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At least 343 records · Page 19Linked to original sources
PubMed1977

Methods for the study of antidiarrheal agents. Study of commonly used protective and adsorbent agents.

Several agents were employed to induce diarrhea in squirrel monkeys: (1) diarrhaogenic diets, (2) various doses of cholera toxin, (3) prostaglandin derivatives, (4) bile, (5) lactulose, (6) phenolphthalein, (7) castor oil. Kaolin, pectin, Kaopectate and placebo were used as antidiarrheal treatment. Evaluation was based on (a) frequency, (b) consistency, (c) total and dry weight of the stools, and (d) electrolyte loss. The spectrum of procedures employed appeared to be suitable for the evaluation of antidiarrheal agents of the protective and adsorbent class.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Inhibition of sulfation of phenols in vivo by 2,6-dichloro-4-nitrophenol: selectivity of its action in relation to other conjugations in the rat in vivo.

The effect of 2,6-dichloro-4-nitrophenol, an inhibitor of the sulfation of the phenolic compound harmol in vivo, on the sulfation of other phenolic substances and on various conjugation reactions has been studied in the rat in vivo. Compounds chemically related to 2,6-dichloro-4-nitrophenol were also tested as sulfation inhibitors. 2,6-Dichloro-4-nitrophenol inhibited the sulfation of phenol while it had no effect on biliary excretion of dibromosulphthalein, glucuronidation of phenolphthalein, acetylation of procainamide ethobromide or glutathione conjugation of ethacrynic acid. It is concluded that of these conjugation reactions sulfation is inhibited selectively at the dose level used. Some phenols with chloro- or nitro-substituents effectively inhibited the sulfation of harmol but to a lesser extent than 2,6-dichloro-4-nitrophenol. Many other phenols did not affect the conjugation of harmol, which is both glucuronidated and sulfated.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

[Use of endometrial biopsy on first day of cycle, CO2-hysterosalpingography, and PSP-hydrotubation in ambulatory diagnosis of female sterility (author's transl)].

Three techniques for ambulatory diagnosis of female sterility are compared and critically assessed for their potential benefits and drawbacks. They are endometrial biopsy on the first day of cycle, hysterosalpingography in combination with CO2 pertubation, and hydrotubation, using 0.06 per cent phenolphthalein (Speck's test). There were many more inherent benefits than drawbacks, primarily with regard to informative value and avoidance of undesirable side effects. Good economy, convenient technical applicability, and relief of ward and operation theatre personnel are additional factors in favour of the above ambulatory approaches.

Ambulatory Care↗
PubMed1981

A screening method for establishing laxative abuse.

Abuse of laxatives, most of them belonging to the group of colonic stimulants or cathartics, can cause various disorders. Extensive diagnostic work can be avoided by early toxicological screening of the suspected patients with respect to laxatives. Because no screening method of this kind was available, we developed a procedure with which all phenolic and anthraquinone laxatives--except sodium picosulfate--can be detected in urine. This method is based on high-performance thin-layer chromatography in two systems after pretreatment of a 20-mL urine sample with beta-glucuronidase and subsequent column extraction. The procedure is very sensitive: at least 32 h after a single dose of bisacodyl, danthron, phenolphthalein, or sennoside, the drug can be detected in the urine. Bisoxatin and oxyphenisatin are still detectable in the urine 18 h after intake. The method is also highly specific; none of 73 other drugs interfered in either of the two chromatographic systems. This procedure can be helpful for the early diagnosis of laxative abuse.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Improvements to immunoassays by use of covalent binding assay plates.

The uniformity of Xenobind covalent binding microwell plates was compared with that of passive binding plates by binding streptavidin to the plate surface, reacting the streptavidin with biotinylated alkaline phosphatase, and developing color with phenolphthalein monophosphate. Absorbance of the covalent binding plates at 570 nm was 0.95 A (CV 1.9%) compared with 0.35-0.5 A (CV 6.7-16.9%), for passive plates. No edge effect was observed with Xenobind covalent plates. Use of both plates in a model immunoassay gave a CV of 4% for the covalent binding plate and 12-15% for the passive binding plates. Moreover, the background absorbance (color development when no antigen was present) for the covalent binding plates was < 0.05 A in all cases, whereas that for the passive binding plates ranged up to 0.45 A. The high background on passive plates results from displacement of capture antibody and (or) blocking agent from the plate, thereby providing a place for detector antibody binding.

Absorption↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[A rapid method for assessing the virulence of Francisella tularensis in vitro].

A rapid and simple method for the in vitro evaluation of the virulence of F. tularensis is proposed. The optimal parameters--the concentrations of bacteria and the substrate (phenolphthalein phosphate), the time incubation in the serum--have been developed and special conditions for strains of different subspecies have been selected. The proposed method makes it possible to greatly reduce the time of obtaining results and to exclude labor-consuming experiments on laboratory animals when working with large collections of F. tularensis laboratory and natural wild strains. Moreover, the method widens the possibilities of experimenters in the evaluation of the effect of some mutation on the virulence of the strain under study.

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMed1977

Rapid determination of alkaline phosphatase reactivation.

A study was conducted to determine the feasibility of using the qualitative screening method specifying phenolphthalein monophosphate for differentiating reactivated and residual alkaline phosphatase activity. The relative increase in activity of the enzyme in the presence of MgCl2 serves to distinguish reactivated and residual alkaline phosphatase activity. Ten samples each of pasteurized (172 degrees F for 24 sec), sterilized (about 300 degrees F for a minimum of 2 sec) half-and-half and heavy cream were analyzed. Most samples yielded negative results initially but demonstrated activity after incubation 1 hr at 34 degrees C. The average values in terms of + marks, for the half and half and heavy cream in samples without MgCl2 were less than 1 and 2.4, respectively; for samples treated with MgCl2, the values were 2.18 and 4.6, respectively, indicating reactivated phosphatase activity. In samples containing various levels of raw milk, the activity observed in the diluted, Mg2+-containing samples was less than in the undiluted samples containing no Mg, indicating residual phosphatase activity.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Enhancer effect of fluorescein on the luminol-H2O2-horseradish peroxidase chemiluminescence: energy transfer process.

The chemiluminescence of the luminol-H2O2-horseradish peroxidase system is increased by fluorescein. Fluorescein produces an enhancement of the luminol chemiluminescence similar to that of phenolphthalein, by an energy transfer process from luminol to fluorescein. The maximum intensity and the total chemiluminescence emission (between 380 and 580 nm) of luminol with fluorescein was more than three times greater than without fluorescein; however, the emission duration was shorter. The emission spectra in the presence of fluorescein had two maxima (425 and 535 nm) and the enhancement was dependent on pH and fluorescein concentration. A mechanism is proposed to explain these effects.

Energy Transfer↗
PubMed1989

Effects of short-term and long-term administration of amiodarone on hepatobiliary function in male rats.

Functional, biochemical and histological parameters of hepatotoxicity were assessed in male Sprague-Dawley rats receiving amiodarone (Am) short-term by gavage (5, 50, 150 and 500 mg Am kg-1 day-1, 10 days) or dietary exposure (50 ppm, 1500 ppm, 4-week duration), or by long-term dietary exposure (50 ppm, 8-month duration). Serum enzyme (ALT, AST, ICD) levels and histopathological examination indicated no observable evidence of toxicity among rats of any of the treatment groups. Reduced food intake and reduction in weight gain was observed for rats exposed short-term to 1500 ppm dietary Am. Assessment of hepatobiliary function in treated rats indicated that short-term and long-term dietary exposure to Am resulted in a compromised excretion of readily excretable phenolphthalein glucuronide (PG), although inanition may account for this effect in the 1500 ppm group. Rats receiving Am by gavage exhibited a reduction in biliary excretion of PG, which was not dose-dependent. Distribution of Am and its major metabolite, desethylamiodarone, was similar to previous reports wherein both compounds accumulated in adipose, lung and liver tissue. These data suggest that minor alterations of hepatobiliary function occur in the absence of histological alterations and may preceed biochemical changes, as assessed in this study.

Amiodarone↗
PubMed1983

Separation of acid phosphatases in the rat ventral prostate by gel filtration, isoelectric focusing, and chromatofocusing.

Acid phosphatases of the rat ventral prostate were fractionated by gel filtration (GF) on Sepharose 6B, isoelectric focusing (IEF), and chromatofocusing (CF). In GF three activity peaks (GF-1, GF-2, GF-3) were disclosed. They showed some differences in substrate preference when six substrates (p-nitrophenyl phosphate; p-NPP; phenolphthalein phosphate, Phe-P; thymolphthalein phosphate, Tym-P; alpha-naphthyl phosphate, alpha-NP; beta-naphthyl phosphate, beta-NP; naphthol ASBI phosphate, N-ASBI-P) were tested. Differences were also encountered in their sensitivity to tartrate and fluoride. IEF gave seven bands at different pI values (8.3, 8.1, 7.9, 7.1, 6.4, 5.5, and 5.0) with alpha-NP and beta-NP but only four with N-ASBI-P. Four of the bands (8.3, 8.1, 7.9, 5.5) were sensitive to tartrate. In CF eight activity peaks (CF-1 to CF-8) were resolved with the six substrates. They differed from each other in pI values, pH optima, substrate preference, and modifier characteristics. Peaks CF-1 (pI 8.3, pH 5.5), CF-2 (pI 8.1, pH 4.2) and CF-3 (pI 7.9, pH 4.2) had a large substrate spectrum and high sensitivity to tartrate and fluoride. CF-4 (pI 7.1, pH 6.0) and CF-7 (pI 5.5, pH 4.2) were low in activity, preferred alpha-NP as substrate, and were moderately sensitive to tartrate. CF-5 (pI 6.4, pH 5.5) and CF-8 (pI 5.0, pH 5.0) were able to hydrolyse all substrates tested with moderate inhibition by tartrate. CF-6 (pI 6.0, pH 5.0) showed a relative preference for p-NPP and Phe-P with no hydrolysis of N-ASBI-P and Tym-P. Of these activities CF-6 and CF-7 were also clearly activated by Co2+. Peaks CF-6 and CF-7 appeared the most sensitive to p-chloromercuribenzoate. It is concluded that activities CF-1, CF-2, and CF-3 are lysosomal isoenzymes with minor structural differences. The others are possibly all nonlysosomal with greater biochemical differences. Some of them apparently represent the secretory form(s) of acid phosphatase in the rat ventral prostate.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed1993

Methods for the quantitation of bromosulfophthalein and its glutathione conjugate in biological fluids.

This paper describes a solvent-gradient HPLC method which was developed for the quantitation of bromosulfophthalein (BSP) in erythrocyte and albumin containing (blood) perfusate samples, and of BSP and its glutathione conjugate (BSP-GSH) in bile samples obtained from rat liver perfusion experiments. Phenolphthalein was used as an internal standard. The cysteinyl-, N-acetylcysteinyl-, and cysteinylglycinyl-BSP conjugates did not interfere with the HPLC assay and cysteine, N-acetylcysteine, [3H]GSH, and [3H]GSSG eluted within the first 6 min postinjection onto the HPLC system. A spectrophotometric method was also developed for the rapid quantitation of BSP in blood perfusate; tracer [14C]urea was utilized as the internal standard. Although the spectrophotometric method was less sensitive than the HPLC method, good correlation was found to exist between the methods.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Substrate specificity of the luminal Na(+)-dependent sulphate transport system in the proximal renal tubule as compared to the contraluminal sulphate exchange system.

The efflux of [35S]sulphate from the lumen of the proximal renal tubule into tubular cells of rats was measured by the stop-flow tubular-lumen microperfusion technique. The transport parameters obtained and the apparent Ki values of competing substrates were compared with those of the contraluminal influx of [35S]-sulphate from the interstitium into tubular cells. For the luminal sulphate efflux a Km(l, SO4(2-)) of 0.8 mmol/l and a Jmax(l, SO4(2-)) of 0.2 pmol s-1 cm-1 were found. The corresponding contraluminal values were Km(cl,SO4(2-)) 1.4 mmol/l and Jmax(cl,SO4(2-)) 1.2 pmol s-1 cm-1. Omission of Na+ from the perfusates reduced the luminal efflux of sulphate by 83%, while the contraluminal influx of sulphate was not changed. Increase in HCO3- concentration inhibited both luminal efflux and contraluminal influx of sulphate, while a change of pH from 6.0 to 8.0 was without effect. Comparing the apparent Ki(SO4(2-)) values for luminal and contraluminal sulphate transport, a relationship close to 1:1 was seen for some inorganic substrates with tetrahedral molecular structure (thiosulphate, sulphate, molybdate and selenate). The same holds for phosphate, while for oxalate the contraluminal Ki(SO4(2-)) value was lower than the luminal one (1.2 and 4.5 mmol/l). Some of the dicarboxylates and disulphonates tested show the same affinity to the luminal Na(+)-dependent sulphate transporter and the contraluminal sulphate exchange system, whereas most of the benzene carboxylate and benzenesulphonate derivatives tested exhibit higher luminal than contraluminal Ki values. The inhibitory potency increased with rising numbers of substituents on the benzene ring. This effect was more pronounced for the contraluminal sulphate transporter. In general, only disulphonates and analogues as well as similarly structured compounds (5-sulphosalicylate, 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzenesulphonate, eosine-5-isothiocyanate) have a good inhibitory potency toward the luminal sulphate transporter [apparent Ki 0.9-3.1 mmol/l]. All the tested sulphamoyl and phenoxy diuretics, and fluorescein and phenolphthalein dyes showed no or a smaller inhibitory potency to the luminal sulphate transport system than to the contraluminal. The most effective inhibitors of both sulphate transport systems are 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulphonate, orange G, and H2-DIDS. The data indicate that the Na(+)-dependent luminal and the Na(+)-independent contraluminal sulphate transport systems accommodate a similar spectrum of anionic substrates, whereby the inhibitory potency against the luminal Na(+)-dependent sulphate transport system is identical or smaller than against the contraluminal transporter.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Biochemical study on some acid hydrolases in the normal rabbit cornea.

The activities of acid phosphatase, beta-glucuronidase, beta-galactosidase, and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase were investigated in the normal rabbit cornea. For all spectrophotometric assays, appropriate p-nitrophenyl derivates were used. Only beta-glucuronidase were determined employing phenolphthalein glucuronid as a substrante. Acid phosphatase revealed the highest activity, followed by N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase and beta-galactosidase. In the case of beta-glucuronidase the lowest activity was found. The results on the rabbit cornea are compared with those on some other tissues described in the literature. Correlation of biochemical data and histochemical findings in the same species is briefly discussed.

Acetylglucosaminidase↗
PubMed1994

Evaluation of diamine oxidase activity (DAO) in the rat intestinal mucosa by measuring expired 14CO2 after oral administration of 14C-putrescine.

This study was performed to investigate whether mucosal diamine oxidase activity could be assessed by measuring expired 14CO2 after oral administration of 14C-putrescine. Immediately after giving 5 mu Ci of 14C-putrescine, the 14CO2 was collected at 1-h intervals for 8 h into a vial containing 1 ml of 10 mM hyamine hydroxide, 2 ml of ethanol, and an appropriate amount of phenolphthalein dye. The expired 14CO2 caused the color to disappear. The amount of 14CO2, determined by scintillation counting, reached a maximum 1 h after 14C-putrescine administration, and gradually decreased thereafter. A positive correlation between the mucosal diamine oxidase activity and the maximal expired 14CO2 value was obtained. There is no doubt that this test can be used to easily detect mucosal DAO activity and avoid the necessity of mucosal biopsy.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1993

Straining at stool and laxative taking in an English population.

A population-based sample of 834 men (ages 40-69 years) and 1058 women (25-29 years) was investigated with respect to straining to defecate, stool form, bowel habit, and use of laxatives, by means of a questionnaire and a three-stool record form. Straining was common but, contrary to standard teaching, far from universal. It was unrelated to age but was commoner in women than men. Many people underestimated how often they strained. Overall, 32% of defecations in women and 22% of defecations in men were associated with straining to start and 15% and 9%, respectively, with straining to finish. Straining was to some extent related to stool type: the lumpier a stool, the more often it elicited straining. However, it seems likely that straining in some people is just a habit. Use of laxatives was found to be less prevalent than in the past, and most people with evidence of constipation did not use them. Use of laxatives increased with age, and some older people used them inappropriately. The most popular laxatives were based on phenolphthalein, senna, or magnesium.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Human beta-glucuronidase. Measurement of its activity in gallbladder bile devoid of intrinsic interference.

Our purpose is to develop a standard method for preparing the bile for beta-glucuronidase determination by removal of bile acids and conjugated bilirubin which interfere with its activity. The bile acids and conjugated bilirubin in their purified solutions and in the diluted gallbladder biles could be extracted completely with cholestyramine in powder form or tetrahexylammonium chloride (THAC) in chloroform or ethyl acetate. The enzyme was, however, partially precipitated with cholestyramine and denatured by chloroform but not by ethyl acetate. A standard procedure, therefore, includes extraction of the diluted gallbladder bile with THAC in ethyl acetate, followed by determination of the maximal velocity (Vmax) of the enzyme by a kinetic method employing phenolphthalein glucuronide as the substrate. The average Vmax of beta-glucuronidase in the 20 normal gallbladder biles was 165 +/- 86 nmol/min/ml (mean +/- SD), a 23.5-fold increase over the activity before extraction. The measured activity represented the true activity of the enzyme in the bile for recovery of activity of the enzyme added to the bile was practically complete.

Acetates↗
PubMed1981

Interaction of organic dyes with hepatic microsomal drug-metabolizing monoöxygenases in vitro.

Organic dyes such as malachite green, methylene blue, fuchsin, safranine T, neutral red, phenazine methosulphate, riboflavin, dichlorophenolindophenol, phenolphthalein, and fluorescein, inhibit hepatic microsomal mixed-function oxidases and, partly, enhance, partly, inhibit hepatic microsomal NADPH-dependent cytochrome c and neotetrazolium reductases, in contrast to other inhibitors of drug metabolism which do not affect cytochrome c reductase but only interact with cytochrome P-450.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Selective medium for primary isolation of members of the tribe Proteeae.

A selective Proteeae medium (SPM) for isolation and preliminary detection of species of genera Proteus, Morganella, and Providencia was evaluated. The SPM contains tryptose phosphate agar with phenolphthalein monophosphate (as substrate for phosphatase activity), bile salts and polymyxin B (as inhibitors). The selectivity of the SPM was tested by the ecometric method of quality assurance of culture media. Fourteen reference cultures of enterobacteria and fifty-four strains of Proteeae were tested for their absolute growth index (AGI). Ninety-five percent of tested Proteeae strains display an AGI above 2.5. The detected phosphatase activity proved to be able to discriminate colonies of members of the tribe Proteeae. The ability of SPM for primary isolation of members of Proteeae was tested on food and clinical material and 94 strains were isolated. In addition, the SPM was employed in routine practice of clinical microbiology. From 1016 clinical samples (stool, urine, vaginal and urethral swabs), 57 strains of Proteeae were detected by the SPM in contrast to 35 strains by the routine procedure. The difference amounts to nearly 40%.

Bacterial Infections↗