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PubMed1992

Malaria transmission in a central area of Futa Djalon (Guinea): results of a parasitological survey during the 1989 rainy season.

A malaria survey based on household surveys and dispensary visits without notice was carried out during the rainy season of 1989 in three selected areas of central Futa Djalon (Republic of Guinea). Preliminary entomological evidence showed that Anopheles gambiae was the main vector in the area with a CS positive rate of 7.6% and a human blood index of 78% in August 1989. Indoor resting densities were highest in the rural village, lowest in Labé and intermediate in the town of Timbi Madina (median density per room of 18, 2 and 4.5, respectively). The household survey showed different parasite rates in the three areas: 78.2% of children had parasitaemia in Sombili, 45.8% in Timbi Madina and 16.7% in the urban sector of Labé. Prevalence and levels of P. falciparum antisporozoite antibodies were lowest in the urban area (seroprevalence of 51.9% and median titre of 2.4 arbitrary units), intermediate in the town (70.1% and 5.2) and highest in the rural village (78.9% and 5.8). Serological findings produced by dispensary visits were similar to those obtained with the household surveys except in the rural area, while parasitological data obtained with the two sampling methods were different both in rural and in urban areas. Routine malaria diagnosis made on a presumptive basis in the health services in the survey period was able to detect 30.1% of cases with parasitaemia and 53.2% of cases with hyperparasitaemia (sensitivity) and malaria was correctly not suspected in 82.8% of non parasitized people (specificity).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1961

A parasitological survey in three selected communities in Luapula Province, Northern Rhodesia.

The authors present the results of a parasitological survey conducted among children living in three rural and geographically separate communities selected for the work of the Health and Nutrition Scheme, Fort Rosebery, Northern Rhodesia. The survey included observations on Plasmodium spp. and other parasites of the blood, Endamoeba spp., and helminth and arthropod parasites. In addition, data on the distribution and taxonomy of local anophelines and fresh-water molluscs are given.As was expected, malaria, urinary bilharziasis and hookworm were the most important parasitic infections recorded, though the prevalence of each varied considerably in each community. Such local variation in prevalence of a particular parasitic infection should prove to be encouraging, rather than discouraging, to the initiation of control measures.The results of the present survey support the view, too frequently forgotten, that for an adequate understanding of the prevalence of different parasitic infections precise, local investigations are imperative; without such investigations, broad conclusions are seldom valid.

Child↗
PubMed2003

Antipyretic, parasitologic, and immunologic effects of combining sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine with chloroquine or paracetamol for treating uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria.

Sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine (SP) is increasingly used against malaria in sub-Saharan Africa because of chloroquine resistance. However, chloroquine may have a beneficial antipyretic effect. We therefore compared the combination of SP plus chloroquine, chloroquine alone, SP alone, and SP plus paracetamol in the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in 175 Tanzanian children (1-4 years old) in a randomized trial. Outcome variables were axillary temperatures every six hours, daily parasitemias, and serum levels of IgG antibodies to P. falciparum. Lower mean temperatures (6-48 hours) were achieved with SP plus chloroquine or paracetamol than with SP alone (P < 0.001) or chloroquine alone (P < 0.05). All three SP-treated groups showed high and similar parasite reduction (0-48 hours), whereas treatment with chloroquine alone was much less effective. Levels of IgG antibodies to P. falciparum increased significantly (P < 0.001) and similarly in the four treatment groups between days 0, 2, and 3. Thus, the addition of chloroquine or paracetamol to SP improved the clinical outcome, but did not affect the parasitologic response or antibody production.

Acetaminophen↗
PubMed1992

Parasitological, clinical and haematological response of children with Plasmodium falciparum to 4-aminoquinolines and to pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine with quinine in western Kenya.

Children with Plasmodium falciparum infections in Western Province, Kenya, were studied in 1987 for their parasitological, clinical and haematological response to chloroquine, to amodiaquine and to pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine plus quinine. Ninety-eight children under 5 years of age were treated in 1 of 2 hospitals. Of the 56 patients treated with chloroquine base 25 mg/kg, 91% had resistant infections, with 36% having no significant decrease in parasitaemia (RIII resistance); however, 69% responded clinically within a week. Of the 27 patients treated with amodiaquine base 25 mg/kg, 67% had resistant infections, with 7% RIII resistant; 81% responded clinically. The parasites cleared in all 15 children given pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine plus 3 days of quinine. Only when parasites cleared did patients have improved haemoglobins and haematocrits. This study shows that parasitaemia in children hospitalized in western Kenya responds poorly to 4-aminoquinolines, although the patients improve clinically, at least during the first 7 days. Young children may need to clear parasites to avoid the risk of severe anemia and the need for blood transfusions.

Amodiaquine↗
PubMed2004

Comparison of the parasitologic efficacy of amodiaquine and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine in the treatment of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in the Bungoma District of western Kenya.

The efficacy of amodiaquine (AQ) and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) was assessed in 310 symptomatic children from western Kenya with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria. A non-blinded, randomized, 14-day study was performed and parasitologic criteria were used. Of 310 patients included, 238 (77%) completed the study: 120 received AQ and 118 received SP. In those treated with AQ, there were sensitive (S) infections in 107 patients (89.2%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 82.2, 94.1%), RI resistance in 10 (8.3%, 95% CI = 4.1, 14.8%), RII resistance in 1 (0.8%, 95% CI = 0, 4.6%), and RIII resistance in 2 (1.7%, 95% CI = 0.2, 5.9%). In those treated with SP, there were S infections in 74 patients (62.7%, 95% CI = 53.3, 71.4%), RI resistance in 21 (17.8%, 95% CI = 11.4, 25.9%), RII resistance in 11 (9.3%, 95% CI = 4.7, 16.1%), and RIII resistance in 12 (10.2%, 95% CI = 5.4, 17.1%). Resistance rates were consistently higher in the SP-treated patients (P < 0.001). Resistance to SP in this area has reached such levels that it should no longer be the first-line treatment. Alternative treatment, such as SP plus AQ combination treatment or artemisinin combination treatment, is urgently needed.

Amodiaquine↗
PubMed2004

Evaluation of myrrh (Mirazid) therapy in fascioliasis and intestinal schistosomiasis in children: immunological and parasitological study.

A total of 21 children with fascioliasis (8 males and 13 females) with mean age of 10.4 years, 8 children with schistosomiasis mansoni (6 males and 2 females) with mean age of 11.37 years were treated with Myrrh (Mirazid) which is an oleo-gum resin from the stem of Commiphora molmol tree (Family Burseraceae). Also, ten healthly cross matched children were utilized as controls. Diagnosis was based on the detection of Fasciola hepatica or Schistosoma mansoni eggs in stool by Kato-Katz technique. Mirazid was given as 10 mg/kg/d an hour before breakfast for 3 consecutive days in schistosomiasis and for 6 days in fascioliasis. Clinical evaluation and stool analysis were done initially and at 2, 4 and 12 weeks post treatment to evaluate cure. Rectal snip was done for responding schistosomiasis cases to confirm recovery. Automated complete blood count with manual assessment of eosinophils, serum total IgE (enzyme immunoassay) and in vitro cytokines assay (IL-1 beta, IL-4, IL-5) by ELISA were performed for all subjects before treatment and repeated 12 weeks only for patients after therapy. Parasitologic cure was 90.9% in fascioliasis and 100% in schistosomiasis at 4 weeks post treatment. After a second dose Fasciola patients who remained positive were cured. Total IgE was significantly higher in Fasciola and Schistosoma patients before treatment compared to control (p < 0.001; 0.005 respectively) and decreased significantly with therapy (p = 0.001; 0.036). IL-1beta was higher in both patient groups than control (p < 0.001; 0.003) and decreased significantly 12 weeks after therapy to control level (p < 0.001; 0.017). IL-5 was high before treatment in both groups (p = 0.041; 0.027) and decreased significantly after 12 weeks after therapy (p = 0.005; 0.012). IL-4 did not differ from control before therapy (p = 0.58; 0.79) but increased significantly after treatment in both patient groups (p = 0.04; 0.02). It is concluded that Mirazid is an effective fasciolicidal and schistosomicidal drug. IL-1beta and IL5 were high in fascioliasis and schistosomiasis, but decreased with therapy denoting immunopathogenesis. The depressed IL-4 production may be a parasite immune evasion or host regulatory mechanism and cytokines levels may be criteria of cure.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2004

Evaluation of schistosomicidal activity of myrrh extract: parasitological and histological study.

Ninety mice were divided into three main groups: G. I (non-infected control), G. II (infected non treated control) and G. III (infected treated), which was further subdivided into 4 subgroups: IIIA, IIIB, IIIC & IIID, where the drug was administered in a dose of 500 mg/kg body weight for five days before infection for subgroup IIIA, on the 1st day post infection (PI) for subgroup IIIB, 21 days PI for subgroup IIIC and 45 days post infection for subgroup IIID. All animals were sacrificed 80 days after the start of the experiment. Anti-schistosomal activity was assessed parasitologically by estimating the percentage reducetion of worm burden, egg count/gm tissues (liver & intestine), and the oogram pattern; histologically & histopathologically by examination of jejunum using different stains. The percentage reduction of worm burden was 30.35%, 64.54%, 76.92% and 98.46% respectively when compared to the infected non-treated control G. The maximum effect of the drug was observed in subgroups IIIC & IIID. Also, there was marked reduction in the egg count in tissues (liver & intestine). In addition the oogram pattern showed that myrrh had high antischistosomal activity. The histologically and histopathologically infected untreated (GII), when compared to non-infected non-treated control G. showed apparent shortening and flattening of the jejunal villi with focal loss of the epithelial covering. Loss of PAS positive brush border of many enterocytes with goblet cells hyperplasia was seen. Bilharzial granulomas were frequently encountered in the submucosa and the musculosa with numerous eosinophils content. In subgroups IIIA & IIIB, there was mild amelioration of the mucosal structural abnormalities. The granulomas were less frequently seen with decrease of their eosinophils. In subgroups IIIC & IIID there was restoration of the jejunal mucosal continuity, marked decrease in the granulomas and paucity of eosinophils. The present data proved that myrrh has a valuable schistosomicidal effect against different maturation stages of S. mansoni. The chemotherapeutic effect was more evident when the drug was given to the infected mice on the 21st as well as on the 45th day PI. The drug proved a promising chemoprophylactic agent when used five days before exposure to infection.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Sanitary-and-parasitological characteristics of non-centralized water supply in the Kursk Region].

The paper presents the results of a sanitary-and-parasitological assessment of non-centralized water supply sources (shaft and pipe wells, spring cappings) for the population. It has been shown that the water of the wells contains helminthic eggs, the proportion of positive tests varies and depends on the improvement of a water source, on the presence of a sanitary zone, etc. The water on non-centralized water supply presents a risk for infection with intestinal parasitic diseases.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Onychomycosis in Morocco: experience of the parasitology and medical mycology laboratory from Rabat children hospital (1982-2003)].

Cases of onychomycosis diagnosed by mycological examination in the parasitology and mycology laboratory (Children Hospital, Rabat, Marocco) over the 22-year period, between 1982 and 2003, have been reviewed. 17,177 dermatophytes have been isolated in 4,940 patients. Dermatophytes presented 61.46% of onychomycosis, yeasts Candida albicans were responsible in 25.5%, moulds in 1.53% and for 12% fungi identification was not determined (positive direct examination or negative direct examination and culture despite typical clinical aspect). The most frequent dermatophyte was Trichophyton rubrum (83.6%), followed by Trichophyton violaceum var. glabrum (9%) and Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. interdigitale (6.9%). Candida albicans was the prevalent yeast. Moulds were mainly Fusarium spp. (47%), followed Scopulariopsis brevicaulis (16%) and Aspergillus spp. (12%). Dermatophytes and moulds most commonly infected the toenails, yeasts the fingernails.

Female↗
PubMed2005

Fascioliasis among local and imported sheep in Saudi Arabia: parasitological and serological diagnosis.

Eight-hundred-twelve local and imported sheep, slaughtered at Riyadh abattoir, were subjected for parasitological diagnosis of fascioliasis by detection of eggs in the stool and worms in the liver and for serological diagnosis by detection of circulating anti-Fasciola IgG (CAFIgG) and circulating Fasciola antigens (CFAgs) using the indirect ELISA and the double antibody sandwich ELISA respectively. Detection of eggs revealed 13.5% infection rate compared with 21.9% by detection of worms (p<0.001). Infection rate was significantly higher (p<0.001) among the imported sheep (15.1%) than among the local ones (4.96%). Positivity for CAFIgG was 64.3% among all sheep while that of CFAgs was 30.2% (p<0.001). Sheep passing Fasciola eggs showed positivity of 99.1% for CAFIgG and 87.3% for CFAgs (p<0.05). Sheep free from any parasitic eggs showed positivity of 61.2% for CAFIgG and 21.1% for CFAgs. There was a highly significant association (p<0.001) between positivity of both CAFIgG and CFAgs and positivity of eggs in the stool.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

[Epidemiological, clinical and parasitological data about canine leishmaniasis in Tunisia].

Epidemiological, clinical and parasitological data concerning canine leishmaniasis were collected in two Tunisian populations of dogs, different in breed and life style: 23 rural dogs and 26 dogs of European breeds. All were symptomatic and lived in the north of Tunisia where human visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania infantum are endemic. Leishmaniasis has been confirmed in all dogs by serology or/and by parasitic identification. Significant differences concerning age and symptoms suggest a higher susceptibility to infection in European imported breeds. In fact individuals of this population were significantly younger; 81% were less than 5 years old whereas 57% of the autochthonous rural dogs were more than 5 years old with 31% of them being older than 9 (p = 0.014). In spite of their young age, 75% of imported breeds presented an affection of their general state with more frequent cutaneous symptoms than the rural dogs (96% versus 69%, p = 0.02). Isoenzyme typing of 31 strains, obtained from the two populations, from different sites (blood, lymph nodes, spleen) has only identified the zymodeme Leishmania infantum MON-1. This stresses the need of more investigations to determine reservoirs of the other enzymatic variants identified in humans in Tunisia and Mediterranean basin.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1975

Parasitology survey and seroepidemiology of amoebiasis in South Kalimantan (Borneo), Indonesia.

A parasitology surevy was conducted among inhabitants of 7 villages in 3 regencies in South Kalimantan Province, Indonesia. A total of 2,169 stool specimens, 2,756 blood smears and 1,027 serum specimens were obtained, representing samples from approximately 10%, 12% and 5% of the population, respectively. One to 8 different intestinal parasitic infections were detected in 97% of the people. Those parasites most frequently found were Trichuris trichiura (83%), Ascaris lumbricoides (79%), and hookworm (65%), followed by Entamoeba coli (37%), Endolimaxnana (12%), Entamoeba histolytica (12%), Iodamoeba bütschlii (11%), Giardia lamblia (5%), Entamoeba hartmanni (2%), Chilomastix mesnili (2%). Other parasites found were Enterobius vermicularis, Strongyloides stercoralis, Capillaria sp., Echinostoma sp., Hymenolepis diminuta, and Trichomonas hominis. Giardia lamblia was found more often in younger people and Entamoeba coli, Iodamoeba bütschlii and hookworm in the older age group. Ascaris lumbricoides occurred more frequently in females, and hookworm in males. Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum were found in the blood smears of 4.4% of the people, mostly in the younger age groups. Seroepidemiological studies on amoebiasis were done by use of the indirect hemagglutination test with antigens prepared from the HK9 strain of Entamoeba histolytica maintained in axenic cultures. The frequency distribution of the reciprocal antibody titers showed a bimodal distribution with 34% of the population demonstrating positive reactions at titers of 1:128 or greater.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[A new parasitological index for the estimation of peculiarities of the relationships between parasite and its host, and biotope of the host].

A new parasitological index (hostal-topical index) for the estimation of the degree of ectoparasite's relationship with its host and biotope of the host is proposed: [formula: see text], where [formula: see text]--hostal-topical index; n--amount of ectoparasites of the given species on the given host species in the biotope; N--amount of ectoparasites of all species from the given taxonomic group on the given host species in the biotope; n1--amount of hosts of the given species in the biotope; N1--amount of hosts of all species from the given taxonomic group in the biotope; n2--amount of ectoparasites of the given species in the biotope; N2--amount of ectoparasites of all species from the given taxonomic group in the biotope. Values [formula: see text] < 0.1 indicate that there is a distinct relationship with the biotope in spite of the host; values fallen into the range 0.1 < [formula: see text] < 0.5 indicate a moderate relationship with the biotope through the host; values [formula: see text] > 0.5 indicate a significant relationship with the host. By means of this index we have analyzed peculiarity of several parasitic species of fleas and gamasid mites to their hosts, biotopes, and biotope through the host. As it was found on the materials from different native zones and subzones of the Omsk Region (Western Siberia, Russia), values of the hostal-topical index for polyhostal parasitic species are lesser than those for oligohostal species. Values of this index can be different for the same species in the different native zones and subzones as well as in the different biotopes of the same native zone (subzone).

Animals↗
PubMed2001

[Parasitological examinations of the hydatoid cysts of liver].

Liver cysts taken from 9 patients, operated on in the Medical Academy Clinic in 2000, have been examined. Cyst layers, their thickness and content have been analysed. We have searched for the cestoid scolexes and rostellar hooks. In 6 patients Echinococcus granulosus larvae have been found. In 4 cases there have been protoscolexes discovered, however with some signs of degeneration of the larva. In one case dead larva has been diagnosed on the basis of the presence of single hooks and in one patient one larva alive with unchanged structures has been revealed. Profound parasitological examination is a good supplement to the examination of the histopathological slides, especially in the case of degenerating larvae, when the tissues of the parasite lose their contact with the connective tissue layer of the host. Separated layer fragments, as well as protoscolexes and rostellar hooks need not be exposed to histological cutting.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

[Distribution of intestinal parasites in children aged between 0 and 14 presenting at the Laboratory of Parasitology of the Mustafa Kemal University Medical School.].

The aim of this study was to determine the parasite frequency in children from 0-14 years old who had presented at the parasitology laboratory of the Mustafa Kemal University Medicine School complaining of gastrointestinal and anal pruritus. During the laboratory investigation, 561 fecal specimens and 534 cellophane tapes obtained from the patients were examined. After the microscope examination of 561 feces samples, it was found that 104 of these samples (from 50 boys and 54 girls) contained one or more intestinal parasites. The number and distribution of these parasites in the specimens was as follows: 24 (4.27%) Giardia intestinalis, 9 (1.64%) Entamoeba histolytica, 3 (0.53%) Taenia saginata, 4 (0.71%) Dicrocoelium dendriticum, 51 (9.09%) Blastocystis hominis, 1 (0.17%) Enterobius vermicularis, 1 (0.17%) Entamoeba coli, 1 (0.17%) Entamoeba histolytica + Blastocystis hominis, 5 (0.89%) Giardia intestinalis + Blastocystis hominis, 1 (0.17%) Entamoeba coli + Blastocystis hominis, 1 (0.17%) Giardia intestinalis + Blastocystis hominis + Hymenolepis nana, 1 (0.17%) Blastocystis hominis + Enterobius vermicularis + Entamoeba coli. Out of the 534 cellophane tapes, 85 were found to be positive.

English Abstract↗
PubMed2005

[The distribution of intestinal parasites in patients presenting at the Parasitology Laboratory of the Cumhuriyet University.].

This study is concerned with the distribution of intestinal parasites detected in patients who presented at the routine Parasitology Laboratory of the Cumhuriyet University Faculty of Medicine from May 2002-November 2004. A total of 5057 stool specimens from 2305 (45.6%) males and 2752 (54.4%) females were examined for intestinal parasites using direct examination and flotation methods. Intestinal parasites were found in 231 (4.5%) females and 301(5.9%) males. A total of 1313 cellophane tape specimens from 646 (49.2%) females and 667 (50.8%) males were examined. Parasites were detected in 34 (2.6%) female and 48 (3.6%) male patients. The distribution of intestinal parasites detected in stool specimens was as follows: 189 (3.7%) Giardia intestinalis, 124 (2.4%) E. histolytica/dispar, 128 (2.5%) Entamoeba coli, 29 (0.6%) Iodamoeba butschlii, 21(0.4%) Blastocystis hominis, 2 (0.03%) Chilomastix mesnili, 1 (0.01%) Trichomonas hominis, 1 (0.01%) Hymenolepis nana, 33 (0.6%) Taenia saginata, 3 (0.05%) Ascaris lumbricoides, and 1 (0.01%) Trichuris trichiura. Parasites detected in cellophane tape specimens included 71 (5.4%) Enterobius vermicularis and 11 (0.8%) Taenia saginata.

English Abstract↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Parasitological and clinical efficacy of standard treatment regimens against Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax and P. malariae in Papua New Guinea.

Resistance of Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) and P. vivax (Pv) to standard antimalarials is widespread in Papua New Guinea (PNG). The objective of the study was to assess the rate of clinical treatment failure (TF) and parasite resistance to amodiaquine (AQ), chloroquine (CQ) and quinine+sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine (Q+SP) for malaria in a rural health centre of the East Sepik Province. 179 patients presenting with symptoms and signs of malaria and with Pf (144 patients), Pv (18 patients), P. malariae (Pm) (7 patients) or mixed infection (10 patients) were included. 86 were treated with AQ, 88 with CQ and 5 with Q+SP. 21/179 patients (12%) were not cured or had a recrudescence of symptoms associated with parasitaemia in the 28 days following treatment, 14% after AQ, 10% after CQ and 0% after Q+SP. The proportion of TF was higher (17%) when the analysis population included only the 108 subjects who had a complete follow-up, especially for failure with Pf following AQ treatment (26%). During the 28 days of follow-up, RII or RIII level of resistance in Pf was detected in 55% of the subjects treated with amodiaquine, 30% of those treated with chloroquine and 0% of those treated with quinine+SP. Of the Pv or Pm parasites only one Pv was found to be RII resistant to CQ in the 28-day test. In vitro resistance of Pf to CQ was higher than to AQ (50% versus 27% of 36 parasite samples that grew successfully). The level of TF and parasitological resistance to standard antimalarial drugs was lower in this area than in urban settings, where drugs are more easily available. AQ performed less well than CQ but the difference is likely to be due to the age of the users, ie, their level of immunity, AQ being the first-line drug for young children. These results provided support for the recent change in the policy for the standard treatment of uncomplicated malaria in PNG from AQ or CQ to the combination of AQ+SP or CQ+SP, a recommendation aimed at slowing down the spread of multidrug resistance.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

[Congenital malaria: clinical, parasitological and histological considerations. Apropos of 200 observations collected at the Lomé University Teaching Hospital and Kpalimé Hospital].

An evaluation was conducted of the usefulness of clinical, parasitological and histological parameters for the diagnosis of neonatal pathology due to congenital malaria. Haematozoa detected were invariably Plasmodium falciparum. Their presence in the placenta was considered essential to confirm congenital infection, but needed always to be accompanied by a positive diagnose of the same species in the mother, villous vessels, umbilical cord and peripheral blood of the newborn child. None of these was sufficient diagnosis alone. The existence of congenital malaria as a sickness in its own right appears unlikely, however, the indirect effects of maternal malaria on the foetus suggest prophylactic and individualised treatment is desirable for pregnant women.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗