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At least 343 records · Page 19Linked to original sources
PubMed1968

A serological survey for cholear antibodies in rural east Pakistan. 1. The distribution of antibody in the control population of a cholera-vaccine field-trial area and the relation of antibody titre to the pattern of endemic cholera.

Controlled cholera vaccine field trials were held in Matlab Bazar in rural East Pakistan in 1963 and 1964. In July-September 1965, a serological survey for cholera antibodies was carried out on a random sample of the field-trial population. Results are given for the control group only, as representative of the pattern found in an endemic cholera area. Only 2% of the blood samples from children under 10 years of age were found to have detectable agglutinating antibody (titres of 1:20 or more), while the proportion in the age-group over 30 years was 27%-30%. Tests for vibriocidal antibody showed that none of the blood samples from children under 1 year of age contained detectable antibody, while 87%-90% of those from adults over 30 years did so. The rise in the geometric mean vibriocidal titre showed an almost linear correlation with a sharp fall in the cholera case rate with age. Since a similar survey in a non-endemic area (Czechoslovakia) did not reveal any rise in antibody titre with age, and since cholera epidemics in areas without recent experience of the disease are characterized by a higher incidence rate in adults than in children, it is suggested that the antibody titres give a measure of the level of immunity in a population.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

[The health project Ebeltoft: health check ups and discussions in general practice. Basic data from a 5-year, prospective, randomized, controlled population study].

A study was carried out to investigate people's interest in participating in health check-up and in discussions about health with their own general practitioner, participants' health status, the proportion who received health advice following health check-up, and the lifestyle goals they set following discussion with their general practitioner. This study reports the baseline data from a five-year randomized, controlled, prospective, population-based study in general practices in Ebeltoft, Denmark. All general practitioners from the four practices in Ebeltoft and a random sample of 2,000 people aged between 30 and 50 years were invited to participate. Participants were randomly divided into three groups-one control group and two intervention groups. One intervention group was given a health check-up which included a range og tests (Table 2 and 3); this group received written feedback from the general practitioner. The other intervention group was also given a health check-up and written feedback, in addition, they were given the opportunity to attend their general practitioner to discuss health-promoting measures. A total of 1370 people participated in the study (69% response rate). Health advice was given to 76% of 905 participants following health check-up. Almost all of the 456 participants (96%) who were offered the opportunity of discussing their health with their general practitioner took up the offer: 64% of the 456 participants reported that they had decided to undertake lifestyle changes. Eleven of those who discussed their health with the doctor were referred to a specialist (2%). There was considerable interest in participating in health promotion. Three out of four of those who had a health check-up were given health advice. Two out of three of those who were offered a health talk with the general practitioner appeared willing to make relevant lifestyle changes. Longterm follow up is needed to determine effects and side effects of health check-up and health talks.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Improvement of German cockroach (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae) population control by fragmented distribution of gel baits.

The aim of this study was to test the efficiency of gels in relation to fragmentation of baits and population density against the German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.). We hypothesized that the efficiency of cockroach control could be improved by fragmentation of gel baits, i.e., by distributing the same amount of bait in several small drops instead of one large one. Our results show that bait fragmentation increased the number of cockroaches gaining access to the gel. However, bait fragmentation increased cockroach mortality only at high population densities. Our results allow us to recommend modulation of bait application in relation to cockroach population density. At low population densities (42 individuals/m2), the recommended dose, one single 30-mg drop/m2, can be applied. At high population densities (> or = 208 individuals/m2), the same recommended dose would be more efficient if applied as several 3-mg drops.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Alternate scenarios for population control in Pakistan: the issue of contraceptive method mix.

The authors review Pakistan's population program, with a focus on the ideal mix of contraceptive methods needed to slow population growth. "Our objective in this exercise is to estimate the extent of services required to achieve a certain level of the Contraceptive Prevalence Rate (CPR) necessary to bring fertility down to a level desired by women." Comparison is made between single- and multiple-method approaches.

Asia↗
PubMed2006

Contraception for population control in exotic carnivores.

There is an increasing demand for management of feral and wild carnivores; since many of them have become "pest species" by adapting successfully to changing environments, having substantial impacts on their prey species, and serving as reservoirs for infectious diseases. Also in captivity, a low adult mortality and an increase in longevity, especially in large carnivores, cause an urgent need for population management. This paper presents an overview on contraceptive strategies to control reproduction in carnivores. Factors that have to be considered before applying a certain method for fertility suppression are discussed. For birth control, several methods of hormonal chemosterilization, immunocontraception and pregnancy termination have been developed in domestic and captive exotic carnivores, but none of them are yet suitable for free-ranging animals. GnRH agonists, which suppress pituitary function very efficiently, are recommended in captive and domestic animals for reversible contraception. Immunological contraception, causing prolonged infertility after single application, is a promising approach for feral animals. However, a specific gamete or hormone-derived "self" antigen must be identified for each particular species.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Development of a quantitative test for hand tremor measurement. Study of factors influencing the response in a control population.

The frequency spectrum of hand tremor amplitude was investigated in a group of 15 control subjects under four different conditions (rest position, wrist loading with 2 kg, pointer directed to a target, and wrist loading with 2 kg, pointer directed to a target, and wrist loading plus pointer). The series of four tremor recordings was repeated on three different days. The hand tremor pattern was recorded using an accelerometer connected to a tape recorder through a precision sound level meter. The tremor signals were subsequently analyzed with a real time spectrum analyzer. Different parameters (peak frequencies, acceleration amplitudes, moments, displacements, and velocities) have been determined and their variability has been characterized. The method described for hand tremor recording is suitable for field application.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Coffee drinking in patients with duodenal ulcer and a control population.

The ingestion of plain coffee was compared in 150 duodenal ulcer patients (DU) and 100 control subjects without digestive complaints (C). The DU and C groups were registered in accordance with their daily consumption of coffee: none, 1-100 ml, 101-300 ml, 301-500 ml, and more than 500 ml. Fifty millilitres of coffee as prepared in Brazil contain around 50 mg of a caffeine, which is 2.8 times more than in an equal volume of coffee in the United States. Patients with DU stopped drinking coffee or reduced the volume significantly after symptoms started. There was a significant change in coffee intake at all volume levels except at 1-100 ml. The main reason for the reduction of coffee ingestion was the relationship observed by the patients between the consumption of coffee and dyspeptic complaints. Our results suggest a close correlation between the ulcer-like symptoms and the amount of coffee ingested by patients with duodenal ulcer.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Correlation of static to dynamic measures of lower extremity range of motion in cerebral palsy and control populations.

The question addressed in this study was whether static measurements of hip, knee, and ankle range of motion correlate to dynamic measurements of hip and knee function during gait. Range-of-motion measures of the lower extremities taken during physical examination (static variables) were recorded on 80 adolescents with cerebral palsy and 30 adolescent normal controls. Kinematic measurements collected during gait analysis (dynamic variables) were recorded on the same patients and controls. Results indicated no correlation greater than r = 0.50 (R2 < 0.25) between any static and dynamic variable for either group--cerebral palsy patients or controls. The lack of good correlation of these measures indicates static physical examination variables such as popliteal angle and straight-leg raise are not good predictors of dynamic gait, such as knee-extension and hip-flexion variables measured during ambulation in controls or cerebral palsy populations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Frequency of the BRCA1 185delAG mutation among Jewish women with ovarian cancer and matched population controls.

Among women of Ashkenazi Jewish origin, a frameshift mutation of the BRCA1 gene, designated 185delAG, occurs with a carrier frequency of approximately 1% and is estimated to account for about 39% of ovarian cancer cases occurring prior to age 50 years. To determine the actual frequency of this mutation among Jewish women with ovarian cancer, we tested DNA collected as part of an ongoing population-based case-control study of genetic and environmental factors for epithelial ovarian cancer in eastern Massachusetts. Using single-stranded conformational polymorphism analysis followed by direct sequencing, we found that 6 (19.4%) of 31 Jewish patients were carriers for a 185delAG mutation compared to 0 of 23 Jewish controls (P=0.03) Using empiric logic [correction of logits], the estimated relative risk for ovarian cancer associated with a 185delAG mutation is 12.0. The average age of the 6 patients with mutations was 48.3 years, significantly younger than the average of 57.4 years observed for the 25 patients without the mutation (P-0.05). For ovarian cancer diagnosed prior to age 50 years, three (37.5%) of eight patients carried the mutation. None of the six patients with the mutation had a history consistent with hereditary breast ovarian cancer syndrome, although two had a personal history of prior cancer. Our results provide empiric conformation of the estimated prevalence of 185delAG mutations among Jewish women with ovarian cancer.

BRCA1 Protein↗
PubMed1994

Self-assessment questionnaire for evaluating urinary and intestinal late side effects after pelvic radiotherapy in patients with prostate cancer compared with an age-matched control population.

BACKGROUND: Pelvic irradiation to patients with prostate cancer is accompanied by urinary and intestinal reactions. In men older than 60 years, treatment-induced problems should be evaluated in relation to problems in an age-matched nonirradiated population. METHODS: In the present study, problems in the urinary tract and intestine were evaluated with a self-assessment questionnaire using the linear-analogue scale. The questionnaire was mailed out to 200 patients and to an age-matched population 24-56 months after irradiation. RESULTS: Twenty-five percent of the control group and 50% of the patient group reported some kind of problem in the urinary tract. The most common urinary problems in the control group and in the patient group, respectively, were urgency (19 and 42%), starting problems (22 and 33%), and leakage (11 and 32%). In the control and patient groups, 14 and 59%, respectively, reported some kind of gastrointestinal problems. The most common intestinal problems in the control and patient groups were respectively, mucus (4 and 38%), cramp (5 and 14%), leakage (2 and 27%), and blood (2 and 36%). Ninety percent of the patients' problems were minor. CONCLUSION: Pelvic irradiation induced a relatively large number of minor problems, evaluated with a self-assessment questionnaire and compared with an age-matched population of men, of approximately similar magnitude as with a physician's systematic evaluation. The most important urinary factors were urgency and leakage. The most important intestinal factors were blood, mucus, and leakage. The results support the ongoing efforts to use 3-D computed tomography-based conformal therapy to decrease irradiation dose to the rectum and bladder.

Aged↗
PubMed1993

The symptomatic lumbar disc in patients with low-back pain. Magnetic resonance imaging appearances in both a symptomatic and control population.

Magnetic resonance imaging of abnormal lumbar discs in 115 symptomatic patients (184 discs) and 63 symptom-free controls (78 discs) have been compared. All symptomatic patients were proven to have discogenic pain at discography. Discs were classified into patterns 1-6 reflecting the progressive changes of nuclear degeneration as previously described. In the symptomatic patient, the more degenerate the disc the more likely it was responsible for pain (P < 0.001), but there was no statistically significant difference in the distribution of abnormal signal patterns between the two groups studied. A small number of patients in both populations demonstrated high signal from disc protrusions but this also could not be used as a predictor of pain. No abnormal lumbar disc signal pattern could be identified that specifically indicated whether a disc would be painful. Magnetic resonance imaging is accurate in determining nuclear anatomy, but until more suitable techniques become available, discography is still the only method for symptomatic assessment in low-back pain.

Adult↗