Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “PSYCHOSES”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 343 records · Page 19Linked to original sources
PubMed1980

[Hypoxia in acute exogenous psychoses and its treatment].

The paper concerns an examination of external respiration and blood oxygen functions in 82 patients with alcoholic delirium and in 44 patients with the delirious syndrome due to an acute poisoning by carbon monoxide. It was demonstrated that hypoxia is an important link in the pathogenesis of acute intoxication psychoses. A significant role in the formation of the psychotic symptomatology is played by the degree and type of hypoxia. All patients were given oxygen by different routes of administration: subcutaneous (28 cases), by inhalation at normal barometric pressure (60 cases), by hyperbaric oxygenation (39 cases). It was demonstrated that the most efficacious method of arresting hypoxia of any origin is hyperbaric oxygenation which may be recommended for the treatment of acute alcoholic and carbon monoxide psychoses.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1995

[Clinical aspects and follow-up of dopamine-induced psychoses in continuous dopaminergic therapy and their implications for the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenic symptoms].

We present the case reports of 11 Parkinsonian patients who developed acute psychosis under continuous dopaminergic stimulation. Psychopathologically, two of the patients mainly suffered from organic hallucinosis, while nine patients showed the clinical symptoms of delirium. The clinical course and psychopathological findings in these patients did not differ from other acute organic psychoses. However, the symptoms of these dopaminergically induced psychoses varied significantly from the psychopathological findings of paranoid schizophrenic patients who were regularly treated and evaluated in our clinic. These differences in symptoms and clinical course of dopamine-induced and schizophrenic psychosis do not support the hypothesis that the pathogenesis of schizophrenic symptoms can be explained only by a hyperfunction of dopaminergic transmission. Instead, the involvement of other neurotransmitter system must be considered in order to explain the pathogenesis of schizophrenic symptoms on a neurobiological level.

Aged↗
PubMed1993

[General aspects of the diagnostic process in acute organic psychoses].

Following the Central European tradition of the triad system of psychiatry of Kurt Schneider (I. Abnormal Reactions/Personalities, II. Acute/Chronic Organic Psychosis, III. Schizophrenia/Cyclothymia) (19) a series of 210 cases of acute organic psychoses was collected. In contrast to DSM-III and in accord with W.A. Lishman (10), this series comprises not only delirium, but the entire range of impairments of consciousness from the "Durchgangssyndrom" of H.H. Wieck (24) to clouding of consciousness and coma, twilight states or apallic syndromes. From this series we present some elementary quantitative data concerning the age distribution of different etiologies, that are generally considered helpful in the diagnostic process. In contrast to this opinion, a single case of bromazepam-induced delirium shows: The anamnesis may be misleading, the general and neurological examination as well as the radiological, laboratory and electrophysiological tests could be insignificant. The essential diagnostic tool is the descriptive or phenomenological psychopathological observation. Compared to it, the general data of the age distribution of different etiologies of organic psychoses are of comparably little help in making a diagnosis. Artificial intelligence and medical expert systems are set out to replace the diagnosis of the physician. Eliminative materialistic neuroscience is set out to replace old-fashioned descriptive psychopathology by quantitative electrical and chemical data. Through the method of systematically confronting general quantitative data with suitably chosen single cases it should be possible to find out essential differences between general reductionist statements and the properties of complex qualitative phenomena like the individual human mind.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

[The characteristics of the changes in the blood enzyme activity of patients with acute alcoholic psychoses].

The serum activity of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, glutamate dehydrogenase, gamma-glutamyl transferase and creatinine kinase was studied in 81 patients with chronic alcoholism and 31 patients with alcoholic psychoses. Eighty-one healthy apparently non-drinkers served as a control group. It is concluded that when acute alcoholic psychoses develop, patients with chronic alcoholism display a simultaneous increase in the activity of enzymes releasing from damaged muscular and hepatic tissues. This makes the application of a number of the diagnostic criteria developed in classical clinical enzymology impossible. The phenomenon of concurrent increases in the activity of creatine kinase, aspartate aminotransferase and glutamate dehydrogenase by 4 times or more has been proposed to be used as a criteria for identifying alcoholic psychosis in alcoholics.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1979

Long-term outcome of major psychoses. I. Schizophrenia and affective disorders compared with psychiatrically symptom-free surgical conditions.

We conducted a 30- to 40-year field follow-up of 685 patients with schizophrenia, affective disorders, and nonpsychiatric conditions. Long-term outcome was analyzed in terms of the patients' marital, residential, occupational, and psychiatric status. On the whole, psychiatric patients showed a significantly poorer outcome than the surgical controls. On the basis of long-term outcome, schizophrenia, and affective disorders, selected according to the specified research criteria, were significantly different: schizophrenia definitely showed poorer outcome than affective disorders. However, no significant differences in all four outcome variables were found between mania and depression. We hope that the present data on long-term outcome of the typical cases can be used to compare outcome of other psychiatric disorders, such as undiagnosed psychoses, having mixtures of schizophrenic and affective features. In doing this, we hope to charify our understanding of undiagnosed psychoses and their relationship to schizophrenia and affective disorders.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Skeletal muscle MAO activity in the major psychoses. Relationship with platelet and plasma MAO activities.

The skeletal muscle MAO activity of schizophrenics and patients with bipolar and unipolar affective psychoses was lower than that of normal controls. Both platelet and plasma MAO activity was significantly lower in the schizophrenics and patients with undiagnosed psychoses than in the normal controls. Platelet and plasma MAO activities were not correlated with skeletal muscle MAO activity. Both human platelet and skeletal muscle MAO are type B MAO and have similar kinetic constants. The decrease in skeletal muscle MAO activity in various types of psychotic patients is consistent with previous suggestions based on platelet studies that low MAO activity may be a nonspecific factor contributing to the development of different forms of psychopathology. Since total skeletal muscle MAO activity is the largest source of MAO in the body, it is possible that the decrease in muscle MAO activity may lead to excessive quantities of biogenic amines that could adversely affect neural activity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

DRD4 exon 3 variants associated with delusional symptomatology in major psychoses: a study on 2,011 affected subjects.

We previously reported an association of DRD4 exon3 long allele variants with delusional symptomatology independently from diagnoses. The aim of this investigation was to study DRD4 in major psychoses and to test the association in a larger sample. We studied 2,011 inpatients affected by bipolar disorder (n = 811), major depressive disorder (n = 635), schizophrenia (n = 419), delusional disorder (n = 104), psychotic disorder not otherwise specified (n = 42), and 601 healthy controls. A subsample of 1,264 patients were evaluated using the OPCRIT checklist and differences of symptomatology factor scores among genetic variants were assessed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). DRD4 allele and genotype frequencies in bipolars, schizophrenics, delusionals, and psychotic NOS were not significantly different from controls; major depressives showed a trend toward an excess of DRD4*Short and DRD4*Short/Short variants versus controls. The ANOVA on factor scores in the whole subsample of 1,264 subjects showed a significant difference on delusion factor in allele analysis (P = 0.007), and in genotype one (P = 0.018), with DRD4*Long containing variants associated with severe symptomatology. The analysis in the replication subjects only (n = 803) showed a trend in the same direction, though not reaching the significance level. This analysis in an enlarged sample suggests that DRD4*Long alleles exert a small but significant influence on the delusional symptomatology in subjects affected by major psychoses.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Post-traumatic psychoses.

The incidence of post-traumatic psychoses can be appraised as 3-4 per cent in the adults who suffered a head injury. Post-traumatic psychoses appear as not directly provoked by the head injury but rather as precipitated by it, usually in young male patients with previous psychological disturbances which were more or less compensated formerly. In half the cases, the psychosis described as an acute delusional state totally disappears after a few days or weeks.

Brain Damage, Chronic↗
PubMed1988

The causes of functional psychoses as seen by patients and their relatives. I. The patients' point of view.

Patients' concepts of the causes of their functional psychoses were investigated by means of an open-ended question and a 30-item checklist. While patients, like professional experts, endorsed a multifactorial aetiological concept, they clearly favoured psychosocial explanations over biological ones. There was some variation according to diagnosis, with schizophrenic patients tending to attribute the development of their illness more often to esoteric influences or to their family environment and patients with affective psychoses assuming biological factors or psychosocial stress to be the cause of their illness. The aetiological concepts did not vary with the duration of illness. Our findings do not support the "psychological mindedness" hypothesis, which postulates that there is a greater inclination to adopt psychological explanations among women, younger people, the better educated or people from urban areas as compared with men, older people, the less educated or people from rural areas.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Play in assessment and intervention in the childhood psychoses.

Diagnostic and therapeutic uses of play in the childhood psychoses are described. A play procedure suitable for consultative use with children is outlined, and research relating to identification of subgroups of childhood psychoses is reviewed. Case vignettes are employed to illustrate differential therapeutic uses of play with subgroups.

Autistic Disorder↗
PubMed1995

A set of male monozygotic triplets with schizophrenic psychoses: nature or nurture?

A set of schizophrenic male monozygotic triplets is described. At age 20 years, within 8 months the three men independently developed acute fulminant schizophrenic disorders (DSM-III-R) with auditory hallucinations, bizarre delusions, and thought disturbances. There were also great similarities between the triplets with regard to the chronic intermittent course of the disorder, impairment of social adjustment, and loss of working ability. The psychoses responded rapidly to conventional neuroleptic treatment. Neuropsychological assessment demonstrated similar marked reductions of attentional, mnestic, and executive functions. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed similar borderline ventricular enlargement and widened subarachnoid spaces over frontoparietal and basal regions as well as around the pituitary gland (empty sella). All the boys also had a right-sided hearing defect with a marked reduction of the ossicular bones on the right side. Possible clues as to etiological mechanisms were the lack of reported family history for the disorder and a possible influenza infection in the mother during the first trimester. It is suggested that a DNA aberration being present or occurring at conception initiated a precise time-programmed series of events that produced the very similar schizophrenic phenotypes. Such an aberration might have been induced by an external agent, occurred spontaneously, or been inherited by a recessive mechanism. It seems possible that the psychoses, the reductions of neuropsychological functions, the morphological MRI changes, and the right-sided ossicular reductions may all be related to such a DNA alteration.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Psychosocial and biological aspects of acute brief psychoses in three developing country sites.

This study explored biological as well as psychosocial contributions to the incidence of acute brief psychoses in three developing country sites. The samples were taken from the five year follow-up data of the International Pilot Study of Schizophrenia sites in Ibadan, Nigeria and Agra, India, and from the Determinants of Outcome of Severe Mental Disorders rural Chandigarh site. Baseline narratives of the cases and controls were reviewed and rated for presence or absence of three exposures: fever, departure from or return to parental village (women), and job distress (men). Results showed an association between fever and acute brief psychosis in all three sites. There was an association between acute brief psychosis and departure from or return to the parental village among women in all sites, and among men, an association between job distress and acute brief psychosis was noted in Ibadan and Agra. These findings suggest that psychosocial and biological factors such as these three exposures merit further research to clarify their roles in the etiology of acute brief psychoses.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2002

[Altered perception of temporal relations in schizophrenic psychoses].

Basic perceptual skills involving the central nervous system require the orderly temporal integration of internal as well as external information. Current research in schizophrenia increasingly centers on the accompanying neurocognitive deficits. In association with schizophrenic psychoses, there have been frequent reports of altered temporal processes, but explicit research on the perception of temporal relationship is still rare. Using concrete operationalized neuropsychological procedures, the present pilot study addressed the question whether schizophrenic patients (n = 27) differ from a healthy control group (n = 18) concerning their ability to judge correctly the temporal order of visual stimuli. We found a significant impairment in basal temporal perception among patients. Moderating variables such as antipsychotic medication, attention deficits, or motivation effects did not appear to be essential explanatory factors for this finding. Thus, our findings indicate a fundamental disturbance in the temporal coordination of neuronal network functions in association with schizophrenic psychoses and are in line with neurophysiological, neuroanatomical, and neuropsychological overlappings of schizophrenia and temporal perception.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

[Comparative study of life quality in patients with cycloid and schizophrenic psychoses].

BACKGROUND: Cycloid psychoses represent a nosological entity not adequately recognised by contemporary psychiatry. They show full recovery after each episode and thus have a favourable prognosis. METHODS: Course, psychiatric status, social function, and quality of life (QoL) of 33 patients with cycloid psychosis and 44 schizophrenics were compared (CGI, PANSS, GAF, Strauss-Carpenter,WHOQOL-BREF).Also, 48 controls were asked to rate their QoL. RESULTS: The schizophrenics developed symptoms earlier in life (P=0.009) and were hospitalized longer (P=0.001) and more frequently(P=0.01) than patients with cycloid psychosis. The latter showed better scores in the applied scales (P<0.0001). In QoL measures, cycloid psychotic patients were more satisfied than schizophrenic patients in three of four domains(P<0.01). Only in one domain did they differ from controls (P<0.01). CONCLUSION: Cycloid psychoses display better course, outcome, and QoL than schizophrenia.Thus, they appear to present a useful concept deserving more clinical and scientific attention.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Neurotrophic factors and the maldevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenic psychoses. Review article.

The maldevelopmental model of schizophrenia postulates pathological alterations in embryonal neurogenesis as the etiopathogenetic basis of schizophrenic psychosis; the neurotrophic factor hypothesis explains these changes as the result of disturbances of processes involving the trophic factors. Neurotransmitter deficits are thereby interpreted as epiphenomena of underlying neurotrophic factor deficacy. The functional systems of the various neurotrophic factors are characterized by complex interaction mechanisms. Both primary genetic alterations, and secondary impairments, induced by exogene noxae, of the receptors and signal transducers associated with neurotrophic factors, as well as of the neurotrophic factors themselves are possible. Preliminary clinical studies indicate that schizophrenic psychoses may be associated with changes in the genetic code of certain neurotrophic factors. Various phenomena typical of the schizophrenic psychoses can be interpreted according to the neurotrophic factor hypothesis.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A bidimensional model for diagnosis and classification of functional psychoses.

Considering the major nosographies since Kraepelin, we underline the stability of the two classical functional psychoses and the difficulties in defining a satisfying classification of the intermediate forms. In an attempt to overcome the dichotomic view of the two traditional psychoses we propose a bidimensional model that is based on prototype descriptions of typical schizophrenic and affective disorders and allows the systematization of the intermediate forms. The advantages of this model are discussed with reference to therapy and prognosis and with regard to its relationship with clinical reality.

Bipolar Disorder↗
PubMed1980

Seasonality of the episodes of recurrent affective psychoses. Possible prophylactic interventions.

This study is an attempt to ascertain whether evidence for seasonal variations of the episodes of recurrent affective psychoses can be found in patients in Greece. Due allowance has been made for the fact that different socio-cultural and above all climatological factors prevail in Greece as opposed to other countries, which might be relevant in the phenomenon of seasonality. The seasonal distribution of the psychotic episodes, either depressive or manic, has been examined for 533 patients with various forms of affective psychoses, admitted to and treated in the State Mental Hospital of Athens, Greece, during the last 50 years. Statistically significant seasonal variation with peaks in spring was found for both depressive and manic episodes of various subgroups of patients, divided according to the I.C.D.-9.

Affective Disorders, Psychotic↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Variable expression in the functional psychoses. A comparison with Huntington's disease.

The variability in presentation and the interaction between age of onset, symptomatology and the calculation of penetrance in Huntington's disease is used as a framework within which to consider whether the various presentations of the functional psychoses could be different manifestations of the effects of a single gene. The phenomenon of the biotype, i.e., the tendency for family members to resemble each other in symptomatology in a manner which is too variable within families to be explained by either genetic or allelic heterogeneity but which is too stable within families to be explained by random variation, is clearly demonstrable in Huntington's disease. In families with multiple cases of psychosis, the tendency for the diagnosis in the proband to prevail in other affected individuals together with the possible occurrence in yet other individuals of different diagnostic categories at above chance levels may also be an example of the biotype phenomenon. While genetic heterogeneity in the functional psychoses probably also occurs, the possible variation in expression of single genes predicts that the correspondence between different genes and diagnostic subtypes would be limited.

Bipolar Disorder↗