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PubMed2002

Hookworm infections of schoolchildren in southern Thailand.

A study of hookworm infections of schoolchildren was conducted in Nakhon Si Thammarat Province, southern Thailand. Of the 2,940 hookworms that were recovered from the children, almost all (99.9%), were Necator americanus, only three (0.1%) were identified as Ancylostoma duodenale, and all were female worms. An estimation of the worm burden of and the worm expulsion from the schoolchildren indicated there were 17 cases of light intensity hookworm infection. Fifteen cases (88.2%) expelled worms in numbers that corresponded with the worm burden that was estimated from the number of eggs per gram of feces. Two cases (11.8%) expelled more worms than predicted. In 16 moderate intensity cases, five (31.3%) expelled worms in a quantity that corresponding with the estimated worm burden. Eleven cases (68.7%) expelled fewer worms than predicted. All cases of heavy intensity infection expelled fewer worms than predicted.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

[Clinical observation on efficacy of ivermectin in the treatment of intestinal nematode infections].

A total of 166 cases were divided into 3 groups: group A comprised 55, group B 54 and group C 57 cases. Group A received ivermectin 0.1 mg/kg orally at a single dose, the cure rates were 100%, 3.8% and 50% for ascaris, hookworm and trichuris, infections respectively: group B received ivermectin 0.2 mg/kg orally at a single dose, the corresponding cure rates were 95.5%, 11.8% and 76.5% respectively; group C received pyrantel pamoate 10 mg/kg orally at a single dose, the corresponding cure rates were 95.5%, 29.6% and 31.6% respectively. Although the cure rates were very low for hookworm infection in both group A and B, however, a number of adult worms of Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus were expelled aster medication; It indicates that ivermectin has some effects on these two species of human hookworm. Side effects were mild and transient in all groups.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Intestinal parasitic infections in Likupang, North Sulawesi, Indonesia.

A parasitological survey was conducted on the inhabitants of 6 villages of Likupang, Minahasa Peninsula, North Sulawesi, Indonesia, in August 1991. A total of 419 fecal samples were examined by using direct smear, flotation, formalin ether concentration, Harada-Mori culture and agar-plate culture techniques. Five nematode and 7 protozoan parasites were detected, while trematode and cestode infection was not observed. Soil-transmitted nematode infections were predominant. Among the younger inhabitants aged less than 15, positive rates of Ascaris, Trichuris and hookworm infections were almost same, namely 45.7, 45.3 and 47.7%, respectively. Among the elder people aged 15 or more, positive rate of hookworm infection (89.4%) was much higher than Ascaris and Trichuris infections (19.3 and 26.1%, respectively). Village to village differences in parasite prevalence, probably due to socio-economic and sanitary-environmental differences were observed. Both Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale were detected. The agar-plate culture was proved to be an efficient method for detection of hookworm as well as Strongyloides stercoralis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

[Transmission of schistosomiasis in an urban population and prevalence of intestinal helminthiasis in Bamako, Mali ].

Parasitological, malacological and anthropological studies were performed to assess the prevalence of Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni in schoolchildren living in the suburban area of Bamako. A total of 1017 schoolchildren aged 6-14 years were selected in two different areas between September 1997 and December 1999. In Djikoroni, the prevalence of S. haematobium and S. mansoni was 80.7% (339/420) and 22.8% (85/372) respectively. There was no significant difference of prevalence and intensity of infection with S. haematobium between schools, gender and age (p > 0.05), whereas, those of S. mansoni were higher in the vicinity of (+/- 100 m from) major sites where infected Biomphalaria pfeifferi were found (p < 0.001). In Niomirambougou, S. haematobium was prevalent in 46.7% (279/597) and S. mansoni in 28.2% (134/475). Boys and children aged 11-14 years were more infected (p < 0.001). Associated intestinal helminths (Hymenolepis nana, Necator americanus and Ascaris lumbricoides) were relatively scarce (prevalence < 1%). The prevalences of schistosome infected snails intermediate host were relatively high, 49.3% (100/203) in B. pfeifferi, 20.6% (88/138) in B. truncatus and 24.1% (7/29) in B. globosus. We recorded a total of 2514 water contacts about which 1130 in December and 1384 in January. Most of the children, 42.9% (1077/2511) were attracted to water bodies for bathing, swimming and playing, suggesting the lack of recreational facilities in these areas. Developing local control programmes in schools located in the vicinity of water bodies would contribute to break the parasite transmission cycle in Bamako.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Resumption of feeding in vitro by hookworm third-stage larvae: a comparative study.

Third-stage infective larvae of the canine hookworm Ancylostoma caninum resume feeding in vitro in response to several stimuli. Experiments were conducted to characterize the in vitro feeding behavior of several hookworm species. Reduced glutathione and, to a lesser extent, canine and human serum stimulated third-stage larvae of Ancylostoma duodenale to resume feeding. Glutathione-induced feeding reached a maximum by 16 hr and was concentration-dependent between 0- and 15-mM glutathione. Oxidized glutathione and the reducing agents dithiothreitol and L-cysteine failed to induce feeding, suggesting that reducing conditions alone were not stimulatory. Serum incubated with glutathione was the most efficient stimulus for Ancylostoma ceylanicum, Ancylostoma braziliense, and Ancylostoma tubaeforme larvae, whereas Uncinaria stenocephala larvae responded best to canine serum alone. Necator americanus larvae did not resume feeding in response to glutathione, serum, glutathione plus serum, or linoleic acid (0.1-10 mM). These differences in feeding behavior suggest that generalizations concerning hookworm biology must be interpreted cautiously.

Ancylostoma↗
PubMed2004

Common intestinal parasites.

Intestinal parasites cause significant morbidity and mortality. Diseases caused by Enterobius vermicularis, Giardia lamblia, Ancylostoma duodenale, Necator americanus, and Entamoeba histolytica occur in the United States. E. vermicularis, or pinworm, causes irritation and sleep disturbances. Diagnosis can be made using the "cellophane tape test." Treatment includes mebendazole and household sanitation. Giardia causes nausea, vomiting, malabsorption, diarrhea, and weight loss. Stool ova and parasite studies are diagnostic. Treatment includes metronidazole. Sewage treatment, proper handwashing, and consumption of bottled water can be preventive. A. duodenale and N. americanus are hookworms that cause blood loss, anemia, pica, and wasting. Finding eggs in the feces is diagnostic. Treatments include albendazole, mebendazole, pyrantel pamoate, iron supplementation, and blood transfusion. Preventive measures include wearing shoes and treating sewage. E. histolytica can cause intestinal ulcerations, bloody diarrhea, weight loss, fever, gastrointestinal obstruction, and peritonitis. Amebas can cause abscesses in the liver that may rupture into the pleural space, peritoneum, or pericardium. Stool and serologic assays, biopsy, barium studies, and liver imaging have diagnostic merit. Therapy includes luminal and tissue amebicides to attack both life-cycle stages. Metronidazole, chloroquine, and aspiration are treatments for liver abscess. Careful sanitation and use of peeled foods and bottled water are preventive.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

A novel method for the isolation of nematode larvae using pluronic F-68-treated cellulose strips.

A new method is described for the isolation of cultured nematode larvae. This allows effective separation of larvae from fecal contamination, exsheathed larvae from cast sheaths, and viable larvae from nonviable larvae. The method involves the use of cellulose strips and has been assessed using larvae from 2 hookworm species, Necator americanus and Ancylostoma ceylanicum. Pretreatment of the cellulose strips with 1.0% (w/v) of the nonionic surfactant, Pluronic F-68, significantly increased larval recovery of both species.

Ancylostoma↗
PubMed2005

[Intestinal helminthiasis in school children in Haiti in 2002].

A survey on intestinal helminths in school children was conducted in Haiti in 2002. This first nationwide study involving the entire country was stratified by department according to urban and rural zones using the cluster method. Focusing on elementary school children (n=5792; age range 3 to 20 years), it involved 26 urban and 49 rural schools randomly selected. Stools were preserved in formalin and examined by the Ritchie technique. Thirty-four per cent of stools (1981/5792) tested positive for intestinal helminths with the following parasites identified: Ascaris lumbricoides (27.3%), Trichuris trichiura (7.3%), Necator americanus (3.8%), Hymenolepsis nana (2%), Taenia sp. (0.3%) and Strongyloides stercoralis (0.2%). The helminth prevalence was higher in rural (38.4%) compared to urban areas (30%). There was no significant difference in prevalence by sex and age. The importance of geohelminths changed from one department to another with the highest prevalence found in the Southern department of Grande Anse (73.7%) and the lowest prevalence in the Center department (20.6%). Five out of the country's nine departments had a similar prevalence varying from 25.5% to 28.2%. Intestinal helminthic polyparasitism was observed in a percentage of infested school children comprise between 3.4% and 28.6% according in relation to the geographical area. A program to fight against geohelminths in school children should be initiated as a public health priority. Albendazole is the drug of choice. Frequency of drug distribution should be based on the prevalence of geohelminths in each department.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

[Effect of a novel drug--enteric coated tribendimidine in the treatment of intestinal nematode infections].

OBJECTIVE: To study the therapeutic effect and possible adverse effects of tribendimidine enteric coated tablets in the treatment of infections due to hookworms, Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, Enterobius vermicularis. METHODS: According to the standard clinical trial design and protocol, persons infected with hookworms, Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, or Enterobius vermicularis respectively, were treated with tribendimidine enteric coated tablets in four counties of Guangdong and Jiangsu Provinces, albendazole was used as control. RESULTS: For hookworm infection, the curative rate (eggs negative in the faeces) were 89.5% (85/95) and 70.6% (60/85) with tribendimidine (400 mg) and albendazole(400 mg) respectively; for Ascaris infection, 97.4% (114/117) and 98.9% (91/92) with tribendimidine(300 mg) and albendazole(400 mg) respectively; for Trichuris infection, 33.3% (25/75) and 56.1% (23/41) with tribendimidine(400 mg/day for 3 days) and albendazole(400 mg/day for 3 days) respectively; for Enterobius infection in children, 74.1% (60/81) and 93.0% (40/43) with tribendimidine(200 mg) and albendazole(200 mg) respectively. No considerable side effect was found. CONCLUSION: Tribendimidine is highly active in the treatment of hookworm, Ascaris lumbricoides infections, free of major adverse effect and easy to administer. It is more effective than albendazole for the infection of Necator americanus.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Coprologic survey in Bilharzia infected children of the Adzope region (Ivory Coast)].

During a stool examination survey on 174 bilharzia attained children living in a rural area of Ivory Coast, 93% were found to have intestinal parasites mainly Entamoeba coli, Necator americanus and Ascaris lumbricoides. The prevalence of the cysts of Entamoeba histolytica (4,7%) is lower than the one found in France (7%). Concerning the other intestinal parasites, their respective occurrence have been compared with those noted in other regions of Ivory Coast and of Africa.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Comparison of several coproparasitological techniques for the diagnosis of soil-transmitted intestinal helminthiasis].

Five hundred and eleven samples of feces were examined by several coproparasitological techniques: Kato-Katz, Willis, Ritchie and direct wet mount. It was found that Kato-Katz was the most reliable technique for the diagnosis of Trichuris trichiura, Necator americanus, and Ascaris lumbricoides, demonstrating the largest number of cases. Willis, Ritchie and direct wet mount were effective in that order. Taking into account that Kato-Katz is a quantitative method, it should be recommended in the diagnosis of soil-transmitted helminthiasis.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

[Effect of albendazole and pyrantel in treating intestinal helminthiasis and controlling the recurrence of hookworm infections].

A total of 720 human intestinal helminthic infections were divided into 4 groups and treated with albendazole 400mg/d x 3d, 400mg/d x 5d, pyrantel 1,500mg/d x 3d, or 1,500mg/d x 5d. Half a month after treatment, the negative rates of hookworm egg were 98.6, 98.6, 86.2 and 93.5%, those of ascaris egg were 96.5, 98.2, 92.9 and 96.3%, and those of whipworm egg were 86.4, 89.0, 68.9 and 67.0% respectively. Reduction rate of hookworm egg reached more than 98% in all the 4 groups. Six months after treatment, however, the positive rates of all the 4 groups rose again in varying degrees. The predominant species of hookworm infections was Necator americanus before the treatment and Ancylostoma duodenale after the treatment. It was demonstrated that the recurrence of hookworm infection resulted from A. duodenale infections, while a single dose of 400mg albendazole per day for 3 or 5 days showed good effect in controlling the recurrence of hookworm infections in a certain area.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Ancylostomiasis in Congo children among the population of Brazzaville].

The prevalence of hookworm infection was measured by means of stool examinations including direct examination and the Willis technique in 230 children between the ages of 2-14 years living in Brazzaville, People's Republic of the Congo. 120 of them were seen in a hospital. The overall prevalence was 24.3%. The prevalence increased with age until 6-8 years. A highest prevalence was found in male and, whatever the sex, in children in hospital for digestive disorders, anemia-malnutrition and also febrile syndromes-malaria. Coproculture were used to settle the species of hookworm. In 37 positives cases, the proportions of Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale were respectively 91.6% (34/37) and 16.2% (6/37).

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Comparative value of egg size and larval morphology in the diagnosis of species of ancylostomids. Existence of abnormal larvae].

The values of eggs mensuration and results of coproculture have been compared for the identification of species of ancylostomia infestations. Results are confirming the necessity of coproculture for this diagnosis when the size of eggs is not inferior to 61 mu or superior to 72 mu. One case of morphological anomaly of some strongyloïd larvae of Necator americanus has been related.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Studies on the co-occurrence of two species of human hookworm in a riverine community in Nigeria.

A total of 1,623 stool specimens from different individuals were examined to assess the infection prevalence and the pattern of occurrence of Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale in a riverine community in Nigeria. 56.3% of 823 males and 52.63% of 800 females were positive for both species of hookworm, 25.1% of infected males, and 26.1% of infected females had A. duodenale while 46.7% of infected males and 51.2% of infected females had N. americanus. 28.2% of males and 22.7% of females had mixed infections of both species. The occurrence of each species was independent of the other. The distribution of infection was age-dependent, while sex had no effect on infection pattern. In A. duodenale infection, egg counts rose between 15 and 25 years of age, but declined with increasing host age. Egg counts in N. americanus infection were more stable with increasing age of the host. The probability of recovering N. americanus eggs in the faeces was higher than that of A. duodenale. In mixed infections, egg out put of N. americanus was higher than that of A. duodenale as indicated by the higher conditional probability of recovering N. americanus eggs in the presence of A. duodenale. The egg production of A. duodenale seems to be suppressed by N. americanus when both co-occur.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Hookworms and the species infecting man in Zambia.

The rate of hookworm infections, determined by stool examination over a 7-month period, was 16.56% in medical examinees and 19.91% in in-patients in an urban hospital population in Zambia. The egg-load though was low. Culture of ova to the filariform larval stage, examination of adult worms expelled after anthelminthic treatment and collected at autopsy confirmed that the dominant species was Necator americanus. However, we report, perhaps for the first time, the presence of Ancylostoma duodenale in man in Zambia. Such information is important in assessing the clinical significance of hookworm infection in the country and for formulating a rational chemotherapeutic policy. No cases of infection with the 'false' hookworm Ternidens deminutus were identified.

Ancylostoma↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[An epidemiological study of intestinal bilharziasis and roundworm infections in Bafia (Cameroon)].

The prevalence of intestinal helminthiasis is measured by means of stool examinations. In Bafia eggs are passed in the feces of 69.1% of the inhabitants for Ascaris lumbricoides, 70.1 % for Trichuris trichiura, 59.6 % for Necator americanus and 14.8% for Enterobius vermicularis. A small focus of intestinal bilharziasis exists in Bafia and eggs of Schistosoma mansoni are found in the feces of 18.6% of the persons studied. Biomphalaria pfeifferi is the intermediate host of the parasite and transmission occurs in the town itself, in the fish-culture pool and in the rivers Guen and Rutop.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Epidemiology of human hookworm and Ascaris lumbricoides infestations in rural Gambia.

In a cross-sectional study of helminth infections in a rural village in The Gambia, West Africa, hookworm, probably Necator americanus and Ascaris lumbricoides were found to be the most prevalent helminths present at prevalence levels of 30% and 25% respectively. Other parasites present were Trichuris trichiura (2.4%) and Schistosoma mansoni (1.5%). The mean egg counts of N. americanus and A. lumbricoides in all age groups and in the total population were low. Egg counts between age and sex groups were not statistically significant. The frequency distributions of both N. americanus and A. lumbricoides were overdispersed with the majority of the sample population producing none or few eggs, and a small minority producing relatively large amounts of eggs. Large variance: mean ratios within age groups and the total study population suggested a high degree of aggregation of the parasites in this community.

Adolescent↗