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PubMed1977

Color key in projection graphics.

The authors describe a philosophical approach to projection graphics, and a cookbook procedural approach to the use of the 3M Color Key process, with variations on recommended methods. The philosophy is Mr. Goldenberg's, the recipes Mr. Ross's.

Audiovisual Aids↗
PubMed1982

[Drug addiction and freedom].

The author, in a historical and philosophical approach, analyses the concept of freedom as opposed to slavery. He also refers to the legal and social restrictions and studies the determinism and free will as the causes of human behaviour. Quoting Spinoza, the author states that man accepts the idea of freedom because he realizes the "how" of his options but ignores "why". Without the hypothesis of causality and determinism, there seems to have no science. Without freedom, there seems to be no anthropos man (Jimeno Valdez). The principles of anticausality, of nonreproducibility and of differentiation characterize the human freedom, but are contrary to the way science works. According to the social and political point of view, it was established that the State has the right to oblige and to violently limit freedom. Practically speaking, though, the State is violent just for being the State; the dominant groups are the government because they are and they have been violent. There is a need to limit and to discipline this right of the State of being violent within the dilemma of safety and freedom. By working, the slave avoided the whip. And by doing this, he encouraged the behaviour of the one who whipped him. The non-aversive attitudes limit the freedom in the modern world more and more for they also enchain our will, a rebellion becoming impossible. One is not granted the freedom; it shall be conquered and kept. Freedom, either as a concept or a phenomenon, is always relative. The concept of toxicomania or pharmacodependance is analysed according to the same perspective. The conclusion is that this is always more a problem of the society than of the individual, and this is how it has to be understood and treated. The present world is described as a millenial human culture specifically characterized by eight groups of phenomena: 1. Transport increased human mobility, reduced the relative dimensions of the earth, mixed peoples, compared cultures and created opportunities for conflicts; 2. The means of communication spread information surpassing their own capacity of being formed, they becoming traumatic; 3. The natural energies and electronic computing disturbed the work and comsumption market, man becoming insecure and disposable; 4. The industrial development produced a mass-culture and old time establishment became unreliable; 5. The demographic boom altered the age groups ratio which now presents an excess of children and grandparents with a relative lack of parents; 6. The diffusion of knowledge on human nature; 7. The religions emerged again, even the most primitive, persuading youngsters and governments; 8. The law, institutions and governments did not keep up with the rhythm of the changings and progress. The result was a generalized dissatisfaction.

Freedom↗
PubMed1980

A philosophical commentary. Stress: a redefinition.

Concepts dealing with stress and adaptation, even though useful, leave many unanswered questions. This paper touches on some of these ambiguities and outlines a broader and more encompassing philosophical approach to the subject.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1995

[Nursing leadership in perspective].

South Africa is currently in the process of political change, which places great demands on all service sectors. To meet these demands effectively, will require dynamic leadership on all levels of service industries. The nursing profession in South Africa has produced several significant leaders, of whom Sister Henriëtta Stockdale and Professor Charlotte Searle are prime examples. However, research reports indicate that the profession is currently undergoing a crisis with regard to nursing service management. It is assumed that the nursing profession of South Africa is experiencing a leadership crisis. It seems as if there are not sufficient new leaders to replace those who retire from the profession--which means that leadership development is inadequate in the profession. Only a few South African research projects have been undertaken with regard to leadership in the nursing profession. However, the process of leadership practice in nursing has never been researched in South Africa. In this paper a provisional model is presented for leadership practice in nursing, which is developed and based on a Judeo-Christian-philosophical approach. The dimensions and assumptions of nursing leadership practice will be discussed, whereafter the dynamics of nursing leadership will be highlighted. Finally the process of leadership will be described by suggesting four leadership actions, each with its own principles, prerequisites and assumptions. It is recommended that this provisional model be exposed to reliability and validity control measures, to develop a final model for nursing leadership.

Health Services Needs and Demand↗
PubMed1997

Problems and pitfalls in thyroid cytology.

When performing fine-needle aspiration of the thyroid, the limitations of the technique must be considered and one must keep an open mind when examining the cytologic specimen. It is also important to develop a philosophy for handling the occasional difficult "gray zone" case. Some cases will be at the border of normal and abnormal and a philosophical approach concerning how to handle these problem cases is useful. One approach is to "play it safe" and classify as "suspicious" any lesion that clearly does not fit into a benign category. Sometimes, a discussion with clinicians about the degree of suspicion is appropriate, and minimally suspicious lesions might be followed up unless clinical indications point toward surgery. An intermediate to strong degree of cytologic suspicion usually mandates surgical exploration. Undoubtedly, we will continue to refine our diagnostic abilities in fine-needle aspiration cytology of the thyroid. The above discussion reflects the experience of one institution, represents the state of the art as of 1996 and may have to be revised in the near future.

Adenoma↗
PubMed1976

[Acupuncture, Theory and practice].

Trasditional Chinese medicine is based on inductive-synthetic reasoning with regard to all life processes, in contrast to the causal-analytic orientation in our Western medicine. This philosophical approach is based on a system of comparisons (equivalents), referred to as Yin and Yang. Vital functions are seen as "energizing" processes, whereby the acupuncture points and the system of meridians are seen as a means of regulation for this "energy". A disturbed balance in this energy results in illness. The therapy according to the acupuncture method is to acheive a balance in the disturbed flow of energy by means of acupuncture points. By utilizing biophysical methods of measurement, it is possible to prove that a change in this energy takes place. The complex active principle which results in the effectiveness of acupuncture includes neurophysiological, biochemical and biophysical functional processes.

Acupuncture Therapy↗
PubMed1998

A heterodox model of healing.

A heterodox model of healing incorporating the basic dualism of Western philosophy--the world of concrete material substance versus that of thought, ideals, and spirit--is proposed. Such dualism is reflected in Western constructions of healing. An explanatory paradigm model with a horizontal axis representing paradigms of healing from positivism to metaphysics and a vertical axis representing activities of healing from the material to the spiritual was derived from ethnographic work with healers. A health practice model following the same philosophical patterns illustrates reflected American cultural values in the relative positioning of healing modalities from the orthodox biomedical to the most metaphysical or alternative. Examples of specific modalities of healing, many of which are resurfacing with increasing public interest in alternative therapies, are illustrated. This model places biomedicine in the same context as other philosophical approaches to healing as a standard for comparison. Implications for practice and research are discussed.

Culture↗
PubMed1998

The application of traditional martial arts practice and theory to the treatment of violent adolescents.

Components of an effective treatment program for violent adolescents, and the complex problems posed by youth gangs, are discussed. It is proposed that traditionally taught martial arts can provide a useful alternative for such dysfunctional adolescents. The literature on the use of martial arts in the treatment of violence is reviewed, and the program philosophy is described. The program utilizes a commitment to respect and self-control, with an emphasis on leadership and community service using the traditional model of a gentle warrior. Oversight is provided by trained instructors, whose psychological and philosophical approach stresses nonviolence. The program also assists youths in coping with the complexities of an often dysfunctional family environment. Clinical examples detail the application of such a program in specialized martial arts schools, residential treatment, and public school classes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Role of history and philosophy of medicine in the professional formation of a physician: writings of Polish school of philosophy of medicine.

Polish physicians-philosophers tried to find a compromise between medicine as a science and medicine as a healing art. They stated that clinical practice should be transformed into science, bearing in mind that there would be no medicine without the existence of the sick. A perfect physician is a good and wise person and not exclusively a proficient expert. Polish physicians exercised a science that they called philosophy of medicine. It included logic, psychology, and medical ethics. The Polish school claimed that the history of medicine and philosophy of medicine are necessary for future doctors. The historical and philosophical approach makes it possible to recognize the subject of medicine (health, disease, and the sick) and its aim (treatment, restoration of health or just alleviation of suffering). The ethics teaches what values are pursued by medicine, what moral duties a doctor has, and what role model to follow to become a good physician. Placing the sick in the focus of medical interest, the Polish school taught future physicians to see in them suffering fellow men who should be embraced with care, compassion, and Christian charity. Such an approach to the ethical aspect of medical philosophy became incorporated into an education towards humane values, responsibility for ones' life and health in the spirit of the ethics of care.

Education, Medical↗
PubMed1996

Discretionary power, lies, and broken trust: justification and discomfort.

This paper explores the relationship between the bonds of practitioner/patient trust and the notion of a justified lie. The intersection of moral theories on lying which prioritize right action with institutional discretionary power allows practitioners to dismiss, or at least not take seriously enough, the harm done when a patient's trust is betrayed. Even when a lie can be shown to be justified, the trustworthiness of the practitioner may be called into question in ways that neither theories of right action nor contemporary discourse in health care attends to adequately. I set out features of full trustworthiness along Aristotelian lines.

Beneficence↗