undiluted food, but no gizzard was completely empty two hours after feeding. The results of these experiments indicate that, with normal diets, meal termination (satiety) during most of the day is associated with partial crop filling in (30-40%) birds that habitually eat larger, less frequent meals, and with varying degrees of gizzard filling in birds with smaller meals. Satiety involves more crop filling in more birds with diluted food, and this may also apply to other factors that cause increased feeding activity. Meal initiation (hunger) may be associated with partial gizzard emptying in all birds. At some stage towards the end of the day there is usually a conditioned change to cumulative filling of the crop with enough food to be processed overnight.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

The in vitro metabolism of aflatoxin B1 catalyzed by hepatic microsomes isolated from control or 3-methylcholanthrene-stimulated rats and quail.

The rate of microsomal metabolism of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) by the male quail hepatic microsomal polysubstrate monooxygenase P-450 in vitro was eight times greater than that catalyzed by male rat cytochrome. In the quail almost all the metabolism proceeded via 8,9-aflatoxin B1 epoxidation (assessed by Tris-AFB1-8,9-dihydrodiol formation), whereas in the rat only 36% of soluble metabolites were by this pathway. Pretreatment with 3-methylcholanthrene in the quail resulted in a 9-fold induction of cytochrome P-450 per unit liver weight, but only a 1.7-fold increase in the rate of aflatoxin B1 metabolism. In the rat the corresponding inductions were 1.7 and 1.3, respectively. The aflatoxin B1 metabolism catalyzed by control and 3-methylcholanthrene-stimulated quail microsomes differed qualitatively from that observed with the corresponding fractions from the rat. It was concluded that not only do the basal aflatoxin B1 microsomal metabolism of rat and quail differ, but also that 3-methylcholanthrene induces cytochromes with very different properties in the two species. Assays of ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase activities and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analyses further demonstrated these differences between the species. These studies provide further insight into the metabolic differences underlying individual species sensitivities to aflatoxin B1.

Absorption↗
PubMed1994

Effects of apomorphine on sexual behavior in male quail.

In the rat, dopamine (DA) facilitates male copulatory behavior. Indirect evidence based largely on neuroanatomical data suggest that in quail DA is also implicated in the control of male reproductive behavior but there is no pharmacological evidence to support this conclusion. To test this idea, castrated testosterone (T)-treated male quail were injected with various doses of the dopaminergic agonist apomorphine (APO) in the range 1-10,000 micrograms/kg. The sexual behavior of birds was recorded starting 15 min after APO injection for a duration of 30 min. A dose-dependent inhibition of male reproductive behavior that lasted for the entire duration of the test was observed. In a second experiment, gonadectomized T-treated male Japanese quail were injected daily with APO (0, 10, or 1,000 micrograms/kg) during 8 days. Their sexual interactions with a partner were quantified either 24 h or 15 min after the last injection. No influence of the treatment on copulatory behavior was observed 24 h after the last injection, but a strong inhibition was present when the test was performed 15 min after. To research whether the inhibitory effects of APO were due to a preferential action on D2 presynaptic autoreceptors, male quail were pretreated with two different D2 antagonists (spiperone or pimozide; 0.5 or 2 mg/kg) before being injected with APO (100 micrograms or 1 mg/kg). Spiperone facilitated male sexual behavior but did not suppress the inhibitory effect of APO. No significant effect of pimozide was observed. These results support the notion that DA modulates male sexual activity in the Japanese quail. The specific role of the different dopaminergic receptor subtypes remains, however, to be elucidated.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Comparative study of the physiology of vitellogenesis in Japanese quail.

1. During a study of vitellogenesis in the Japanese quail, male or female quail were given, intramuscularly, one to three doses of estradiol-17 beta (16 mumol/100 g body weight). 2. In treated males, the plasma concentrations of protein-bound P (PBP, a measure of the phosphate groups in vitellogenin), Ca, and total protein fluctuated in unison. 3. Packed cell volume (PCV) values varied approx, inversely as the PBP concentrations. 4. Maxima of approx. 0.85 mg PBP/ml occurred six, five, and four days after the primary, secondary, and tertiary injections. Following each maximum, the PBP concentrations declined rapidly to the 0.004 mg/ml level found in the plasma of untreated male quail. 5. During periods of elevated PBP levels, Ca and PBP were present in equimolar quantities. 6. When laying female quail were given a single injection of estradiol, the PBP concentration rose from 0.12 to 0.97 mg/ml. 7. PCV values for both male and female estrogen-treated quail decreased from approx. 0.50 to 0.30. The decreases in PCV values were attributed to increases in plasma volume as measured using 125I-labelled serum albumin. No marked change in total erythrocyte mass was measured using 51CrO2-(4) as the cell label. 8. Perhaps the decrease in plasma serum albumin concentrations reported by some investigators for estrogen-treated animals is due to dilution rather than to repression of serum albumin synthesis.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Hatch weight selection: effect on post-hatch growth in the Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica).

The post-hatch growth of Japanese quail, weight selected at hatch, was investigated. The quail were grouped according to hatch weight as follows: Group I, 5.5-6.2 g; Group II, 6.3-7.0 g; and Group III, 7.1-7.6 g. Group III quail were 25 and 12% heavier at hatching than Group I and II quails, respectively, and reached a mature body weight which was 38 and 12% heavier than Group I and II quails, respectively. Gompertz growth parameters were not different in any of the groups. Feed and water consumption (g/kg body weight) rates were not significantly different among the three groups.

Aging↗
PubMed1996

Gluconeogenesis and glucose replacement rate during long-term fasting of Japanese quails.

Gluconeogenic activity and kinetic parameters of glucose metabolism were estimated during the different phases of prolonged food deprivation in quails. Gluconeogenic activity, estimated from the rate of increase of incorporation of H14CO-3 into circulating glucose, was significantly higher in fasted quails than in fed birds, whatever the period of food deprivation. However, gluconeogenic activity during phase II, although higher than in the fed state, was significantly lower than in quails fasted for 2 days (phase I) or in those on the final (phase III) period of starvation. Gluconeogenic activity did not differ significantly in birds from phases I and III. Rates of glucose replacement, estimated with [6-3H]-glucose, were very high (20.5 mg.kg-1.min-1) in fed quails and were markedly reduced (to about 42% of fed values) by fasting, no difference being observed between quails fasted for 2 and 5 days. Because of the poor condition of the birds, glucose replacement rates could not be measured during phase III. The present data are the first to provide direct evidence for the changes in gluconeogenesis which occur during prolonged food deprivation.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1990

Purification and characterization of chymotrypsinogen from pancreas of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica).

1. A chymotrypsinogen from pancreas of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) was purified by acid extraction, salt fractionation and chromatographic separation on CM-cellulose and Sephadex G-100, and gave a single protein band on SDS-PAGE. 2. Quail chymotrypsinogen had a mol. wt of 26,100 calculated from amino acid composition data, an isoelectric point of 7.68, a Km of 3.1 mM and K0 of 40.7 sec-1 for tyrosine ester substrate. 3. The activated chymotrypsinogen of quail had a maximum activity at pH 7.0-8.0 and at 45 degrees C, and was stable at pH 4.0-6.0 below 55 degrees C. 4. Comparison of quail and bovine chymotrypsinogens indicates that the activities of the enzymes from quail and bovine are more constant than their physical characteristics.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1990

Hair cell regeneration in senescent quail.

Hair cell regeneration was studied following exposure to an intense pure tone stimulus in young adult and senescent Coturnix quail. Three, 3-month old and four, 3-year old quail were continuously exposed to a 1500 Hz pure tone at 115 dB SPL for 12 h. Four quail were not noise exposed and were used as age-matched controls. Control and experimental birds received injections of [3H]thymidine daily for 10 days after noise exposure. Ten days after noise exposure birds were killed and their cochleae embedded, sectioned serially and processed through standard methods of autoradiography. Hair cell counts showed a discreet area of hair cell loss for both age groups in the proximal half of the papilla. Incorporation of [3H]thymidine was clearly seen over the nuclei of hair cells and support cells in the region of hair cell loss in both age groups. Incorporation of [3H]thymidine was also seen over the nuclei of hair cells and support cells in a very small area in two of the non-exposed control birds. These results demonstrate that the potential for hair cell regeneration is maintained throughout life in Coturnix quail. Further, they suggest that there may be some very low level of hair cell production in the normal adult quail ear which is activated in the absence of massive trauma.

Aging↗
PubMed1996

Plasma thyroid hormone and growth hormone patterns in precocial Japanese quail and altricial European starlings during postnatal development.

Plasma concentrations of thyroid hormones (TH) and growth hormone (GH) during postnatal development in the precocial Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica), and the altricial European starling (Sturnus vulgaris) were measured. Developmental changes in plasma TH found in the starling, differ considerably from those detected in quail. In quail rather high triiodothyronine (T3) values were measured during the first few days after hatching. Subsequently a steady decrease of plasma T3, to adult levels, was observed. Thyroxine (T4) concentrations did not change significantly during the period studied. In starlings, on day 1, plasma T3 was low and T4 was at or below the assay detection limit. An increase in concentrations of both hormones occurred between day 1 and day 5 after hatching. A gradual increase of T4 occurred afterwards, while plasma T3 levels remained nearly constant during this growing period. Plasma GH concentrations showed a similar pattern in both species. There was an increase during first days after hatching and GH concentrations peaked at day 7 in quail and day 5 in starlings. A subsequent decrease was observed in both species. Although the GH profiles in species studied were comparable, there were noticeable differences in their growth rates. Thus different developmental strategies have been reflected in different developmental patterns of TH in precocial Japanese quail and altricial European starling whereas developmental changes of GH levels were similar in both species.

Aging↗
PubMed2005

Impact of endocrine disrupting chemicals on reproduction in Japanese quail.

Many environmental contaminants can interact with the endocrine system, thereby potentially disrupting the reproductive fitness of individuals. In avian species, the egg-yolk is a major route for excretion of lipophilic compounds by the adult female bird and embryos are exposed to contaminants that have been deposited in the eggs. The reproductive and neuroendocrine system of Japanese quail undergoes sexual differentiation during embryo development. The phenotypic sex, including sex-specific adult behavior, is hormonally imprinted already before hatching. The sexual differentiation of the brain in quail is sensitive to estrogens and the presence of estrogen results in a female phenotype. The relatively low concentration of estrogens in male embryos, on the other hand, results in a male behavioral phenotype. The behavior of male quail can be demasculinized by estrogen exposure during the period of sexual differentiation, and estrogen-exposed males are not able to display a male-typical behavior as adults. Also, differentiation of the reproductive organs is sensitive to hormones during embryogenesis, and an excess of estrogens can for instance induce persistent morphological changes in the reproductive organs of females. Our research has focused on effects in adult birds after embryonic estrogen exposure. We have studied sexual behavior and other reproductive variables in adult quail after in ovo injection of known and suspected estrogenic compounds. Synthetic estrogens and insecticides, such as o,p'-DDT altered the development of the neural system and resulted in demasculinization of male quail. In females, o,p'-DDT caused morphological changes of the oviduct and egg laying was reduced. Our studies suggest that the neural system and the female reproductive system of avian embryos are very sensitive to the effects of chemicals with estrogenic activity.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Production of quail (Coturnix japonica) germline chimeras by transfer of gonadal primordial germ cells into recipient embryos.

The possibility of producing quail germline chimeras by the transfer of gonadal primordial germ cells (gPGCs) into recipient embryos was investigated. Japanese quail of the black (D: homozygous for the autosomal incomplete dominant gene D) and wild-type plumage (WP: d+/d+) strains were used as donors and recipients, respectively. Gonadal cells were retrieved from the gonads of 5-day-old D embryos, and gPGCs were enriched by magnetism-activated cell sorting. Fresh (noncultured) gPGCs or those isolated after culture for 3 days with gonadal stromal cells present in the mixed cell population were introduced into the dorsal aorta of 2-day-old recipient WP embryos. Hatchability of the recipient embryos was 23.7% (31/131) and 34.4% (31/90) for those transfused with cultured or noncultured gPGCs, respectively. Of the hatched quail, 28 acquired sexual maturity; among these animals, 7.1% (1/14) and 21.4% (3/14) of those that received cultured or noncultured gPGCs, respectively, were proved to be germline chimeras. The percentage of germline transmission to the donor-derived gametes in the chimeras that received cultured and noncultured gPGCs were 1.9 and 2.2-4.7%, respectively. In conclusion, quail gPGCs retrieved from 5-day-old embryos were thus transmitted in the germline after their transfer to quail embryos of a different strain. This property of the gPGCs was not adversely affected by culture for up to 3 days.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Effects of repeated restraint in Japanese quail genetically selected for contrasting adrenocortical responses.

Behavioral and adrenocortical responses to repeated mechanical restraint were compared in 28-day-old to 31-day-old male Japanese quail from two genetic lines divergently selected for reduced (low stress, LS) or exaggerated (high stress, HS) plasma corticosterone (C) responses to brief immobilization. Restraint in a metal crush cage for 5 min elicited immobility and silence in all the birds. Circulating C levels were considerably higher in quail of both lines following restraint than in the undisturbed controls of either line. As expected, both the behavioral and physiological effects were more pronounced in HS than in LS birds. Struggling increased with repeated restraint in HS and LS quail, thus suggesting behavioral habituation to the stressor in both lines. On the other hand, a line effect on the pattern of adrenocortical responses was revealed upon subtracting the change in plasma C concentrations from Day 1 to Day 4 in the undisturbed controls from the corresponding change in restrained birds. Thus, unlike LS quail, in which there were no detectable effects of repeated restraint, the adrenocortical responses of HS birds showed evidence of experience-dependent sensitization. Our results demonstrate the importance of the background genome in determining the patterns of the behavioral and adrenocortical responses elicited by repeated exposure to stressful stimulation. The present results and those of previous studies could be explained in one or both of two ways: that underlying fearfulness is lower in LS than HS quail or that they adopt active or passive coping strategies, respectively. Our findings may also have important implications for poultry welfare and productivity. @ 2000 Elsevier Science Inc.

Adrenal Cortex↗
PubMed2002

Vitamin E supplementation can alleviate negative effects of heat stress on egg production, egg quality, digestibility of nutrients and egg yolk mineral concentrations of Japanese quails.

The aim of this study was to determine if the negative effects of high ambient temperature (34 degrees C) on egg production, egg quality, digestibility of nutrients, and mineral content of egg yolk could be alleviated by dietary vitamin E (dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate) supplementation in laying Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japanica). Japanese quails (n=240; 7-week-old) were divided into eight groups, 30 birds per group. The quails were fed either a basal diet or the basal diet supplemented with either 125, 250 or 500 mg of dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate/kg of diet. Birds were kept at 22 degrees C and 55% relative humidity (RH). At 14 weeks of age, the thermo-neutral (TN) group remained in the same temperature as at the beginning of the experiment, whereas the heat stress (HS) group was kept at an environment-controlled room at 34 degrees C and 44% RH for 3 weeks. Heat exposure decreased performance when basal diet was fed (P=0.001). With 250 and 500 mg/kg of diet, an increase in body weight (P=0.01), feed intake (P=0.01), egg production (P=0.001), and improvement in feed efficiency (P=0.01) was found with vitamin E supplementation in quails reared under heat stress conditions (HS). Similarly, egg weight (P=0.01), egg specific gravity (P=0.01), egg shell thickness (P=0.05) and Haugh unit (P=0.01) were positively influenced by vitamin E supplementation. Heat exposure decreased digestibility of dry matter (DM) (P=0.03), organic matter (OM) (P=0.05), crude protein (CP) (P=0.02), ether extract (EE) (P=0.05) and were elevated by supplemental vitamin E (P<or=0.02). Egg yolk concentrations of Zn, Fe, and Mn decreased under high environmental temperature and were increased to values of the control group (P=0.001) when dietary vitamin E was supplemented. No significant differences in any values were observed in TN groups. Results of the present study conclude that supplementation with 250mg alpha-tocopherol acetate/kg of diet can be considered to be protective management practice in a quail diet, reducing the negative effects of heat stress.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1999

Epitopes for chicken monoclonal antibodies in spleens of selected Japanese quail lines.

A line of Japanese quail selected for high plasma cholesterol is highly susceptible to diet-induced atherosclerosis. Lymphocyte epitopes recognized by mouse anti-chicken monoclonal antibodies (c-mAb), TCR-1, TCR-2, TCR-3. CD-3, CD-4, CD-8, and BU-1a/b were reacted with spleens from quail selected for high (HL) and low (LL) plasma total cholesterol and their nonselected controls (CL). Cross reactivity to c-mAb and effect of line and gender were immunohistochemically evaluated. Chicken spleens were positive controls. Quail were immunologically stimulated with either sheep red blood cells (SRBC) or Brucella abortus 2 weeks before spleens were removed. Quail spleen epitopes of all lines recognized TCR-3 and CD-8 c-mAb, but no other c-mAb. Number of reacting cells and staining intensity to the TCR-3 c-mAb were greater in the HL than in the LL regardless of the stimulating Ag or dose used. For the CD-8 c-mAb, there were no differences among lines in birds receiving SRBC. In B. abortus-immunized birds, sex x line interactions indicated that males of the HL and CL had lower responses than females but LL males were not different than females. TCR-3 and CD8 c-mAb may be useful in studying immunological mechanisms for atherosclerosis in Japanese quail.

Animals↗