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At least 343 records · Page 19Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

Robot printing of reverse dot blot arrays for human mutation detection.

We report on a generally useful, partially automated, human mutation detection method based upon printing moderate density oligonucleotide arrays using a biorobot on activated nylon membranes. The Beckman Biomek 2000 was adapted to this task through fabrication of aluminum membrane filter holders and the development of an addressable Tool Command Language (Tcl) program, which can be invoked through BioScript. During program execution, a robot arm is moved along the x, y, and z axes to expel liquid, without dripping, from disposable barrier pipette tips and then to touch the drops on preactivated membranes. Printed arrays consist of alternating rows of oligonucleotides containing normal and mutant sequences. Hybridization of biotin labeled polymerase chain reaction products derived from human patient genomic DNA samples are visualized using chemiluminescent or chromogenic indicators. This technique allows unequivocal genotyping of 32 mutations at the beta-thalassemia locus (11p15.5) and of 34 mutations and one polymorphism at the cystic fibrosis transconductance membrane regulator locus (7p35).

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11↗
PubMed2006

Microcontact printing-based fabrication of digital microfluidic devices.

Digital microfluidics is a fluid manipulation technique in which discrete droplets are actuated on patterned arrays of electrodes. Although there is great enthusiasm for the application of this technique to chemical and biological assays, development has been hindered by the requirement of clean room fabrication facilities. Here, we present a new fabrication scheme, relying on microcontact printing (microCP), an inexpensive technique that does not require clean room facilities. In microCP, an elastomeric poly(dimethylsiloxane) stamp is used to deposit patterns of self-assembled monolayers onto a substrate. We report three different microCP-based fabrication techniques: (1) selective etching of gold-on-glass substrates; (2) direct printing of a suspension of palladium colloids; and (3) indirect trapping of gold colloids from suspension. In method 1, etched gold electrodes are used for droplet actuation; in methods 2 and 3, colloid patterns are used to seed electroless deposition of copper. We demonstrate, for the first time, that digital microfluidic devices can be formed by microCP and are capable of the full range of digital microfluidics operations: dispensing, merging, motion, and splitting. Devices formed by the most robust of the new techniques were comparable in performance to devices formed by conventional methods, at a fraction of the fabrication time. These new techniques for digital microfluidics device fabrication have the potential to facilitate expansion of this technology to any research group, even those without access to conventional microfabrication tools and facilities.

Biocompatible Materials↗
PubMed2005

Advances in single-molecule magnet surface patterning through microcontact printing.

We present an implementation of strategies to deposit single-molecule magnets (SMMs) using microcontact printing microCP). We describe different approaches of microCP to print stripes of a sulfur-functionalized dodecamanganese (III, IV) cluster on gold surfaces. Comparison by atomic force microscopy profile analysis of the patterned structures confirms the formation of a chemically stable single layer of SMMs. Images based on chemical contrast, obtained by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry, confirm the patterned structure.

Crystallization↗
PubMed2005

Replica multichannel polymer chips with a network of sacrificial channels sealed by adhesive printing method.

Replica microchips for capillary array electrophoresis containing 10 separation channels (50 microm width, 50 microm depth and 100 microm pitch) and a network of sacrificial channels (100 microm width and 50 microm depth) were successfully fabricated on a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) substrate by injection molding. The strategy involved development of moving mask deep X-ray lithography to fabricate an array of channels with inclined channel sidewalls. A slight inclination of channel sidewalls, which can not be fabricated by conventional deep X-ray lithography, is highly required to ensure the release of replicated polymer chips from a mold. Moreover, the sealing of molded PMMA multichannel chips with a PMMA cover film was achieved by a novel bonding technique involving adhesive printing and a network of sacrificial channels. An adhesive printing process enables us to precisely control the thickness of an adhesive layer, and a network of sacrificial channels makes it possible to remove air bubbles and an excess adhesive, which are crucial to achieving perfect sealing of replica PMMA chips with well-defined channel and injection structures. A CCD camera equipped with an image intensifier was used to simultaneously monitor electrophoretic separations in ten micro-channels with laser-induced fluorescence detection. High-speed and high-throughput separations of a 100 bp DNA ladder and phi X174 Hae III DNA restriction fragments have been demonstrated using a 10-channel PMMA chip. The current work establishes the feasibility of mass production of PMMA multichannel chips at a cost-effective basis.

Adhesives↗
PubMed1998

Microbial communities of printing paper machines.

The microbial content of printing paper machines, running at a temperature of 45-50 degrees C and at pH 4.5-5, was studied. Bacteria were prevalent colonizers of the machine wet end and the raw materials. A total of 390 strains of aerobic bacteria were isolated and 86% of these were identified to genus and species by biochemical, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic methods. The most common bacteria found at the machine wet end were Bacillus coagulans and other Bacillus species, Burkholderia cepacia, Ralstonia pickettii, and in pink slimes, accumulating in the wire area and press section, species of Deinococcus, aureobacterium and Brevibacterium. Paper-making chemicals also contained species of Aureobacterium, B. cereus, B. licheniformis, B. sphaericus, Bordetella, Hydrogenophaga, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pantoea agglomerans, Pseudomonas stutzeri, Staphylococcus and sometimes other enteric bacteria, but these did not colonize the process water. Yeasts and moulds were not present in significant numbers. A total of 131 strains were tested for their potential to degrade paper-making raw materials; 91 strains were found to have degradative activity, mainly species of Burkholderia and Ralstonia, Sphingomonas and Bacillus, and enterobacteria produced enzymes which degraded paper-making chemicals. Stainless steel adhering strains occurred in slimes and wire water and were identified as Burkholderia cepacia, B. coagulans and Deinococcus geothermalis. Coloured slimes were formed on the machine by species of Deinococcus, Acinetobacter and Methylobacterium (pink), Aureobacterium, Pantoea and Ralstonia (yellowish) and Microbulbifer-related strains (brown). The impact of the strains and species found in the printing paper machine community on the technical quality of paper, machine operation, and as a potential biohazard (Hazard Group 2 bacteria), is discussed.

Bacteria↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A register-epidemiology study on cancer among Swedish printing industry workers.

The Swedish Cancer Environment Registry, a population-based Cancer Registry, has been supplemented with 1960 census data on occupation and industry. This information system was used to generate hypotheses on occupational high-cancer-risk groups and to discuss some methodological problems connected with register epidemiology. By successive exclusion of parts of the original population of printing industry workers with excess risks of lung and cervical cancer it was possible to consider similarities and differences between subgroups. Risk estimates from three different standardization methods agreed well for populations with more than 50 cases. Regional adjustment helped arrive at interpretable risk estimates. The excess risk of cervical cancer disappeared when gainfully employed persons and blue-collar workers were used for reference. After the exclusion procedure there was an excess risk of lung cancer among typographers and lithographers in printing enterprises, especially in some birth-cohorts, due possibly to working exposure environment.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1982

Exposure to isophorone and other organic solvents in a screen printing plant.

A study was conducted in a screen printing plant to determine the exposure of workers to isophorone and other organic solvents. One hundred twenty-four charcoal tube samples were collected from both workers breathing zones and various workplace areas. Sampling times were 50-90 minutes. Maximum mean TWACs of isophorone and cyclohexanone were 23 +/- 5.4 ppm and 28 +/- 5 ppm, respectively, at the breathing zones of printing press workers. Exposure levels for other organic vapors such as cellosolve acetate, butyl acetate, xylenes, diacetone alchohol, and petroleum distillate are also presented. Mean TWACs of personal samples were generally higher than area samples due to proximity of the solvent evaporating surfaces to the workers breathing zones. Mean TWACs for the individual organic vapors did not exceed OSHA Limits. However, the sum of (TWAC/TLV) ratios of organic vapors with additive health effects exceeded unity at the breathing zones of workers handling inks and solvents. Actual 8-hour worker exposures were assumed to be lower because workers were exposed to lower concentrations (about 9/10 of the additive TLVs) in the plant's general atmosphere during non-active periods of the work shift. Recommendations for improvement of working conditions and reduction of exposure levels are made.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed1988

Occupational noise exposure in the printing industry.

The noise exposures of 274 printing production workers in 34 establishments in the New York city area were monitored. Results showed that 43% were exposed to 8-hr time-weighted average (TWA) noise exposures of 85 dBA or greater and that 14% were exposed to 8-hr TWAs of 90 dBA or greater. Within the press department, web press workers were exposed to significantly greater mean 8-hr TWAs than sheetfed press workers. In general, a greater percentage of the workers in the bindery departments were exposed to potentially harmful noise than workers in the press departments. Results of this study indicate that many workers in the printing industry may be at risk of occupational hearing loss. Further research is needed to determine the extent of hearing impairment in this group of workers.

Environmental Exposure↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Biocompatible inkjet printing technique for designed seeding of individual living cells.

Inkjet printers are capable of printing at high resolution by ejecting extremely small ink drops. Established printing technology will be able to seed living cells, at micrometer resolution, in arrangements similar to biological tissues. We describe the use of a biocompatible inkjet head and our investigation of the feasibility of microseeding with living cells. Living cells are easily damaged by heat; therefore, we used an electrostatically driven inkjet system that was able to eject ink without generating significant heat. Bovine vascular endothelial cells were prepared and suspended in culture medium, and the cell suspension was used as "ink" and ejected onto culture disks. Microscopic observation showed that the endothelial cells were situated in the ejected dots in the medium, and that the number of cells in each dot was dependent on the concentration of the cell suspension and ejection frequency chosen. After the ejected cells were incubated for a few hours, they adhered to the culture disks. Using our non-heat-generating, electrostatically driven inkjet system, living cells were safely ejected onto culture disks. This microseeding technique with living cells has the potential to advance the field of tissue engineering.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Occupational exposure to mixtures of organic solvents increases the risk of neurological symptoms among printing workers in Hong Kong.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Summarize the nature and extent of exposure to organic solvents to which printing workers in this study were subjected. Compare the numbers of neurological symptoms in exposed and non-exposed workers and how they related to level of exposure, as defined by specific job title or by air sampling. Clarify the relationship between exposure to organic solvents and individual psychoneurological and other symptoms. ABSTRACT: The health effects of low-dose occupational exposure to organic solvents remains unclear. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 762 male printing workers to assess the impacts of exposure to mixtures of n-hexane, toluene, isopropyl alcohol, and benzene on neurological and other symptoms. After controlling for age, smoking, alcohol drinking, past exposure history, working hours and shift work, current exposure to solvent mixtures was significantly associated with the total number of neurological symptoms and with the prevalence of specific symptoms of the nervous system and mucous membrane irritation. The adjusted odds ratio of neurovegetative lability (1.7-5.9), abnormal or reduced smell (1.6-4.1), memory loss (1.8), and mucous membrane irritation symptoms (1.5-4.6) significantly increased in the exposed group, especially when the summation index of exposure exceeded one.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Different sensitising acrylic monomers in Napp printing plate.

3 chemically pure fractions were isolated from Napp printing plate and subsequently identified by means of nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared spectrophotometry and elemental analysis. 1 of the fractions elicited positive test reactions in 3 Napp-allergic printers, and another fraction also elicited a positive test reaction in 1 of the printers. The 2 allergens were 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate and N,N'-methylene-bis-acrylamide. The 1st of the 2 allergens was also demonstrated in another printing plate, Nyloprint WD.

Acrylamides↗
PubMed2007

Intervention implementation research: an exploratory study of reduction strategies for occupational contact dermatitis in the printing industry.

BACKGROUND: Occupational dermatitis is a problem in the printing industry but can be avoided through adequate protective measures. Research into intervention implementation is fundamental to the success of a formal intervention effectiveness trial. OBJECTIVES: The preliminary testing of four risk reduction strategies for occupationally caused dermatitis, which represent a range of approaches and cost implications. PATIENTS/METHODS: The strategies, the provision of (i) skin checks plus treatment advice; provision of (ii) gloves of the correct type/size plus use of an after-work cream; provision of (iii) information highlighting the problem of occupational dermatitis and (iv) development of a best practice skin care policy, were evaluated over 3 months in two non-randomly selected companies. A post-intervention evaluation into the effectiveness and efficacy of the intervention was also carried out. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: All interventions were found to be acceptable to some extent. No single intervention appeared to be completely effective. The most practical intervention appeared to be the regular use of gloves of the correct type and size. This preliminary intervention study has demonstrated an improvement in the skin condition of workers examined and points towards the need for further testing of risk reduction strategies for the prevention of dermatitis in the printing industry on a much larger scale.

Dermatitis, Occupational↗
PubMed2006

Intervention development in occupational research: an example from the printing industry.

BACKGROUND: Intervention development research is an essential prerequisite of any study that attempts to determine whether specific interventions work to prevent work related injury and illness. METHODS: Focus groups (n = 5) and direct observational studies (n = 21) of printers were used to elicit key issues that would aid the development of subsequent interventions. Transcripts from these were analysed by standard qualitative methods to identify common and related themes. RESULTS: The views of managers differed significantly from those of print workers in a number of areas, and working practices did not always follow policy. The majority of printers did not perceive dermatitis to be a major problem, although many complained of dry hands. Other key results included: the lack of skin care policy in most companies; poor understanding of the nature, causes, and treatment of dermatitis; low priority of dermatitis within health and safety concerns; little or no provision of occupational health services, particularly skin checks; variability in provision of and access to appropriate skin protection; and lack of accessible washing facilities. CONCLUSIONS: As a result it was decided to evaluate the implementation of four INTERVENTIONS: provision of (1) skin checks and treatment advice; (2) gloves of the correct type and size, and use of an after-work cream; (3) information on dermatitis within the printing industry; and (4) development of best practice skin care policy.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed2005

Knowledge, attitude and practice regarding organic solvents among printing workers in Hong Kong.

To find out the prevalence of good knowledge, appropriate attitude and safe practice among printing workers exposed to organic solvents in Hong Kong, and to see if safe practice was influenced by the knowledge of and the attitude towards the harmful effects of organic solvents as well as other factors. The survey was conducted in a sample of 501 male printing workers from 28 factories in Hong Kong. The knowledge of and attitude towards the harmful effects of organic solvents, as well as the good practices adopted by the workers when handling solvents were explored using a questionnaire. Multiple logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify the major factors that influenced the knowledge, attitude and practice of workers. The prevalence of good knowledge, appropriate attitude and safe practice was low, being 20.4%, 38.4% and 22.0% respectively. Good knowledge was positively associated with awareness of the relevant legislation and past drinking behavior and negatively associated with current smoking. Appropriate attitude depended on having good knowledge and younger age. Safe practice did not depend on knowledge and attitude, but was positively associated with being informed of safety precautions and being supplied with chemical information by supervisors. The majority of workers believed that their employers, the Government and other statutory bodies should be responsible for providing information on chemicals, but very few of them actually obtained information from these sources. More workers preferred publications and talks rather than television as the means of obtaining further knowledge on chemicals. Front line supervisors have a pivotal role to play in improving safe practices of workers by informing them of the necessary precautions and supplying the relevant chemical information.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

[Method for simultaneous determination of six metabolites of toluene, xylene and ethylbenzene, and its application to exposure monitoring of workers in a printing factory with gravure machines].

For the biological monitoring of exposure to solvent composed of toluene, xylene, and ethylbenzene used in a printing factory with gravure machines, we developed a HPLC method for the simultaneous determination of urinary metabolites of this solvent, i.e. hippuric acid, o-, m-, and p-methylhippuric acid, mandelic acid and phenylglyoxylic acid. Except for phenylglyoxylic acid, urinary concentrations of the metabolites determined by the present method correlated well with the air concentrations of the respective solvent components. Hence the present method is useful in monitoring solvent exposure. In 91 workers of the printing factory and 53 control subjects, we also determined the concentrations of some phenolic metabolites and confirmed that o-cresol is a useful indicator for monitoring toluene exposure.

Benzene Derivatives↗
PubMed1991

[Changes in visual acuity observed in VDT workers in a printing company].

A yearly ophthalmological examination was carried out in 2 VDT worker groups (A-1 and B-1 groups) and 2 control groups (A-2 and B-2 groups). The 4 groups were as follows; workers routinely engaged in both VDT work and key-punch work at a printing company (A-1 group), researchers or office workers handling VDT irregularly at a chemical company (B-1 group), typesetters at a printing company (A-2 group), and office workers at a chemical company (B-2 group). The examination was commenced in the same year in which the workers of A-1 or B-1 group were introduced to VDT work and was carried out for 3 years. Comparison between the first and the last examination on subjective refractive power showed that all the groups had lower refractive powers in the last examination than the first one. The decrease in A-2 group showed the greatest decrease in refractive power among the 4 groups. The decrease in A-2 group was more severe than in the other 2 groups. Before VDT introduction, the workers of A-1 group had been engaged only in key-punch work. Information on naked visual acuities of A-1 group 3 years before VDT introduction was also obtained and compared with those in the first and the last examination. The ratio of workers with a severe reduction in visual acuity evidently increased after VDT introduction.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed2002

The Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh's 300-year relationship with print on paper.

It is very likely that digital resources will be the primary source materials of the historians of the future. After 550 years, printing on paper is no longer the only means of information transfer. This paper summarises some of the new ways of digitally disseminating medical information before using the example of a Scottish professional society to show the importance of that extraordinarily successful method of information transfer - printing on paper using movable types. The paper aims to show how a seemingly simple, comparatively low technology, process has driven a lot of the decisions of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh and provided a reliable means to document those decisions for over 300 years.

History, 17th Century↗