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PubMed2006

Parental attachment, parental control, and early development of alcohol use: a longitudinal study.

The authors explored the predictive influence of both parental attachment and parental control on early onset of alcohol consumption in adolescence by use of a longitudinal sample of 1,012 young adolescents. Whether the relationship between parental control and adolescents' drinking is moderated by parental attachment was also examined. Consistent with other studies, attachment and strict control were cross-sectionally related to adolescents' alcohol use at all 3 measurements. However, the longitudinal results of structural equation modeling analyses suggest that a good attachment relationship between parent and child does not prevent adolescents from drinking. In addition, strict control was related to lower engagement in alcohol use. Furthermore, with regard to the moderating effect, parental attachment did not moderate longitudinally the association between parental control and an early development of alcohol use. Implications for further research are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

An action research inquiry into a health visitor parenting programme for parents of pre-school children with behaviour problems.

An action research inquiry into a health visitor parenting programme for parents of pre-school children with behaviour problems Parent education programmes have recently been given a high profile in this country, such provision deemed necessary because of the commonality of children's behaviour problems and because of their potentially far-reaching effects on the child, the family and society. This action research study, undertaken in Scotland, aims to explore a health visitor parenting programme for parents of pre-school children with behaviour problems. Within this study, children with behaviour problems were identified as those whose parents perceived them to have such problems, the children eliciting a wide range of behaviours and to varying degrees. Critical social science is the chosen methodology, since it allows exploration of how people comprehend their social reality. Group interactions were recorded on audio-tape and themes associated with the methodology of enlightenment, empowerment and emancipation were identified. The results of the study demonstrate how a liberating, collaborative approach to parental education can empower mothers, by increasing understanding and raising self-esteem.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Competent parenting: expectations of young parents of counseling on pregnancy and labor].

BACKGROUND: Are expecting parents prepared to change their lifestyle to benefit their unborn child? Do they see a need for more knowledge and competence to be good parents? What are the key expectations with respect to pregnancy, delivery conditions, and infant health care? To answer these questions, a study presented them to expecting and young parents in Germany. METHODS: 123 delivery units were selected to represent the 1120 delivery facilities of Germany identified in 1997 from all accessible sources. 109 participated, and of 7862 distributed questionnaires 5900 (75%) were filled-in completely by parents. RESULTS: Most parents (73%) expect information about pregnancy, birth and child health care in any instance. 25% would request information but only in problem situations. Preferred topics were prevention of diseases of the mother and her child (97%), intra-uterine development, preparation for delivery as well as breastfeeding, and nutrition of the infant (90% each). Although books had been the most frequent source of information, pediatricians, midwives, and gynecologists received the highest scores for satisfaction with their advice. The majority of expecting and new parents wished to get personal advice. For the choice of the delivery place, 59% had consulted friends and relatives, 43% their gynecologist. The most important criteria for their decision were high medical standards (95%), the hospital's attitude towards breast feeding and rooming-in (94% each), as well as the availability of neonatal care (89%). Also of prime interest were mother-child-contact immediately after delivery (99%), and well-rested personnel (96%). CONCLUSIONS: Across social classes, most expecting and new parents see a need of a broad spectrum of topics in health information and education related to pregnancy, delivery and the expected infant. As far as delivery is concerned, most expect a perfect combination of modern medical care and safety on the one hand, and the undisturbed humane experience of the birth on the other.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Children's feelings toward parents in the context of parental disability.

The purpose of the study was to examine the influence of parents' disability on children's feelings toward their parents. The paper focuses on the comparison of children's feelings toward their parents among school-age children with disabled parents (research group, n=45) and without disabled parents (control group, n=46). A two-dimensional approach was used. This approach is based on the assumption that positive and negative dimensions coexist relatively independently, rather than being polar opposites. The results show that positive and negative feelings toward parents coexist among most of the children in both the groups, but the general intensity of feeling toward parents and the discrepancy between the positive and the negative feeling were higher in the research group than in the control group. The research group was found to express more positive and ambivalent feelings and fewer negative and indifferent feelings than the control group. Moderator effects of age on these feelings in both groups were found as well. The implications of the research findings are discussed and future research is recommended.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Sibling comparison of differential parental treatment in adolescence: gender, self-esteem, and emotionality as mediators of the parenting-adjustment association.

This study employs findings from social comparison research to investigate adolescents' comparisons with siblings with regard to parental treatment. The sibling comparison hypothesis was tested on a sample of 516 two-child families by examining whether gender, self-esteem, and emotionality-which have been found in previous research to moderate social comparison-also moderate sibling comparison as reflected by siblings' own evaluations of differential parental treatment. Results supported a moderating effect for self-esteem and emotionality but not gender. The sibling comparison process was further examined by using a structural equation model in which parenting toward each child was associated with the adjustment of that child and of the child's sibling. Evidence of the "sibling barricade" effect-that is, parenting toward one child being linked with opposite results on the child's sibling as on the target child-was found in a limited number of cases and interpreted as reflecting a sibling comparison process. For older siblings, emotionality and self-esteem moderated the sibling barricade effect but in the opposite direction as predicted. Results are discussed in terms of older siblings' increased sensitivity to parenting as well as the report of differential parenting reflecting the child's level of comfort and benign understanding of differential parenting, which buffers the child against environmental vicissitudes evoking sibling comparison processes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Identifying children at high somatic risk: possible effects on the parents' views of the child's health and parents' relationship to the pediatric health services.

Country-wide neonatal screening for alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency (ATD) was discontinued due to clinical observations of negative psychological effects on the parents. In a subsequent systematic study, hypotheses of long-term negative effects on the parents' views of the child's health and on the parents' relationship to the pediatric services were tested by comparing these characteristics in parents with a child with ATD versus control parents, studied through interviews in the home. The identification of the ATD was found to have had negatively influenced the parents' view of the child's general health, but no evidence was found of increased parental anxiety regarding the child's current health or emotional dependence on medical personnel, of increased (reported) usage of pediatric services, or of more negative attitudes toward the pediatric services.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Comparison of parent and student responses to asthma surveys: students grades 3-12 and their parents from a suburban private school setting.

Schools are being called upon to help address asthma, a common problem in school-aged children. School-based asthma programs need information about asthma diagnoses, asthma symptoms, and asthma's impact on school attendance. Parent or student surveys are the most common method of collecting these data. However, medical literature offers little guidance to help schools determine whether parents or students are the most appropriate and effective source of asthma-related information. This study compares student and parent responses to the same set of asthma-related questions. In general, parents and students have a high level of agreement in reporting the absence of an asthma diagnosis or asthma symptoms. When parents and students disagreed, students reported many more asthmalike symptoms, especially symptoms with exercise and symptoms at night, than did their parents. The disparity in student and parent symptom reporting did not vary by age of the student. Students appear to provide the most sensitive measure of asthma-related problems.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Evaluating health visitor parenting support: validating outcome measures for parental self-efficacy.

Parenting support has become an increasing feature of child health services within the United Kingdom but typically, outcome measures available for testing the effectiveness of parenting interventions have been developed and validated elsewhere. This article reports the results of a feasibility study testing the Parenting Self-Agency Measure (PSAM) and subscales from the Self-Efficacy for Parenting Tasks Index (SEPTI) as outcome measures for UK-based parenting support programmes. Forty-six mothers and 10 fathers accessing routine health visitor and school nurse services participated in the test-re-test of the scales and commented separately on the acceptability of scale questions. Very large intra-class correlation results indicated good repeatability but alpha coefficient scores and factor analysis results suggest that UK respondents may not recognize SEPTI subscales items as measuring single dimensions. The PSAM was a more stable measure of parenting self-beliefs than the SEPTI subscales when tested with a UK sample of parents.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Depressive symptoms, DSM-IV alcohol abuse and their comorbidity among children of problem drinkers in a national survey: effects of parent and child gender and parent recovery status.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to estimate the risk of depressive symptoms, DSM-IV alcohol abuse and their comorbidity among children of problem drinkers (COPDs) in college and the effects of parent and child gender and parent drinking status on outcomes and on COPDs' treatment utilization. METHOD: The study population was a nationally representative sample of 27,430 college students from 119 4-year colleges who completed survey questionnaires for the Harvard College Alcohol Study in 1997 and 1999. Logistic regression was used to estimate the psychiatric outcomes and patterns of treatment/counseling. RESULTS: COPDs who reported that their parents were active problem drinkers were at increased risk of depressive symptoms, DSM-IV alcohol abuse and their comorbidity. Female children of active problem drinkers (CAPDs) were at increased risk of depressive symptoms (odds ratio [OR] = 1.57,p < .01) and comorbidity of depressive symptoms and alcohol abuse (OR = 2.09, p < .01). Male CAPDs were at risk of depressive symptoms (OR = 1.69, p < .05) only. Stratified analysis by both parent and child gender revealed that depressive symptoms among female COPDs were affected by both paternal and maternal drinking, whereas among their male counterparts depressive symptoms were present only when the affected parent was the father. Male children of recovered problem drinkers were more likely to seek and receive psychiatric treatment/counseling than male CAPDs. CONCLUSIONS: The psychiatric risk of COPDs varied by respondent and parent gender, and by whether the affected parent was reported to be actively disordered or in recovery. The results highlight the importance of early and gender-specific interventions for COPDs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Parental presence in the dental operatory-parent's point of view.

Parental presence in the dental operatory is considered a controversial issue and majority of dentists prefer mothers not to be present in the operatory while the child receives dental care. Very few studies have focussed on the parental' point of view. The present study was carried out to find out the attitudes of parents towards being present determine in the operatory during dental procedure and also to determine if willingness to be present was influenced by variables like age, sex, order of the child among siblings and previous dental behavior. Data was collected from 1350 parents using a questionnaire designed by the authors. In the present study, 78.3% of parents expressed their willingness to be present with the child during dental procedures. The study also showed that parents of younger children were more likely to be willing to be present in the operatory and as age advanced, the percentage of parents willing to be present in the operatory decreased.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

The relationship between parenting styles and young adults' self-concepts and evaluations of parents.

In the present study, 123 college students were surveyed in order to assess their self-concepts, evaluations of parents, and perceptions of their parents' parenting styles. Notably, the students' self-concepts were found to vary directly with perceived level of parental warmth, but did not vary as a function of their parents' level of restrictiveness. Fathers and mothers were found to be rated more highly if they were perceived as being warm and permissive rather than hostile and restrictive. Finally, opposite-sex parents' level of warmth also correlated with how each parent was evaluated. Some explanations for these findings are offered.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Children aged 10-17 of endogenous unipolar depressive parents and of normal parents. I. Psychopathology rate and relationship of the severity of the psychopathology to familial and environmental variables.

Seventy two children aged 10-17 of 42 endogenous unipolar depressive parents (proband children) and 72 children aged 10-17 of 66 normal parental couples (control children) were studied. Overall rate of psychopathology (disorders present at the time of investigation and one year before) reached 51% in proband children and 29% in control children. Depressive disorder rate reached 10% in proband children and 4% in control children. The sex of the depressive parent did not influence the psychopathology rate in offspring, while the early age of onset of the illness (under 30 years) in parent increased the psychopathology risk in children. The severity of the psychopathology in children defined as functional impairment was significantly dependent on the severity of the depressive illness in proband parent, the presence of psychopathology in the spouse of the depressive parent, the presence of psychopathology in the relatives of both parents, the socio-cultural level of the family and the violence expressed in the familial atmosphere.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Parent-nurse collaboration: using the caregiver identity emergence phases to assist parents of hospitalized children with disabilities.

Twenty-three parents of hospitalized or recently hospitalized children aged 2 to 13 years and with cognitive impairments and a variety of disabling conditions were recruited to participate in a qualitative study exploring parental caregiving experiences. A substantive theory, caregiving identity emergence, was generated from the data. An inadvertent, developmental identity emergence process and trajectory were described by the parents. The theory generated in this study proposes that parental caregiving characteristics are acquired systematically as parents incorporate new knowledge and alter their behaviors to manage caregiving responsibilities. The focus of this article is on how the characteristics of the parent caregiver described in the findings of the study provide basic background information about parental caregiving from which pediatric nurses can formulate facilitative interventions to create caregiving partnerships.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Influence of parent and child characteristics on a parent-based intervention to reduce unsafe sun practices in children 9 to 12 years old.

OBJECTIVE: To identify familial characteristics that may have influenced the effectiveness of a parent-based intervention to reduce unsafe sun practices in children aged 9 to 12 years (fourth through sixth grades). DESIGN: Randomized control design with a 30-day follow-up. SETTING: Participants were recruited from 2 distinct regions in the United States: southern Idaho and eastern Tennessee. PARTICIPANTS: Three hundred forty children were assigned to the experimental group in which the parents received the intervention materials. One hundred twenty-nine respondents were assigned to the control group. INTERVENTION: The intervention provided materials that encouraged parents to communicate skin cancer risks, promote sun-safe behaviors, and discourage high-risk sun-related behaviors. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Outcome measures included sunburn frequencies, sunburn severity, and sunbathing tendencies. The moderator variables were positive characteristics of the parent-child relationship, levels of negative communication, parental monitoring, and child compliance. RESULTS: Sunburn frequency, sunburn severity, and sunbathing tendencies were most effectively reduced when the quality of the parent-child relationship was high, the child exhibited high levels of compliance, and there were low levels of negative communication. CONCLUSION: The findings of this study provide evidence that parents can be viable change agents for child behaviors and that the quality of the family relationship is critical to the success of such interventions.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Responsive parenting: an approach to training parents of problem children.

Two behavior modification groups for parents of problem children between the ages of two and ten were conducted along the lines of the Responsive Teaching Model. The two groups met for 10 and 8 weeks, respectively, with six families represented in each group. In Responsive Parenting (RP), parents are taught to observe and measure their children's problematic behavior. Subsequently, each parent develops a home project designed to modify this behavior; 11 of the 12 parents developed a successful home project. In addition, the attendance was approximately 90% and the completion of weekly assignments was close to 100%. Paper-and-pencil measures revealed that the parents were very satisfied with the parent-training group and rated their children as improved on a bipolar adjective checklist. These results are discussed with regard to implications for the delivery of mental health services for children. Future research directions are delineated.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Parent training for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: its impact on parent functioning.

This study examined changes in parent functioning resulting from parental participation in a behavioral parent training (PT) program specifically designed for school-aged children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Relative to wait list controls, subjects who completed the nine-session PT program showed significant posttreatment gains in both child and parent functioning, which were maintained 2 months after treatment. In particular, there were PT-induced reductions in parenting stress and increases in parenting self-esteem, which accompanied parent-reported improvements in the overall severity of their child's ADHD symptoms. In addition to their statistical importance, these findings are discussed in terms of their clinical significance, utilizing methods developed by Jacobson and Truax (1991).

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗
PubMed2006

Mothers' beliefs about knowledge, child development, and parenting strategies: expanding the goals of parenting programs.

This study examined the relationship between mothers' beliefs about knowledge (epistemology) and conceptions of child development and parent-child communication strategies. One hundred twenty mothers of preschool-aged children completed the Ways of Knowing measure and Parent Communication Strategies Interview; a subset of 38 also completed the Concepts of Development Questionnaire. Analyses revealed that mothers with more complex understanding of knowledge have less categorical and more multi-faceted conceptions of child development and are more likely to endorse parenting strategies that are less authoritarian and more cognitively challenging for children. EDITOR'S STRATEGIC IMPLICATIONS: Prevention programs designed to promote constructive parenting should foster parents' epistemological development (which guide beliefs and practices) rather than dwell on individual parent behaviors. The authors continue to develop the promising practice of tailoring interventions on the basis of parents' personal belief systems (see also Burns & Bond, 2004).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

The most important needs of parents of critically ill children: parents' perceptions.

Research studies have identified the needs of relatives when they have had an adult family member in the intensive care unit. However little similar work has been done within the paediatric setting. Therefore the aim of this study was to examine what parents considered to be their most important needs, when they have a child ill in the intensive care environment (PICU). A questionnaire was designed, and was distributed to parents of 30 children admitted into a PICU. The questionnaire identified needs items which may be important to parents of sick children. The parents were required to indicate how important each need was to them during the time of the child's stay in the PICU. Results obtained indicate that parents have a strong need for information and relief of anxieties that they may have about their child's condition. A conclusion reached in this study is that if the critical care staff can go some way to assess and meet the needs of parents of critically ill children, then these parents may be more able to become effective partners in care, which may have therapeutic effects upon the child's health recovery.

Adult↗