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PubMed1997

National surveillance of poultry diseases in Lebanon.

From 1992 to mid-1996, a national survey of poultry diseases in Lebanon was conducted. This surveillance included meat breeder, layer breeder, commercial layer and chicken broiler flocks. The history, signs, lesions and laboratory tests of poultry were used in the diagnosis of prevalent poultry diseases. Culture techniques were used to screen for bacterial diseases; serological techniques and, to a lesser extent, culture techniques were used to diagnose viral diseases; and both serological and culture techniques were used to diagnose Mycoplasma infections. The outbreaks of diseases detected in broiler breeder flocks and the number of such flocks experiencing these diseases were as follows: femoral head necrosis (6), egg-drop syndrome (3), reovirus-associated malabsorption syndrome (3), synovitis (Mycoplasma synoviae infection) (7), swollen head syndrome (SHS) (3), tenosynovitis (viral arthritis) (1), lymphoid leukosis (3), avian encephalomyelitis (1), fowl pox (1) and aortic rupture (1). The disease outbreaks detected in layer breeders were as follows: SHS (2), bumble foot (2), egg-drop syndrome (3) and avian infectious bronchitis (IB) (1). The disease outbreaks detected in commercial layer flocks were as follows: egg-drop syndrome (5), avian infectious laryngotracheitis (2), avian IB (nephrogenic strain) (1), malabsorption (1), avian tuberculosis (Mycobacterium avium) (1), Marek's disease (1), fowl pox (1), Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Enteritidis infection (1), salpingitis (1) and Heterakis gallinae infestation (1). The disease outbreaks detected in broiler flocks were as follows: colibacillosis (40), infectious bursal disease (Gumboro disease) (15), malabsorption syndrome (8), avian infectious laryngotracheitis (8), paratyphoids (salmonellosis) (7), femoral head necrosis (8), SHS (6), avian mycoplasmosis (Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection) (6), synovitis (7), avian IB (6), botulism (1), avian encephalomyelitis (1) and gangrenous dermatitis (1). Diseases which occurred and which were reported for the first time in Lebanon were as follows: bumble foot, femoral head necrosis, avian IB (nephrogenic strain), malabsorption syndrome and SHS. This surveillance helped to establish baseline data concerning the predominant poultry diseases in Lebanon. Such information is a prerequisite for future regional and international collaboration to identify the source of the aetiological agents and to control their spread to neighbouring countries.

Adenoviridae Infections↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Fate of phosphorus in dairy wastewater and poultry litter applied on grassland.

Large and repeated manure applications can exceed the P sorption capacity of soil and increase P leaching and losses through subsurface drainage. The objective of this study was to evaluate the fate of P applied with increasing N rates in dairy wastewater or poultry litter on grassland during a 4-yr period. In addition to P recovery in forage, soil-test phosphorus (STP) was monitored at depths to 180 cm in a Darco loamy sand (loamy, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Grossarenic Paleudults) twice annually. A split-plot arrangement of a randomized complete block design comprised four annual N rates (0, 250, 500, and 1000 kg ha(-1)) for each nutrient source on coastal bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] over-seeded with ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L. cv. TAM90). Increasing annual rates of N and P in wastewater and poultry litter increased P removal in forage (P = 0.001). At the highest N rate of each nutrient source, less than 13% of applied P was recovered in forage. The highest N rates delivered 8 times more P in wastewater or 15 times more P in poultry litter than was removed in forage harvests during an average year. Compared with controls, annual P rates up to 188 kg ha(-1) in dairy wastewater did not increase STP concentrations at depths below 30 cm. In contrast, the highest annual P rate (590 kg ha(-1)) in poultry litter increased STP above that of controls at depth intervals to 120 cm during the first year of sampling. Increases in STP at depths below 30 cm in the Darco soil were indicative of excessive P rates that could contribute to nonpoint-source pollution in outflows from subsoil through subsurface drainage.

Animals↗

PubMed2025

Refinement of Poultry Standing in Japan Based on Recent Anthropo-ornithological Perspectives.

Poultry meat and eggs are important sources of high-quality animal protein worldwide. However, poultry in Japan has historically been regarded as a symbolic or spiritual entity more than as a food source, as its roles are deeply embedded in Japanese consciousness and society. Current evidence indicates that chickens first appeared in Japan during the Yayoi period, approximately 2,000 years ago, coinciding with a period of active human migration to the Japanese archipelago. Since then, poultry has played notable roles in Japanese art, literature, mythology, and folktales. Recent advancements in molecular clock analysis or the detection of genomic modifications, such as introgression, deletions, mutations, and viral infection from trace fossil/live samples necessitate the continual revision and refinement of existing theories about human and animal history across several academic disciplines. Therefore, the objective of the present review was to elucidate the distinct and multilayered relationship between humans and poultry in Japan, incorporating recent anthropological and ornithological perspectives.

Anthropology↗

PubMed2005

Evaluation of risk factors for the spread of low pathogenicity H7N2 avian influenza virus among commercial poultry farms.

OBJECTIVE: To identify risk factors associated with the spread of low pathogenicity H7N2 avian influenza (AI) virus among commercial poultry farms in western Virginia during an outbreak in 2002. DESIGN: Case-control study. PROCEDURE: Questionnaires were used to collect information about farm characteristics, biosecurity measures, and husbandry practices on 151 infected premises (128 turkey and 23 chicken farms) and 199 noninfected premises (167 turkey and 32 chicken farms). RESULTS: The most significant risk factor for AI infection was disposal of dead birds by rendering (odds ratio [OR], 73). In addition, age > or = 10 weeks (OR for birds aged 10 to 19 weeks, 4.9; OR for birds aged > or = 20 weeks, 4.3) was a significant risk factor regardless of poultry species involved. Other significant risk factors included use of nonfamily caretakers and the presence of mammalian wildlife on the farm. Factors that were not significantly associated with infection included use of various routine biosecurity measures, food and litter sources, types of domestic animals on the premises, and presence of wild birds on the premises. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that an important factor contributing to rapid early spread of AI virus infection among commercial poultry farms during this outbreak was disposal of dead birds via rendering off-farm. Because of the highly infectious nature of AI virus and the devastating economic impact of outbreaks, poultry farmers should consider carcass disposal techniques that do not require off-farm movement, such as burial, composting, or incineration.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1999

Shrinking membership in the American Society of Animal Science: does the discipline of poultry science give us some clues?

Concerns have been expressed by the American Society of Animal Science (ASAS) leadership about the declining membership in ASAS. I present the viewpoint that the history of the Poultry Science Association (PSA) membership and the elimination of poultry science departments from many land grant universities could be an indication of what the future holds for animal science. I suggest that the industrialization of poultry production has led to a decline in the demand for traditionally trained poultry scientists. Industrialization of swine production is proceeding rapidly, with other animal-based industries showing the same trend. If maintaining a large ASAS membership is indeed a priority, new opportunities must be developed. Equine and companion animal programs offer such possibilities, tapping into a high level of student interest.

Animal Husbandry↗

PubMed2004

The power of tests for bioequivalence in feed experiments with poultry.

Several studies have compared the feeding of genetically modified (GM) grains and conventional grains to poultry. The general conclusion has been that there were no significant differences detected in the biological performance of the birds (i.e., the grains were bioequivalent). However, the question has been posed whether the experimental designs used in the studies had sufficient statistical power to detect treatment differences. The power of tests can be used to determine the ability of an experimental design to detect treatment differences. The definition of statistical power is the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is false and should be rejected. The complement of statistical power is the Type II error (beta). That is, accepting the null hypothesis that there is no difference in treatments when there is one. A priori power analysis can indicate the probability at which the sampling regimen or experiment can actually detect an effect if a difference exists. Post hoc power analysis indicates the sufficiency or the sample size needed for an experiment that has already been conducted. In the current study, the power of tests for experiments published in the literature where significant and nonsignificant differences were reported between control birds and birds fed new feed grains was examined. With some exceptions, the power of tests is rarely formally considered or mentioned in poultry research. The results of the survey of the literature showed, in general, low power of statistical tests for feeding experiments involving non-GM grains or in those cases when GM and non-GM grains were compared in poultry feeding experiments. These results suggest that care needs to be taken when designing experiments for bioequivalence of grains fed to poultry.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1987

Modified extraction 2-thiobarbituric acid method for measuring lipid oxidation in poultry.

A simple and accurate objective test for monitoring lipid oxidation in poultry products is needed. Thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values of cooked poultry meat were determined by a distillation method and by a modified extraction method. Perchloric acid was used in the extraction method to release TBA reactive substances from the meat. The maximum absorption wavelength of the TBA-malonaldehyde complex was 531 nm. The TBA values for cooked chicken and turkey were highly correlated (r = .91) for both the extraction and distillation methods. Sensory scores of warmed-over flavor in precooked poultry were highly correlated with TBA values in both the distillation (r = .83) and extraction (r = .85) methods. Results indicate that the extraction method is faster, easier to perform, and as accurate as the distillation method for monitoring lipid oxidation in poultry.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Growth hormone and insulin-like growth factors in poultry growth: required, optimal, or ineffective?

With a continually expanding market for poultry meat products, increased production demands of as much as 50% by the Year 2000 have been predicted. Indications already exist that this magnitude of expansion is not likely to be met by increased production output and genetic selection alone, and that other methods of improving growth performance per bird via exogenous manipulation of the growth process are needed. Studies in mammalian species clearly demonstrate the importance of growth hormone (GH) and its potential for enhancing productivity in domestic mammals. However, the role of GH in growth of poultry appears to be much more complex. Taken collectively, studies to date indicate that significant, positive effects of GH on growth performance of normal, growing poultry are possible. Expression of such effects appear to be largely contingent on the period of posthatch development (late posthatch being more responsive than early), and the pattern of several key metabolic regulatory hormones resulting in response to GH. Such regulatory hormone responses are largely influenced by the pattern or magnitude of exposure (acute versus chronic) to GH in birds. At this time, the available information on the potential for insulin-like growth factors to enhance growth is limited, and further studies are needed before a definitive role for these peptides in growth and development of poultry can be assigned.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Skeletal problems in poultry: estimated annual cost and descriptions.

This introductory, review presentation is a prologue to four full-length symposium presentations. Estimates of the annual cost of skeletal problems in poultry and definitions of noninfectious skeletal diseases in poultry are the focus of this article. Losses due to skeletal problems in poultry are caused by an increase in mortality and the number of cull birds, increased condemnations from septicemia-toxemia, and more downgrading from the trimming of breasts and legs. Reduced feed conversion and rate of gain also occur. Estimated annual losses in the United States due to skeletal problems are $80 to $120 million in broilers, and $32 to $40 million in turkeys. Eleven skeletal problems in poultry are described, and synonyms, symptoms, and possible causes of each are presented. These diseases include long bone distortion, tibial dyschondroplasia, rickets, spondylolisthesis, degeneration of the femoral head, spraddled legs, chondrodystrophy, osteomyelitis and synovitis, Mycoplasma synoviae infection, viral arthritis, and footpad dermatitis.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Biodegradability and microbial activities during composting of poultry litter.

Poultry litter is composted to reduce odor and pathogens and to improve its quality as a soil amendment. Organic material, e.g., sawdust, is added to increase the C:N ratio to achieve optimum degradation of organic C and retention of N through microbial biomass formation. However, the relative biodegradabilities of the organic material in poultry litter and the amendment are usually not known. Furthermore, it is assumed that as microorganisms metabolize organic compounds and produce CO2, they increase in biomass and, therefore, retain N. In this study, bench-scale compost reactors were used to determine the relative contributions of poultry litter and of the amendment (sawdust) to the biodegradability of a compost mix. Approximately 29% of the volatiles lost from the poultry litter mix came from the sawdust. Fiber analyses revealed that only a small portion of cellulose was degraded. Although microbial subpopulations able to degrade selected macromolecules were present at varying levels, the overall level of microorganisms did not change markedly. Populations capable of degrading bacterial cell walls were present throughout the composting period, and microbiological assays indicated that inorganic nutrients were available to support limited microbial growth. These results suggest that N compounds and inorganic nutrients are recycled, rather than fixed during composting.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Determination of MICs of streptomycin for resistant Salmonella isolates in swine and poultry using a micro-broth dilution system.

The MICs of streptomycin for Salmonella isolates from swine and poultry were determined by a micro-broth dilution technique. The Salmonella isolates were recovered from the lymph nodes and cecal contents of market-age swine and from the cecal contents of poultry at the time of slaughter and were found by disk diffusion to be resistant to 10 microg of streptomycin. MIC testing was carried out with the Sensititre susceptibility system for streptomycin, which uses a microwell concentration gradient of 16 to 800 microg/ml. Results indicated that >80% of the swine isolates had MICs of < or = 64 microg/ml, while 51% of poultry isolates exhibited MICs of > or = 128 microg/ml. The highest MICs observed in swine and poultry were 256 and 800 microg/ml, respectively. Replicate tests performed on 12 of the isolates chosen at random indicated a 100% correlation between runs. Advantages of this system include easily read results and precoated wells. Disadvantages include the cost and the inability to test concentrations of streptomycin other than those in the wells. We found this micro-broth dilution commercial test kit to provide a relatively quick and easy testing procedure for the determination of streptomycin resistance in Salmonella.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Antimicrobial activity of potassium hydroxide and lauric acid against microorganisms associated with poultry processing.

The antimicrobial activity of solutions of potassium hydroxide (KOH) and mixtures of KOH and lauric acid against microorganisms associated with poultry processing was determined. In vitro tests were performed by enumerating viable microorganisms recovered from bacterial cultures suspended in peptone water (control) and in solutions of 0.1% KOH or mixtures of 0.1% KOH and 0.25 or 0.50% lauric acid. Additional studies were conducted to identify changes in the native microbial flora of poultry skin washed in distilled water, KOH, or KOH-lauric acid. Although results of in vitro studies indicated that significantly fewer bacteria (P < or = 0.05) were recovered from cultures suspended in KOH than from cultures suspended in peptone water, there were also significantly fewer bacteria recovered from cultures suspended in KOH-lauric acid than from cultures suspended in KOH. Results of experiments with broiler skin indicated that although rinsates of skin washed in 1.0% KOH solutions contained significantly fewer total aerobic bacteria and enterococci than did skin washed in water, significantly fewer of these microorganisms were generally recovered from rinsates of skin washed in mixtures of 1.0% KOH and 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, or 2.0% lauric acid than from skin washed in KOH alone. Washing of broiler skin in solutions of 0.25 to 1.00% KOH or mixtures containing these concentrations of KOH and two parts lauric acid (wt/vol) also significantly reduced the populations of bacteria and yeasts in the native flora of broiler skin. Enterococci, lactic acid bacteria, and staphylococci in the native flora of the skin had the highest level of resistance to the bactericidal activity of KOH-lauric acid. These findings indicate that the antimicrobial activity of KOH-lauric acid is significantly greater than that of KOH alone in vitro and on poultry skin. Thus, KOH-lauric acid may be useful for reducing the level of microbial contamination associated with poultry processing.

Animals↗

PubMed1976

[Experience in controlling the Salmonella carrier state on a pedigree poultry breeding farm].

Systematic microbiologic control was carried out in the 1972-1975 period on an elite poultry farm whereas from the 23,724 samples studied, taken from objects of the epizootic chain forage-birds-hatchery, 78 cultures of Salmonella organisms of 14 species or 0.32 per cent of the total number of samples were isolated. A trend was observed toward the year-to-year drop in the number of positive findings of Salmonellae, and by the end of 1975 the results were negative. This fact was backed by the investigations in the poultry dressing combines throughout the country that have received the parental forms of birds from the sanated elite poultry farm. Established was vertical (congenital) transmission of Salmonella enteritidis, and using the typhoid-pullorosis test all carrier birds were detected and eliminated. Thus serologically were followed up and eliminated the hidden sources of infection among the flocks on the elite poultry farm. The alimentary mechanism of infection transmission (horizontally with the chain forage-birds was discontinued through the storage of feed mixtures packed in bags (not in bulk). The chain birds-hatchery was interrupted by means of fumigation, the eggs being treated up to the second hour following laying, and then subjected to four subsequent treatment with disinfectants up to hatching. The environment was sanated by three-fold disinfections every sixth day with lysol, formalin or veraform, anf fumigation with formaldehyde vapours, resulting in 100 per cent effectiveness. This was demonstrated many times bacteriologically. The overall observation of hygiene measures contributed to the sanation of the elite farm. The parallel examination of personnel on the farm made by organs of the Hygiene and Epidemiologic Inspection detected a female worker that acted as a carrier of S. enteritidis. Upon her elimination the complex of measures for the study and complete sanation of the farm was considered fulfilled.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Concentrations and antioxidative activity of anserine and carnosine in poultry meat extracts treated with demineralization and papain.

Anserine and carnosine found in animal skeletal muscle are capable of inhibiting the catalysis of lipid oxidation by heme and non-heme iron. A demineralization technique and a proteolytic enzyme (papain) were used in this research in order to reduce the levels of proxidants while maintaining high levels of anserine and camosine in poultry (chicken, duck and turkey) meat extracts. Undemineralized poultry meat extracts contained larger amounts of anserine, camosine, heme and non-heme iron (p < 0.05) than did demineralized poultry meat extracts. Both undemineralized and demineralized breast meat extracts of chicken, duck and turkey contained higher concentrations of anserine and camosine, but lower amounts of heme and non-heme iron than did thigh meat extracts. In chicken, duck and turkey meat (breast and thigh) extracts (undemineralized and demineralized), the anserine concentrations were greater (p < 0.05) than the camosine concentrations. The hydrogen-donating ability of undemineralized and demineralized chicken breast meat extracts was not significantly different (p > 0.05): however, demineralized chicken breast meat extracts showed higher (p < 0.05) ferrous chelating ability than did undemineralized meat extracts. The concentrations of anserine, camosine, heme and non-heme iron in chicken breast meat extracts increased (p < 0.05) with the addition of papain (1%) to the meat mixture before extraction. Heme and non-heme iron in the chicken breast meat extracts increased as the reaction time for papain increased from 30 to 120 min, but the concentrations of anserine and camosine were not significantly affected by the longer reaction time for papain. The hydrogen-donating ability and ferrous chelating ability of demineralized chicken breast meat extracts were not significantly affected by papain. The ratios of carnosine/anserine were very specific in the chicken, duck and turkey meat extracts (breast and thigh); and the turkey meat extracts had lower (p < 0.05) camosine/anserine ratios than did the chicken and duck meat extracts. The camosine/anserine ratios of undemineralized and demineralized poultry meat extracts were not significantly different (p > 0.05). This suggests that the carnosine/anserine ratios of undemineralized chicken (0.62 - 0.80), duck (0.75 - 0.77) and turkey (0.15 - 0.16) meat extracts could be used to estimate the single meat species in uncooked or cooked meat products.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

[Administration of autochthonous intestinal microflora--a method to prevent Salmonella infections in poultry].

Administration of autochthonous intestinal microflora to chicks during the early period after hatching (Competitive Exclusion) is a widely accepted prophylactic method to control Salmonella infections in poultry. The method of competitive exclusion consists in an administration of intestinal flora from healthy adult birds to chicks during the first hours or days of their life. Use of competitive exclusion cultures will considerably enhance resistance to all Salmonella serovars colonising the chicken intestine and reduce shedding of salmonellas by infected animals. However, sole use of this method does not completely prevent Salmonella colonisation of the animals nor elimination of the agents from poultry flocks. At present, only complex competitive exclusion cultures whose composition has not been defined are capable of inducing an adequately high and reproducible efficacy. Effective preparations with a defined composition have not yet been developed because knowledge of the mechanisms of action of the competitive exclusion cultures as well as the effective species of the various bacterial genera is still inadequate. Since in approval procedures, the competitive exclusion cultures with a non-defined composition can neither be classified as medicines nor feed additives nor vaccines, WHO has proposed to establish the product category "Normal Gut Flora" (WHO, 1994). Basic prerequisites for an effective reduction of non-host-adapted Salmonella serovars in, or their elimination from poultry flocks are the performance and assurance of effective hygienic measures. Like the methods of immunisation using live or inactivated Salmonella vaccines in poultry, the method of competitive exclusion constitutes an additional prophylactic method that may be applied directly in the animal to enhance its resistance to Salmonella infection.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Detection of Salmonella in fresh cheese, poultry products, and dried egg products by the ISO 6579 Salmonella culture procedure and the AOAC official method: collaborative study.

Three food types were analyzed for the presence of Salmonella by the AOAC culture method and by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO 6579:2002) culture method. Paired test portions of each food type were simultaneously analyzed by both methods. A total of 21 laboratories representing federal government agencies and private industry, in the United States and Europe, participated in this interlaboratory study. Foods were artificially contaminated with Salmonella and competing microflora if naturally contaminated sources were not available. No statistical differences (p < 0.05) were observed between the AOAC and ISO culture methods for fresh cheese and dried egg products. A statistically significant difference was observed for one of the 2 lots of poultry from the first trial. The poultry meat used in this run was radiation sterilized, artificially contaminated with Salmonella and competitive flora, and then lyophilized. A second trial was conducted with 2 separate lots of raw ground chicken that were naturally contaminated. The results from the second trial showed no statistical difference between the 2 culture methods. A third trial involving 4 laboratories was conducted on 2 separate lots of naturally contaminated raw poultry. Again, no statistically significant differences occurred. It is recommended that ISO 6579:2002 culture method for Salmonella be adopted Official First Action for the analysis of fresh cheese, fresh chilled and frozen poultry, and dried egg products.

Cheese↗

PubMed1992

Meat, poultry, and fish consumption and nutrient intake in the healthy elderly.

Food selection of the healthy elderly may be influenced by life-styles, the food supply, and recommendations related to diet and disease. This study used food group analysis of 3-day diet records to examine red meat, poultry, and fish consumption by free-living, healthy elderly individuals. Dietary data were from 122 women and 97 men (median age = 75 years) who were participants in the New Mexico Aging Process Study in 1984. Mean dietary intake was 1,494 kcal/day for women and 2,079 kcal/day for men--82% and 94% of the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA), respectively. Protein, iron, and selected B vitamins were above 100% of the RDA. Women's mean daily intake of meat/poultry/fish was 87.7 g (52.1 g meat, 23.6 g poultry, 12.0 g fish); men's intake of meat/poultry/fish was 121.2 g (78.4 g meat, 21.2 g poultry, 21.6 g fish). Of the total red meat, more than 50% was beef, 20% was pork/ham, and more than 10% was processed meat. For women, meat/poultry/fish provided 14% of total dietary energy, 37% of protein, 13% to 32% of selected B vitamins and iron, 20% of fat, and 34% of cholesterol. Percentages were similar for men. There was no significant association between age and total dietary intake, but food group consumption had distinct associations with age for women and men. Our findings indicate that a moderate but not excessive intake of meat/poultry/fish made a substantial contribution to nutrient intake. The fat contribution of these food groups could be decreased by emphasizing lower-fat selections of meat, poultry, and fish.

Age Factors↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Phage-typing results of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from poultry in Japan and Europe.

Phage typing was performed on 795 strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from poultry, a turkey, pigeons, and birds of prey in Japan and 4 countries in Europe, using the avian phage set of typing phages plus 6 others. Six hundred and seventy-three (89.1%) of 755 strains from poultry were typable by one or more of the phages, 617 strains at routine test dilution (RTD) and 56 strains at 100 RTD. Of these typable strains, 494 (73.4%) belonged to group I, 90 (13.4%) to group II, 50 (7.4%) to group III, 29 (4.3%) to group IV, and 10 (1.5%) to mixed types. There was no significant relation between staphylococcal phage types and the origin of the strains, such as types of disease. Type I strains were commonly found in staphylococci isolated from poultry farms regardless of districts or countries, and thus they were considered to be distributed widely among poultry in Japan and Europe. On the other hand, type III or IV strains were obtained from very limited farms or areas. Four (66.7%) of 6 strains of S. aureus isolated from birds of prey were typed by the additional phage CH39 at RTD. None of 33 pigeon and 1 turkey strain was sensitive to any of the avian phages used.

Animals↗