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At least 343 records · Page 19Linked to original sources
PubMed1978

Reported physical symptoms elicited by unpredictable events and the type A coronary-prone behavior pattern.

Unpredictable and uncontrollable events are associated with a variety of illnesses. It was hypothesized that unpredictable aversive events are causally linked to physical symptom reporting and that the Type A coronary-prone behavior pattern affects symptom reporting, such that Type A individuals fail to report symptoms when they expect to continue working on a task as compared to when they believe they have completed it. In the present research, Type A and Type B women reported symptoms either at the end or in the middle of listening to unpredictable, predictable or ambient noise in the laboratory. Results showed that unpredictable noise produced more symptom reporting than predictable noise, which in turn produced more symptom reporting than the ambient noise; Type A individuals reported fewer symptoms in the middle of the task than at the end, whereas Type B's did not show this differential effect. Thus, both hypotheses were confirmed. Several possible explanations of the results are offered, and implications of the findings are discussed.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1984

Influence of life event stress on physical illness: substantive effects or methodological flaws?

This study tests the hypothesis that the reported relationship between life event stress and physical illness is primarily a function of criterion and other content contamination in the stress measure. In particular, conventional life event measures include events related to physical health, which overlap with the criterion; events related to neuroticism, which influences the criterion; and events that are vague or subjective and could be affected by individual differences in psychological distress, response sets, and retrospective bias. In this study 386 adult males and females completed standard measures of life events and physical illness. Illness was significantly related to event subscales containing, respectively, health-related events, neuroticism-related events, and subjective events, but not to an "uncontaminated" event subscale. These results support the hypothesis of contamination and suggest that alternative approaches to the conceptualization and measurement of stress may need to be developed.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Predicting outcome of chronic back pain using clinical predictors of psychopathology: a prospective analysis.

This study evaluated whether a comprehensive assessment of psychosocial measures is useful in characterizing those acute low back pain patients who subsequently develop chronic pain disability problems. A cohort of 324 patients was evaluated, with all patients being administered a standard battery psychological assessment tests. A structured telephone interview was conducted 6 months after the psychological assessment to evaluate return-to-work status. Analyses, conducted to differentiate between those patients who were back at work at 6 months versus those who were not because of the original back injury, revealed the importance of 3 measures: self-reported pain and disability, the presence of a personality disorder, and scores on Scale 3 of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. These results demonstrate the presence of a psychosocial disability variable that is associated with those injured workers who are likely to develop chronic disability problems.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

The future of health psychology interventions.

Progress in health psychology interventions was reviewed to manage chronic illness, treat psychophysiological disorders, and provide complementary treatment for difficult medical symptoms. A closer synergy between research, clinical applications and public policy, and education and training was advocated to guide future work in these areas. Further, the importance of clinical input informing research directions, the need for interventions to focus on a broader range of individual difference and contextual factors, and for effectiveness studies to influence the adoption of treatments in clinical settings was emphasized. In accordance, greater effort should be devoted to disseminating information on treatment effectiveness to professional and lay groups to maximize the public health benefit of established intervention approaches.

Behavioral Medicine↗
PubMed1994

Adaptive and maladaptive aspects of dependency: an integrative review.

Although dependence in adults has typically been viewed as a flow or deficit in functioning, a review of the literature reveals that high levels of dependency are associated with both positive and negative qualities on the part of the dependent person. Studies confirming this association are discussed, along with the theoretical and practical implications of their findings.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1989

Psychiatric disorders in a dental clinic.

This paper describes the psychiatric disorders seen in 138 consecutive attenders at a psychiatric clinic in a dental hospital. The disorders were rated using a standardised interview, and assigned a diagnosis in accordance with a multiaxial classification known as the DSM-III. The rate of psychiatric disorder seen in these patients was over 90% and the implications of this are discussed.

Depressive Disorder↗
PubMed2003

[Psychiatric illnesses in general practice].

The frequency of mental illness is often mistaken for the frequency of those worries and depressed feelings, which very often accompany somatic problems. The general practitioner is aware of these minor psychic disturbances presented together with somatic complaints, but he does not express this in his label of the result of consultation. In general practice somatic problems far prevail. Among the 3% at the most mental illnesses in general practice/family medicine "polymorphous complaints of probably non organic origin" are, together with depression, the disorders most often seen.

Austria↗
PubMed2000

Pitfalls of the medical paradigm in chronic pelvic pain.

This article reviews specific clinical and philosophical problems in the medical and psychiatric literature on chronic pelvic pain since 1993. The problem of the dichotomy of 'organic' and 'psychogenic' pain has been well established in previous literature. The aim here is to consider recent developments purporting to respond to the impasse presented by this dichotomy. An evaluation of emergent trends towards multi-disciplinarity, and the 'biopsychosocial model' is developed. The resulting pitfalls discussed include the failure to develop understandings of the 'subjective' aspects of pain, the tendency to reduce causal processes to 'mechanisms', and the tendency to consider the psychosocial as purely reactive to the biological, inevitably positioned as prior. It is argued that these trends are only partial solutions to the problems and do not fully address the issues at stake. A greater diversity of theoretical and empirical perspectives needs to be introduced into medical research on chronic pelvic pain.

Chronic Disease↗
PubMed1999

Relationship between psychological profile and cardiological variables in chronic heart failure. The role of patient subjectivity.

AIM: To analyse the relationships between the psychological profile, the satisfaction profile and cardiological variables in patients with chronic heart failure. MATERIAL AND METHODS: One hundred and fifty-two male patients with chronic heart failure in a stable clinical condition underwent cardiological evaluation and psychological assessment by means of two instruments: the Cognitive Behavioural Assessment 2.0 Battery and the Satisfaction Profile. RESULTS: Patients scored higher than healthy subjects in terms of psychophysiological disorders and depression. Patients in NYHA class III reported higher anxiety and depression scores and had more frequent problems in daily life than patients in NYHA classes I and II. Class III patients also reported lower satisfaction levels in many aspects of psychological and physical functioning. Pulmonary resistances >2.5 Wood units, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure >0. 18 mmHg and a diagnosis of ischaemic cardiomyopathy were associated with low satisfaction levels in the Satisfaction Profile 'physical functioning' factor. To be listed for heart transplantation and a history of more than three hospitalizations were related to low satisfaction levels in many items of the Satisfaction Profile. Finally, stepwise multiple regression showed that NYHA class, depression score and pulmonary capillary resistance accounted for 32% of the variance in the Satisfaction Profile physical functioning factor score. CONCLUSION: On the basis of chronic heart failure diagnosis only, a generic pattern of psychological distress can be predicted, common to many severe chronic diseases. Shifting from objective mental health measures towards the domain of subjective satisfaction, the only link which emerges is between objective cardiological data and satisfaction with physical functioning. Satisfaction in terms of other life aspects does not seem to be related to cardiological variables. These results support the importance of subjectivity in health related quality of life, as well as objective measures.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Systematic review of the comorbidity of irritable bowel syndrome with other disorders: what are the causes and implications?

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Comorbid or extraintestinal symptoms occur frequently with irritable bowel syndrome and account for up to three fourths of excess health care visits. This challenges the assumption that irritable bowel is a distinct disorder. The aims of this study were to (1) assess comorbidity in 3 areas: gastrointestinal disorders, psychiatric disorders, and nongastrointestinal somatic disorders; and (2) evaluate explanatory hypotheses. METHODS: The scientific literature since 1966 in all languages cited in Medline was systematically reviewed. RESULTS: Comorbidity with other functional gastrointestinal disorders is high and may be caused by shared pathophysiological mechanisms such as visceral hypersensitivity. Psychiatric disorders, especially major depression, anxiety, and somatoform disorders, occur in up to 94%. The nongastrointestinal nonpsychiatric disorders with the best-documented association are fibromyalgia (median of 49% have IBS), chronic fatigue syndrome (51%), temporomandibular joint disorder (64%), and chronic pelvic pain (50%). CONCLUSIONS: Multivariate statistical analyses suggest that these are distinct disorders and not manifestations of a common somatization disorder, but their strong comorbidity suggests a common feature important to their expression, which is most likely psychological. Some models explain the comorbidity of irritable bowel with other disorders by suggesting that each disorder is the manifestation of varying combinations of interacting physiological and psychological factors. An alternative hypothesis is that the irritable bowel diagnosis is applied to a heterogeneous group of patients, some of whom have a predominantly psychological etiology, whereas others have a predominantly biological etiology, and that the presence of multiple comorbid disorders is a marker for psychological influences on etiology.

Colonic Diseases, Functional↗
PubMed2000

The perceived efficacy of homeopathy and orthodox medicine: a vignette-based study.

OBJECTIVE: This study examined whether people thought neurotics were more likely to 'get better' when using CAM rather than orthodox medicine. DESIGN: A total of 165 participants completed a four part questionnaire, in which they were required to read eight vignettes (each about 70 words long) describing a British male patient who either visits a Homeopath or General Practitioner with a specific and different medical problem. In the vignette the patient gets better after treatment or remains unwell and they are described as either emotionally balanced (stable) or slightly neurotic in character (2 x 2 x 2 design). Participants were required to rate each vignette on criteria such as, did they think the treatment was effective, and did they think the person would remain feeling better. RESULTS: Homeopathy was perceived as more effective for treating patients with unstable psychological characteristics and orthodox medicine was seen as more effective for treating patients with stable psychological characteristics. Homeopathy was perceived as more effective by participants who themselves used complementary medicine. Participants who had visited a complementary therapist felt more strongly that psychological factors were important in illness than participants who had never consulted a complementary practitioner. Non-complementary medicine users perceived orthodox medicine to be more effective than complementary users.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

[The influence of thioridazin (Melleril-Sandoz) on psychomotor functions, concentration power and reactivity in children with behaviour disturbances (author's transl)].

Starting with a brief review of literature about the application of Melleril (Thioridazine) in child psychiatry the authors report a double blind study with 26 children (23 boys and 3 girls at the age of 6 to 14). These children were admitted to clinical treatment because of several behavior disorders. Drug effects on psychomotor activity, concentration power and reactivity were measured by the d2-Test (Brickenkamp), by a tapping experiment, a psychomotor experimental (tracing) and experiments with the Vienna determination apparatus. As compared to the placebo group a statistically significant increase was found in the experimental group in the tapping experiment as well as in one stage of the concentration test. No difference between the groups could be noted in tracing and in the performance of the Vienna determination apparatus. It is suggested that the finding result from a different ability in visuo-motor information processing without or under the drug. Accordingly Melleril seems to advance performance in simply structured motor tasks, whereas complex choice reactions rather appear to be rendered more difficult under this medication.

Adolescent↗