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At least 343 records · Page 19Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Thermophysiological responses caused by ballistic bullet-proof vests.

BACKGROUND: Little data is available concerning the heat stress experienced by members of staff who wear bullet-proof vests in a warm or hot environment. For this reason, knowledge is limited and, consequently, preventative advice on how to avoid heat sickness or hyperthermia is required. STUDY DESIGN: Skin and body temperatures, fluid loss and the heart rate of 30 persons (15 test persons versus 15 control persons) were measured in three situations typical of the test participants' job situations. Environmental data (wind velocity, air humidity, air temperature) were measured during the tests as well. RESULTS: Whereas there was a significant increase in skin temperatures, there was no difference in the core body temperatures of both groups. Maximum core body temperature remained well below 38 degrees C in all subjects. Test persons wearing vests showed a fluid loss of 1.1 l on average (non-vest wearers in the control group 1.0 l). CONCLUSION: There is no increased risk of heat stroke or hyperthermia for employees wearing bullet-proof vests in comparison with employees who do not wear them. Both groups, however, should be advised to ensure an adequate intake of fluid to maintain a healthy body fluid balance when working in hot environments.

Body Temperature↗
PubMed1984

The effects of physicians' training and personality on test ordering for ambulatory patients.

We studied records of 351 hypertensive patients cared for by 30 internists in private office practice. We correlated the use of outpatient diagnostic tests with personal characteristics of the prescribing physicians. Doctors trained in medical schools with academic orientations used more tests than other physicians. Patterns of use were not strongly related to the number of years since medical school graduation, or physicians "intolerance of ambiguity" as measured by a standard psychological instrument. These findings suggest that certain types of training may predispose physicians to be high testers.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

[New permanent humidity chamber in dry eye disorders].

BACKGROUND: In corneal lubrication or eyelid closure disorders it may be necessary to apply a monoculus to protect the eye from drying out. Changing the monoculus involves dermal irritation. Furthermore, because the monoculus is not completely airtight, the desired humidity is not achieved. INSTRUMENT: We introduce a tape-free permanent humidity chamber fastened to a spectacle frame that achieves a relative humidity of more than 98% even over a long period of time. PATIENTS/TESTED PERSONS: Five test persons and two patients with lagophthalmus were treated with a monoculus and with the permanent humidity chamber. Comparative measurements of the humidity achieved with the two methods were done. RESULTS: For both test persons and lagophthalmus patients the permanent humidity chamber is a good alternative to the monoculus, because it maintains a humidity of more than 98% r/H over a period of eight hours or longer. It consequently provides much better conditions for successful treatment and additionally minimizes skin irritation.

Dry Eye Syndromes↗
PubMed1991

Relations among scores on Matrix Analogies Test, Draw-A-Person, and the Iowa Tests of basic skills for low socioeconomic children.

82 normal Grade 4 students of low socioeconomic status were administered the Matrix Analogies Test, Draw-A-Person Test, and the Iowa Tests of Basic Skills. The partial correlation coefficient between the Matrix Analogies Test and the Iowa Tests was .51 while that between the Draw-A-Person Test and the Iowa Tests was .30. The correlation coefficient between the Matrix Analogies Test and the Draw-A-Person Test was .32. Implications of these findings are discussed.

Achievement↗
PubMed1979

[Rate of dental caries in youths from communities of both naturally high and low, resp., fluoride content in drinking water (author's transl)].

The incidence of caries in terms of the so-called DFS (= Decayed filled surfaces) index was ascertained for test persons aged from 6 to 15 years, in a community with a drinking water supply having a naturally increased fluoride content (Falkenberg/Oberpfalz, 1.8 ppm F') in comparison with test persons from a neighbouring community with a drinking water supply having a low-fluoride content (Fuchsmühl/Oberpfalz, 0.05 ppm F'). In 103 persons tested (corresponding to 7,577 dental surfaces surveyed) from Falkenberg, the DES index was 5.3, in 123 test persons (corresponding to 10,473 dental surfaces surveyed) from Fuchsmühl the DFS index was 12.4, which means that the naturally increased fluoride content of the drinking water caused caries to drop by 58 per cent viv-à-vis the reference group. No appreciable differences were found to exist in the eruption times of the permanent teeth in both groups of test persons, i. e. fluoride in drinking water does not appear to delay the eruption of teeth. The incidence of fluoride-induced enamel hypoplasia as determined by Kunz on the same test persons, resulted in a distinct increase of 74 per cent for the "fluoride group" vis-à-vis the reference group with a 33 per cent increase only.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Efficacy and cognitive effects of right unilateral electroconvulsive therapy.

The efficacy, memory, and cognitive effects of right unilateral (RUL) electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) at 2.5 times threshold in 32 inpatients with moderate to severe major depressive disorder were evaluated at baseline, during the course of treatment, and 1 month after treatment. Neuropsychological assessment included the Randt Memory Test, Personal Memory Test, short-version Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised, and Self-Rating Scale of Memory Functions. At the treatment end point, although the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale mean score was decreased by 54.2%. the response rate of 2.5 times threshold RUL ECT using stringent criteria was only 31.2%. Treatment was associated with significant anterograde memory impairment in the short term. Mean total scores of the Randt Memory Test and Personal Memory Test were decreased from baseline by 14.8% and 32.5%, respectively, after six sessions of ECT. These memory deficits were significantly improved by the 1 month follow-up examination. Subjective memory scores increased consistently during treatment, correlating with improvements in mood. No adverse effects on nonmemory cognition were found. Although RUL ECT at 2.5 times threshold is not associated with marked or persistent cognitive disturbances, its efficacy may be insufficient in clinical practice.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Beliefs in personality disorders: a test with the personality disorder belief questionnaire.

The hypothesis that each personality disorder (PD) is characterized by a specific set of beliefs was tested in a sample of 643 subjects, including non-patient controls, axis-I and axis-II patients, diagnosed with SCID-I and -II interviews. Beliefs of six PDs (avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive, paranoid, histrionic, borderline) were assessed with the Personality Disorder Belief Questionnaire (PDBQ). Factor analyses supported the existence of six hypothesized sets of beliefs. Structural equation modeling (SEM) supported the hypothesis that each PD is characterized by a specific set of beliefs. Path coefficients were however in the medium range, suggesting that PDs are not solely determined by beliefs. Nevertheless, empirically derived cutoff scores of the six belief subscales were reasonably successful in classifying subjects, percentages ranging form 51% to 83%. It appeared that there was a monotonical increase in scores on each belief subscale from non-patient controls, to patients without any PD, to patients with PDs (other than the pertinent PD), to patients with the pertinent PD. This suggests that PD-related beliefs are at least partly associated with (personality) psychopathology in general. Another explanation is that many patients' position on the underlying dimensions is not high enough to lead to a DSM PD diagnosis, but high enough to lead to an elevated belief score.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

[Cardiovascular disease, body weight, nutrition and age].

In 979 adipose (236 males and 743 females) test persons and 341 test persons with normal weight (149 males and 192 females) at the age from 18 to 55 years nutrition anamnestic, clinical, biochemical, anthropometrical and social-economic examinations were carried out. Our results on the frequency of coronary insufficiency and hypertension in adipose persons could clearly confirm that this in males as well as in females in all age groups was higher than the frequency in persons with normal weight. In the comparison of the eating habit between test persons with normal weight and overweight with coronary insufficient and hypertension and without these diseases became evident that there is a significant connection between the uptake of energy, the consumption of saturated fatty acids, cholesterol, carbohydrates and the coronary insufficiency and hypertension. Preventive and curative measures for influencing coronary risk factors are therefore necessary.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

[Knowledge of the damages of wrong nutrition and of the effect of stimulants. (Results of questioning 100 employees of a large industry].

In an unselected collective of 100 employees of a big concern the knowledge with regard to body weight, nutrition and nicotine abuse was studied and the eating habits as well as the principles of education connected with them were ascertained. Nearly all questioned persons knew their body weight. Half of them were able to indicate their ideal weight with a precision of +/- 10%. The rate of the considerably overweight persons in the collective showed a dependence on higher age and female sex. Among the questionees with secondary education more normalweight persons were found. The test persons were well informed about the disadvantages of overweight and controlled their body weight in two thirds of the cases at least once a week. They stated to have met the term "diet" above all in the mass media. About half of them were able to define the term "calorie" approximately precisely. The questionees, however, often underestimated the required caloric quantity, apparently without drawing conclusions. The caloric content of alcoholic drinks was underestimated. Beer ranked first among the consumed alcoholic drinks. Only one fifth of the test persons "reward" their children with sweets and wish that they eat up their dinner. About half of the questionees were smokers. One fourth had never smoked, while another fourth had given up smoking. Mostly cigarettes were consumed, although nearly all test persons regarded inhaling smoking as harmful. The sole knowledge of factors that have a detrimental effect on the state of health (e.g. overweight, smoking) seems to be not sufficient to lead a healthy life. Since the test persons are, however, willing to do something for their health it would be useful to concentrate adipose persons and smokers into groups that should be treated by behaviour therapy and be positively motivated.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

[Is chronic recurrent urticaria a psychosomatic disease?].

A random group of 37 patients with chronic recurrent urticaria, 26 female and 11 male, was subjected to multidimensional personality tests (Freiburg personality inventory, FPI, Freiburg aggression test, FAF) whereas, deviating from establishing standards, introversion, nervousness, psychosomatic disturbance were more pronounced in the urticaria group, the following traits in deviation from normal standards were not noted: depression, irritability, sociability, emotional instability, composure. Nevertheless, this group appeared to be less communicative, more inhibited, compliant, and less dominant and aggressive. Neither did they show signs of socially accepted expression of negative and annoyed emotions nor socially desirable signs of assertiveness. A high rate of coincidence with other psychosomatic disorders such as frequent headache (18/37), chronic gastritis (19 of 37) and ulcus duodeni (5 of 37) and migraineous headache (6 of 37) was also found in this group. In all cases explorable latent conflictive situations (frequent ambivalence) and negative childhood experience are further indicative of psychosomatic diseases.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

A factor analysis of the California Test of Personality--secondary level.

Sought to determine the construct validity of the California Test of Personality--Secondary Level to ascertain whether 12 components (factors) of personality as theorized by test authors are separate and meaningful (N = 1,800). Since personality assessment instruments are essential tools for those who study human behavior it is recognized that the usefulness of these instruments is related directly to their validity. The findings of this study indicate that the 180 items of the CTP are represented better as a 9-factor construct. Thirty-one percent of test items load significantly on 2 or more factors, and 10% of the test items do not contribute in a meaningful way to any one component (factor).

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1997

Do "whiplash injuries" occur in low-speed rear impacts?

A study was conducted to find out whether in a rear-impact motor vehicle accident, velocity changes in the impact vehicle of between 10 and 15 km/h can cause so-called "whiplash injuries". An assessment of the actual injury mechanism of such whiplash injuries and comparison of vehicle rear-end collisions with amusement park bumper car collisions was also carried out. The study was based on experimental biochemical, kinematic, and clinical analysis with volunteers. In Europe between DM 10 and 20 billion each year is paid out by insurance companies alone for whiplash injuries, although various studies show that the biodynamic stresses arising in the case of slight to moderate vehicle damage may not be high enough to cause such injuries. Most of these experimental studies with cadavers, dummies, and some with volunteers were performed with velocity changes below 10 km/h. About 65% of the insurance claims, however, take place in cases with velocity changes of up to 15 km/h. Fourteen made volunteers (aged 28-47 years; average 33.2 years) and five female volunteers (aged 26-37 years; average 32.8 years) participated in 17 vehicle rear-end collisions and 3 bumper car collisions. All cars were fitted with normal European bumper systems. Before, 1 day after and 4-5 weeks after each vehicle crash test and in two of the three bumper car crash tests a clinical examination, a computerized motion analysis, and an MRI examination with Gd-DTPA of the cervical spine of the test persons were performed. During each crash test, in which the test persons were completely screened-off visually and acoustically, the muscle tension of various neck muscles was recorded by surface electromyography (EMG). The kinematic responses of the test persons and the forces occurring were measured by accelerometers. The kinematic analyses were performed with movement markers and a screening frequency of 700 Hz. To record the acceleration effects of the target vehicle and the bullet vehicle, vehicle accident data recorders were installed in both. The contact phase of the vehicle structures and the kinematics of the test persons were also recorded using high-speed cameras. The results showed that the range of velocity change (vehicle collisions) was 8.7-14.2 km/h (average 11.4 km/h) and the range of mean acceleration of the target vehicle was 2.1-3.6 g (average 2.7 g). The range of velocity change (bumper car collisions) was 8.3- 10.6 km/h (average 9.9 km/h) and the range of mean acceleration of the target bumper car was 1.8-2.6 g (average 2.2 g). No injury signs were found at the physical examinations, computerized motion analyses, or at the MRI examinations. Only one of the male volunteers suffered a reduction of rotation of the cervical spine to the left of 10 degrees for 10 weeks. The kinematic analysis very clearly showed that the whiplash mechanism consists of translation/extension (high energy) of the cervical spine with consecutive flexion (low energy) of the cervical spine: hyperextension of the cervical spine during the vehicle crashes was not observed. All the tests showed that the EMG signal of the neck muscles starts before the head movement takes place. The stresses recorded in the vehicle collisions were in the same range as those recorded in the bumper car crashes. From the extent of the damage to the vehicles after a collision it is possible to determine the level of the velocity change. The study concluded that, the "limit of harmlessness" for stresses arising from rear-end impacts with regard to the velocity changes lies between 10 and 15 km/h. For everyday practice, photographs of the damage to cars involved in a rear-end impact are essential to determine this velocity change. The stress occurring in vehicle rear-end collisions can be compared to the stress in bumper car collisions.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed2001

[Characteristics of communication of schizophrenic, neurotic, and healthy adolescents].

Research on communication skills in psychotic patients demonstrates that in dialogues schizophrenics neglect the needs of the listener. There are only few linguistic studies which investigate the speech of schizophrenic children and adolescents. The verbal and non-verbal communication of schizophrenic, neurotic, and healthy adolescents during a problem solving situation was transcribed and compared by a content analysis. The transcripts were screened for dialogue control and communication disturbance of verbal/non-verbal activities of the speaker and listener: Dialogue control was defined by the variables signals of the speaker or signals of hearer and eye or body contact of the test person to the experimenter. Communication disturbance was defined as the amount of incomprehensible articulation and selections. Neurotic test persons produce the highest signals of speaker rate. In dialogues with neurotic and schizophrenic test persons the experimenter uses more signals of hearer than in dialogues with healthy test persons. In dialogues with neurotic test persons the experimenter shows more signals of the speaker than in dialogues with healthy test persons. Schizophrenics neglect more often the statements of the experimenter than in other dialogues and vice versa. Although the experimenter was instructed to restricted verbal behavior the communication intensified in the neurotic group. The communication in the schizophrenic group was characterized by frequent communication disturbance.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

[Investigations concerning postural influences on blood and blood plasma (author's transl)].

Body position exerts considerable influence on transcapillary balance of protein-poor fluid, i.e., on the whole-body Starling equilibrium. Movement into upright position causes hemoconcentration whereas supine position makes hemodilution. This means that the alteration of blood and plasma volume influences, e.g., plasma protein concentration, hematocrit, and blood hemoglobin content. The application of the mechanical oscillator technique for high-precision density measurements on capillary blood and plasma, especially to quantify the time-course of alterations caused by posture, is discussed in this paper. Tilting into upright position (70 degrees) 45 min after recumbency led to an average increase of 6.6% after 10, and of 11.1% of plasma volume after 30 min in 12 test persons. In 13 test persons, tilting back into supine position (0 degrees) after 30-60 min of standing (70 degrees) caused a mean increase of plasma volume amounting 6.5% after 10, and of 10.5% after 30 min. Postural blood density variations showed shapes similar to that of plasma density, indicating blood volume alterations ranging between 5 and 10%. It is emphasized that, as a consequence for clinical practice, the body positioning before and during blood sampling must be taken into consideration especially in case of precise controls of the course of hematological variables, and in case of statistical comparisons among several test groups.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Optokinetic nystagmus testing using personal computers.

Optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) testing is a useful tool for visual assessment. It has been used for assessing visual function in infants, hysterical patients, and malingerers. It is also of value in the diagnosis of disorders of the central nervous system. At present the devices used for the clinical testing of OKN are the OKN drum and OKN tape. A method is presented for OKN testing using an IBM-personal computer or compatible. This method is compared with the other two standard methods.

Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted↗