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At least 343 records · Page 19Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

Probable torticollis revealed in decapitated skull.

The skeletal features of a moderately decomposed decapitated head recovered in 1993 are consistent with torticollis (wryneck) and inconsistent with other possible syndromes. Asymmetries of the face, cranial vault, mandible, and cervical vertebrae closely resemble published cases of paleopathological and recent torticollis. The laterally directed left occipital condyle and articulation of the basicranium and cervical vertebrae indicate that the head was tipped toward the left shoulder. Right-left asymmetries of areas of muscular attachments are compatible with a leftward head deviation. Mild arthritis of the atlantal-occipital and intervertebral joints, clinoid bridging, and thickening of the inner table of the frontal squamosa may not be related to the possible torticollis. The postural deviations of the head and neck may aid in the identification of this homicide victim, as did skeletal evidence to torticollis in an earlier case from Britain.

Female↗
PubMed1996

[The museums of pathologic anatomy: a very much neglected sector of scientific museology, worth of reconsideration].

This brief work aims at drawing attention to the problems affecting museums of pathological anatomy and the possibility to revise their role and give them other purposes than the merely educational ones for which they are established. Current educational methods and tools, using sophisticated and modern audio-visual and multimedia systems, have been so thoroughly renewed that the preservation of anatomic specimens for exemplification and illustration is no longer a fundamental requirement. Clearly enough, Pathological Anatomy Museums need to change in order to meet new requirements and achieve new goals. Therefore, the creation as well as the revamping of a Museum should be based on the use of multimedia and interactive systems. These should include the collection of pictures of rare or peculiar cases as well as the possibility to propose pre-established educational programmes to students, while offering to scholars other programmes with different levels of difficulties and historical-documentary information. This is the approach followed by the experimental model implemented in our Institute which is presented in this work. Also, the Museum should be responsible for collecting and safeguarding rare anatomic material or specimens of particular interest from a historical-geographical and chronological point of view. The Museum should be a biologic archive from which information can be trapped for study and research works. For this reason, it should not be located only in one place, but the information and data therein contained should be made available, through a computer network, in the various centres and departments of Pathological Anatomy. Secondly, collections of dried osteologic materials should be properly preserved, since they are an important educational tool of great value for paleopathological studies. Finally, particular attention should be given to the oldest museums hosting collections of anatomic artworks such as wax impressions and casts, which, being the expression of a specific age and scientific attitude, are to be considered as a cultural heritage to be safeguarded.

Humans↗
PubMed1998

Environmental epidemiology of malignancies. The central European perspective.

The epidemiology of tumour diseases is one of the basic fields of non-infectious epidemiology. When in the first half of this century the most serious infections had been put under control in Europe and North America other kinds of diseases such as carcinomas emerged. Incidence of these diseases seem to be epidemical, exactly in those parts of the world. Carcinomas have been recorded as the second largest group of death causes nowadays. Despite frequent efforts to refer to the tumour diseases as the civilisation evils, we have to weigh critically the opinion that malignant tumours are the privilege of industrial countries whereas the primitive nations have recorded these types of diseases rarely. The Cancer Register in Mengo Hospital, Kampala, of 1897-1956 and other evidence have failed to confirm the lower cancer incidence in the local population at the beginning of the colonisation period than it was in Europe of that time. The paleopathological analysis of skeletal relicts in Central Europe burial places during the ceramic volute era near Stuttgart, Germany, have proved the total proportion of over 10% of traces indicating the presence of tumours in the available complete skeletons. The authors discuss the epidemiology of cancer, risk factors and chances of prevention.

Age Factors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Arterial disease in antiquity.

The study of papyrus writings and of mummified human remains provides an insight into the diseases and the practice of medicine in ancient times. Paleopathology, developed in the latter part of the last century and now incorporating modern technology and diagnostic techniques, has shown that arterial disease was not uncommon and that the arterial lesions of 3000 years ago were no different from those we see today.

Egypt, Ancient↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Guidelines for the development of comparative pathology.

The purpose of comparative pathology is to develop a fuller understanding of pathologic processes in individuals of various species. Historically, we distinguish between direct and indirect findings. Direct sources are paleopathologic fossils. Indirect findings are historic and/or religious descriptions of epidemics. The philosophy behind the comparative approach depends primarily on the individuals of the species as units. The individual represents a concrete reality, whereas the other taxonomic categories are only theoretical entities contrived by human thought. Intraspecies-specific comparison and the interspecies-specific comparison are distinguishable. In intraspecies-specific comparison different individuals (races, breeds) of one species are compared, whereas in the interspecies-specific comparison individuals of several species are compared. Evolution and the comparative ontogenetic development of recent organisms explains how the variability of species came into existence. Consistency in evolution and uniformity is given by the fact that members of all phyla are still represented by some remaining species. Heterogeneity of organismic structures are more numerous but secondary. With the exception of the virus, the cell is remaining the unit of living matter, but viruses depend on cells for their existence. The majority of species, the eumetazoans and vascular plants, are built of true tissues developed by cell division, whereas higher fungi and some algae exhibit plectenchymata which develop by the fusion of cells. This short article presents some thoughts and principles underlining the importance of development of guideline for the study of comparative pathology.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Study of the history of medicine in Georgia.

There are different approaches to teaching the history of medicine in different countries. Teaching the history of medicine in Georgia is bound to its traditional medicine. Georgian medicine originated at the crossroads of the East and West and thus integrates the principles of both medical traditions. The Research Department of the History of Georgian Medicine and Traditional Medicine at Experimental and Clinical Medical Institute of Tbilisi State University has, over 40 years, collected a unique material on Georgian folk medicine, including thousands of recipes and hundreds of active components of herbal, animal, and mineral origin. Our project for the future is to prepare National Formulary of Georgian Medicine. In the work with students, we aim to teach them the basis of Chinese, Indian, Caucasian, Arabian, American, Australian, and African folk medicine, the basis of homeopathy and antroposophy, paleopathology, and bioarcheology so that they incorporate them into modern medicine and clinical practice.

Education, Medical↗
PubMed1965

HUMAN SKELETONS OF TEHUAC'AN.

The oldest series of human skeletons in the New World shows a high incidence of traumatic lesions during the early nomadic hunting and gathering phase, dental patterns which reflect the transition to an agricultural economy, some evidences of microevolution occurring in a local population, and one probable example of pre-Columbian syphilis.

Agriculture↗