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At least 343 records · Page 19Linked to original sources
PubMed1977

Brainstem control of shivering in the cat. I. Inhibition.

Regions containing heat gain tonic inhibitory areas in mesencephalon and upper pons were studied using topical microinjection of a local anesthetic. This inhibition was compared in the mesencephalic decerebrated and intact animals. In mesencephalic animals that failed to shiver, bilateral injections of procaine into the ventromedial pontine tegmental areas released some heat gain responses and in intact anesthetized cats injections in the same regions increased intensity of shivering. These effects on inhibitory areas are reversible and can be repeated in the same preparation several times. Permanent effects were obtained by electrolytic lesions or by the local microinjections of 1% osmic acid. In summary, it is shown, by means of microinjection of local anesthetic, that a tonic inhibitory area located in the ventromedial pontine reticular formation completely inhibits shivering in the mesencephalic decerebrate preparation and partially inhibits shivering in the intact anesthetized preparation.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Fiber types of the intrinsic whisker muscle and whisking behavior.

Some rodent species show rhythmic bouts of vibrissal protractions and retractions, referred to as whisking, that are among the fastest movements performed by mammals. To better understand the muscular basis of whisking, we compared (1) whisker movements of two whisking species (mouse, rat) and a non-whisking species (guinea pig), (2) the muscle fiber composition of intrinsic whisker muscles of whisking and a non-whisking species, and (3) the muscle fiber composition of intrinsic whisker muscles and of selected skeletal muscles. Using high-speed videography, we found that mice, rats, and guinea pigs can generate fast and large-amplitude whisker movements. Guinea pigs do not show bouts of fast, strictly rhythmic whisker movements, and the average speed of their whisker movements is much lower than in mice and rats. Analysis of mRNA expression of myosin heavy chain isoforms, myofibrillar ATPase staining, and antibody labeling indicate that in all three species intrinsic whisker muscles are composed predominantly of type 2B muscle fibers. Intrinsic whisker muscles of mice consisted of type 2B (> or =90%) and type 2D fibers. In rats we observed, in addition to type 2B/2D fibers, approximately 10% of slow type 1 fibers, and in guinea pigs we observed approximately 3% of slow type 1 fibers and 20% of type 2A fibers. Type 2B fibers have high levels of anaerobic glycolytic enzymes providing a rapid source of ATP and high maximum velocity of contraction but are less fatigue resistant than other muscle fiber types. The high percentage of type 2B fibers distinguishes the intrinsic whisker musculature from skeletal muscles and may have evolved for fast scanning of the sensory environment.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗
PubMed1979

Influence of the skin temperature on the axon reflex pilomotion produced by nicotine in human skin.

Intradermal injection of nicotine dissolved in normal saline in a concentration of 10(-5)g/ml produced axon reflex pilomotion, which was observed as goose flesh on the flexor surface of the forearm in human. The skin temperature was changed by immersing the forearm in a water bath at 22 to 45 degrees C. When the skin temperature was neutral as 32.5 degrees C, goose flesh appeared at about 5 sec and reached its maximal spread at about 25 sec, then it became smaller and disappeared at 1 min 30 sec. When the skin temperature was lower, its onset was delayed and its duration was longer. At higher temperature, time course of goose flesh was shortened. With a device of controlling temperature of receptor and effector portion independently, it was found that enhancement of goose flesh at lower temperature was due to a nature of the effector and the responsiveness of the receptor to nicotine was constant in a range from 20 to 40 degrees C. Reaction of the receptor to temperature was pharmacologically similar to that of autonomic ganglion.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Chemical constituents of gentianaceae XIV: tetraoxygenated and pentaoxygenated xanthones of Swertia purpurascens Wall.

The whole plant of Swertia purpurascens Wall. (Gentianaceae) has been shown to contain five tetraoxygenated and three pentaoxygenated zanthones. These are identified as 1,5,8-trihydroxy-3-methoxyxanthone, 1,3,8-trihydroxy-5-methoxyzanthone, 1-hydroxy-3,7,8-trimethoxyxanthone, 1,3,7,8-tetrahydroxyxanthone, 1,3,5,8-tetrahydroxyxanthone, and 1-hydroxy-3,4,7,8-tetramethoxyxanthone by chemical and spectral evidence. Additionally, the crude mixture of natural xanthones has been shown to include two partially emthylated pentaoxygenated xanthones as minor entities, which yield 1-hydroxy-3,4,7,8-tetramethoxyxanthone and 1-hydroxy-3,4,5,8-tetramethoxyxanthone on methylation. This is the first time that pentaoxygenated xanthones have been found in a member of the genus Swertia. 1-Hydroxy-3,4,7,8-tetramethoxyxanthone was previously known only as a synthetic compound. The total xanthones of S. purpurascens produce significant CNS stimulant actions, consistent with some therapeutic uses of the plant extract in the Indian system of medicine. The chemotaxonomic significance of the cooccurrence of various biogenetically related chemical characters in a single plant species is appraised.

Amphetamine↗
PubMed1976

[The mechanism of skin receptor excitation during temperature stimulation].

The skin was found to contract under the cold effect, and pilomotors were contracting during stimulation of the C efferents. The pilomotors were shown to take no part in the temperature deformation of the skin. Using the colliding impulses method, the skin mechanoreceptors were shown to be activated both by contractions of the pilomotors and by the temperature deformation of the skin. The possibility to activate the skin mechanoreceptors by the temperature deformation of the skin collagen, is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Pilomotor seizures and status in non-paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: To describe an unusual clinical presentation of a patient with voltage-gated potassium channel Ab- positive, non-paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis. METHODS: We performed video-EEG monitoring, structural MRI, (18)F-FDG-PET, (1)H-MRS, neuropsychological testing and antibody serology. RESULTS: A 42-year-old male patient presented in an acute phase of non-paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis confirmed by MRI, with antibodies to voltage-gated potassium channels. His pilomotor status was pharmacoresistant to antiepileptic drugs, but responded to corticosteroid and azathioprine treatment. The MRI findings improved. The pilomotor seizures recurred when the immunosuppressive therapy was discontinued after 18 months. MRI at that time was consistent with hippocampal sclerosis. Complete seizure control was achieved after reintroduction of steroids. CONCLUSION: Pilomotor seizures were the predominant seizure type in this case of non-paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis. Immunosuppressive therapy may provide recovery including seizure control. However, long-term immunosuppression may be necessary to prevent relapse. Hippocampal sclerosis and chronic epilepsy might evolve as sequelae of limbic encephalitis.

Adult↗