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PubMed1993

Soviet Jews in the United States: an analysis of their linguistic and economic adjustment.

"This article reviews the literature and analyzes 1980 Census data to study English language fluency and earnings among Soviet Jews [in the United States]. The literature review reveals: 1) the importance of employment and attaining premigration occupational status for self-esteem; 2) the difficulty of adjusting to the wide range of choices in the United States; 3) the greater difficulty and economic importance of learning English; and 4) the rapid linguistic and economic mobility. The multivariate analysis supports the latter two points. Soviet Jews have a difficult initial adjustment, but after five years in the United States they achieve parity in English fluency and earnings with other European immigrants, ceteris paribus."

Acculturation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Prevalence of hypercholesterolemia in a national worksite sample.

We conducted a screening for serum cholesterol levels at 41 locations of a large manufacturing company to determine baseline serum cholesterol levels in a workplace population. Locations were based on volunteerism. We conducted screenings at the worksite with individuals voluntarily participating on company time. Fifty percent of eligible employees participated in the screening. Using National Cholesterol Education Program guidelines, we identified 17.6% of employees as hypercholesterolemic (greater than or equal to 240 mg/dL), and another 30.2% were at borderline high risk. Total serum cholesterol increased with age and was higher in men than in women. Total cholesterol was significantly associated with age, sex, marital status, and education, but not with occupational status.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

From marriage to informal union: recent changes in the behaviour of French couples.

The author uses data from the 1986 Family History Survey conducted in France to examine patterns of entry into marriage and the range of informal unions that exist. "Since unmarried cohabitation is only recent for first unions, we shall confine our analysis to first unions and, for homogeneity, to those begun before the 30th birthday." She examines the effects of occupational status and social background on marriage decisions.

Behavior↗
PubMed2001

Global versus domain-specific statuses in identity research: a comparison of two self-report measures.

The present study explored the potential usefulness of global identity statuses (ideological identity) as opposed to domain-specific statuses (occupation, religion, politics) using self-report measures rather than identity interviews. A total of 339 college students from two colleges in Belgium (Europe) completed both the Extended Objective Measure of Ego-Identity Status (EOM-EIS) and the Dellas Identity Status Inventory - Occupation, Religious Beliefs, Political Ideology (DISI-ORP). Four types of evidence argued in favour of domain-specific statuses (i.e. low convergence in identity status across domains, moderate convergence between global and domain-specific identity statuses, significant gender differences in domain-specific but not in global identity statuses, and significant associations between identity process and identity content in congruent but not in incongruent domains). In line with earlier research using identity status interviews, it was concluded that adolescent identity is not to be considered a unitary construct and the use of domain-specific identity statuses is recommended whenever possible. Theoretical implications of the findings are discussed in terms of adolescents' temporal spacing of identity concerns. Finally, the limitations of identity questionnaires (additive approach to global identity statuses) are pointed out. Identity interviews (indicative approach to global statuses) can yield a very different picture of identity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

The relationship between exposure monitoring and health status in the occupational setting. An information system on exposure levels and occupational diseases.

The relationship between the level of occupational exposure to different noxious factors and the health consequences of these in exposed populations is discussed using cadmium, lead, carbon disulphide and vinyl chloride as examples of occupational pollutants. The legal status and organizational system of monitoring the exposure to occupational pollutants and health effects in Poland are presented. The scope and sources of data on the occupational exposure level as well as the register of occupational diseases are evaluated.

Air Pollutants, Occupational↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Demographic development in a developing economy: a case study of Uttar Pradesh.

"Patterns of and trends in demographic development in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh have been analysed in this paper. Indices of urbanisation, literacy and occupational structure were used for this purpose. Their aggregate index represented the level of demographic development." The data are for 242 subdivisions of Uttar Pradesh for the census years 1971 and 1981. Particular attention is given to regional differentials in demographic indicators. The relationships among economic development and the measurements of literacy, urbanization, and occupational status are explored

Asia↗
PubMed1995

The seven health practices, well-being, and performance at work: evidence for the value of reaching small and underserved worksites.

BACKGROUND: Research conducted over several decades demonstrates rather convincingly that seven health practices predict future mortality rates, morbidity, and disability. The current study was designed to determine the extent to which these health practices predict more proximal wellness and illness factors. METHOD: Data were collected from 345 employees working in a variety of organizations in southern California. In addition, supervisors evaluated the attendance record and job performance of the participating employees whom they directly supervised. RESULTS: Analyses revealed that, after adjusting for age, gender, ethnicity, occupational status, and employee social relations, the seven health practices significantly predicted several employee wellness factors (i.e., vitality, positive well-being, and supervisory ratings of attendance) and illness factors (i.e., anxiety, depression, lack of self-control, and physical illness behavior). Employee social relations also predicted unique variance in most of the wellness and illness factors. However, neither employee health practices nor social relations predicted supervisory ratings of job performance. CONCLUSION: The pattern of findings was remarkably similar to previous work demonstrating the more distal impact of the seven health practices and suggests the value of encouraging good employee health practices at small and underserved worksites.

Absenteeism↗
PubMed1991

Who eats what? A comparison of dietary patterns among men and women in different occupational groups.

Dietary data were obtained during a community-based study of risk factors for heart disease in 1983. Results were compared for men and women in broadly defined socioeconomic groups based on occupation and education. People in higher status occupation groups and with more education, and women more than men, had food consumption patterns more consistent with current health promotion messages. For example, they reported eating more wholemeal or brown bread and more fresh fruit and vegetables, drinking more skim or low-fat milk, eating fewer eggs and having less sugar in hot drinks or on cereals. There was some evidence, however, of an interplay of influences of cost and health awareness. For example, retired men were less likely than employed men to eat butter, cream, fresh fruit and vegetables, while men in the upper socioeconomic groups reported relatively higher consumption of butter and cream. The results emphasise the need for a range of strategies aimed at specific subgroups in order to improve national dietary patterns in Australia.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Disparities in cognitive functioning by race/ethnicity in the Baltimore Memory Study.

The Baltimore Memory Study is a cohort study of the multilevel determinants of cognitive decline in 50-70-year-old randomly selected residents of specific city neighborhoods. Prior studies have demonstrated that cognitive function differs by race/ethnicity, with lower scores in minorities than in whites, but the underlying basis for these differences is not understood. Studies have differed in the rigor with which they evaluated and controlled for such important confounding variables as socioeconomic status (SES), health-related behaviors, comorbid illnesses, and factors in the physical environment. The goal of this study was to describe differences in neurobehavioral test scores by race/ethnicity, before and after control for a four-dimensional measure of SES and health-related behaviors and health conditions, in a cross-sectional analysis of first visit data. Random samples of households in the study area were selected until enrollment goals were reached. Among the 2,351 persons on whom eligibility was determined, 60.8% were scheduled for an enrollment visit; of these, 1,140 (81.3%) were enrolled and tested. These study participants were 34.3% male and 65.7% female and were from 65 Baltimore, Maryland, neighborhoods. After adjustment for age, sex, and testing technician, there were large and statistically significant differences in neurobehavioral test scores by race/ethnicity, with African-American scores lower than those for whites, for both men and women. After adjustment for individual SES (educational status, household income, household assets, and occupational status), the average difference declined by 25.8%. After additional adjustment for SES, health-related behaviors and health conditions, and blood lead, the average difference declined another 10%, but large differences persisted; African Americans had test scores that averaged 0.43 standard deviation lower than those for whites across all neurobehavioral tests. These differences were present in all cognitive domains, including tests that would not be characterized as susceptible to differential item functioning by race/ethnicity, suggesting that the results are not due to race/ethnicity-associated measurement error.

Black or African American↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Life changes, coping resources, and health among the elderly.

In the last several years, a host of studies have shown a relationship between life change and deterioration in health status. This relationship, however, appears to be modest, and investigators have recently become interested in the coping resources, or buffers, that enable some individuals to encounter significant life change with little or no apparent negative changes in their health. Using samples consisting largely of young and middle-aged persons, studies have shown that the presence of a confidant, social network involvement, marital status, feelings of esteem and confidence, occupational status, and income can act as buffers against the potentially stressful effects of life change. The present study examines the extent to which these factors serve as coping resources for a sample of elderly individuals. With the exception of income, the results suggest that not only do these variables fail to serve as buffers against life change for the aged, but some of them appear to function as coping inhibitors, operating to exacerbate the deleterious consequences of life change.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2002

Education and acute coronary syndromes: results from the CARDIO2000 epidemiological study.

OBJECTIVE: As a measure of socioeconomic status, low educational level is positively associated with the risk of developing adverse health events. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the level of education and the risk of developing non- fatal acute coronary syndromes. METHODS: During 2000 and 2001, 1619 randomly selected subjects from several regions of Greece were entered into a case-control study. Of these, 750 were patients with their first acute coronary heart syndrome event, and 869 were hospitalized controls with no cardiovascular disease in their medical history. Trends in cardiovascular risk factors were then examined across patient and control educational level by years of schooling. FINDINGS: In both patients and controls, education status was related to economic and occupation status, smoking habits, physical inactivity, alcohol consumption and non-compliance to treatment. After adjusting for these and other conventional risk factors, as well as for the effects of age and sex, we found that coronary risk increases by 82% (odds ratio (OR) = 1.82, P <0.05) for individuals with a lower level of education, and by 65% (OR = 1.65, P <0.05) for individuals with an average education, compared to those with an academic education. CONCLUSIONS: Although the least-educated subjects adopted a more adverse lifestyle than the more-educated subjects, the inverse association between education and coronary risk was independent from such factors. The inverse association may be due to psychosocial differences, and prospective cohort studies are needed to confirm or refute these results.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

The relative economic progress of male foreign workers in Kuwait.

"A human capital framework is utilized to examine the economic progress of nine nationality groups of foreign workers [in Kuwait] using data from the 1983 national Labor Survey. The sources of earnings' variations of particular interest to us included different degrees of education and experience transferability, occupational affiliation and ethnic background. In general, the results derived from the analysis suggest that 1) foreign workers achieve a discernible economic progress as their residence lengthens; 2) the rate of economic progress varies depending on worker's education, home and Kuwait-specific experience, occupational status and ethnic background; and 3) about one third of the earnings inequality is due to unexplained factors including discrimination."

Asia↗
PubMed1988

Patients with heart rhythm disturbances: variables associated with increased psychologic distress.

The spectrum of psychologic distress in patients with serious heart rhythm disturbances (HRD) has not been well defined. A survey of personal and clinical background data and general psychologic status was made of 136 patients with serious HRD defined as sustained or symptomatic ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation. Two questionnaires were used: the SCL-90-R, a standard self-report symptom inventory of present psychologic status, and a functional capacity and occupational status questionnaire developed by us. Of the 105 respondents, 89 completed both questionnaires, the results of which form the basis of this report. The patients with HRD were found to have significantly elevated SCL-90-R scores reflective of an increase in overall psychologic distress (Global Severity Index, Positive Symptom Distress Index, and Positive Symptom Total) as well as significantly higher scores on the specific constructs. Within the HRD population, univariate analysis revealed three variables significantly correlated with increased psychologic distress: (1) requiring long-term antiarrhythmic medication, (2) being forced to modify work status, and (3) having more advanced cardiac impairment. Patients who had two or more of these variables, termed risk factors, reported significantly more symptoms and greater psychologic distress than those with zero or one risk factor. We conclude that patients with serious HRD have greater psychologic distress than do normal subjects. Within the HRD group, patients requiring long-term medical treatment for their arrhythmia, those forced to modify work status, and those with more advanced cardiac impairment are at greater risk for emotional sequelae, and patients with two or more of the identified risk factors are more likely to have elevated psychologic distress.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Women's childhood experience of parental separation and their subsequent health and socioeconomic status in adulthood.

The long term consequences for women of parental divorce and separation in childhood are explored using data from a national, prospective, longitudinal survey. In comparison with women who suffered no parental loss, parental divorce is associated with lower educational attainment and occupational status, poorer mental health, higher alcohol consumption and higher rates of remarriage. Links with earlier signs of emotional disturbance and current levels of stress are explored.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Relations between cognitive and symptom profile heterogeneity in schizophrenia.

Although numerous studies have consistently revealed cognitive heterogeneity in schizophrenia, the relationships between such heterogeneity and clinical phenomenology are not clear. Clusters derived from cognitive heterogeneity studies may or may not be associated with symptom profile or severity of illness. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between cognitive heterogeneity and demographic and clinical phenomenological measures. We examined cognitive heterogeneity in schizophrenia by empirically deriving clusters of patients based upon WAIS-R subtest scores and then analyzed the way in which these clusters related to demographic and symptom variables and to DSM-III-R diagnostic subtypes. Four cognitive clusters were identified that were consistent with previous research. These clusters were differentiated on the basis of educational level and occupational status but not on the basis of symptom profile, severity, or DSM-III-R subtypes. Results suggest that cognitive measures are independent of severity of the disorder and phenomenological symptom presentation in these subgroups of schizophrenic patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Socioeconomic determinants of fertility in China: a microeconometric analysis.

"This paper reports the first set of estimates of the socioeconomic determinants of fertility in China using micro-data available from China's 1985 In-Depth Fertility Survey. Based on existing microeconomic theories of fertility, an econometric model was specified and estimated. The results indicate that even after age, marriage duration and child mortality are taken into account, education level of the woman, occupational status of the husband, the place of former and current residence, sex preference for boys, durable goods ownership, and family structure affect fertility."

Age Factors↗
PubMed1990

Use of contraceptives by women of upper socioeconomic status.

This was a descriptive correlational study of the contraceptive knowledge, methods, and consistency of contraceptive use by women of upper socioeconomic class. Socioeconomic class was determined using Hollingshead's Four-Factor Index of Social Status (1975) and was based on the woman's own educational and occupational status. The mean socioeconomic score for participants in this study (N = 83) was high in the second of five socioeconomic classes. Study participants were found to be consistent users of their contraceptive method and had fewer unplanned pregnancies in their history than the general population. They were more knowledgeable about contraceptives and reproduction than others tested with the same contraceptive knowledge instrument. They used barrier methods predominantly, with the use of less theoretically effective methods correlating significantly with a greater number of contraceptive methods used in the past.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Triumphant transitions: socioeconomic achievements of the second generation in Canada.

"Articulated within the last decade, the revisionary perspective on second generation integration argues that the model of equal or above average success of the second generation in North America is historically specific, based on the postwar entry of a white second generation in boom economic times. One implication is that the past patterns of second generation success may not hold now and in the future for immigrant offspring. Using data from the 1994 Canadian General Social Survey for women and men, age 25-64, this article assesses the proposition of triumphant transitions in which the second generation experiences high levels of educational and labor market achievements. Multivariate analyses confirm second generation success with respect to educational levels and occupational status, thus contradicting verdicts of a new chapter to be written for the second generation in Canada."

Acculturation↗