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PubMed2006

Angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonism improves endothelial vasodilator function in L-NAME-induced hypertensive rats by a kinin-dependent mechanism.

OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to investigate the ability of a chronic blockade of angiotensin II type 1 receptors with losartan to reverse the endothelial dysfunction present in N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME)-treated hypertensive rats and the possible dependence of this effect on bradykinin B2-receptor activation. METHODS: Rats treated with L-NAME alone (60 mg/kg per day for 8 weeks) or with L-NAME + losartan, L-NAME + icatibant (a bradykinin B2-receptor antagonist) and L-NAME + losartan + icatibant were studied. Losartan, icatibant or losartan + icatibant were co-administered with L-NAME during the last 4 weeks of the experiment. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene expression in aortic tissues, plasma nitrite/nitrate concentrations, the relaxant effect of acetylcholine on norepinephrine-precontracted aortic rings and 6-keto-PGF1alpha release from aortic rings were used as markers of the endothelial function. RESULTS: Rats treated with L-NAME alone and L-NAME + icatibant showed, as compared with untreated animals, a clear-cut increase in systolic blood pressure and a decrease of all the markers of endothelial function evaluated. In L-NAME-rats, administration of losartan reduced the systolic blood pressure and restored endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene expression, plasma nitrite/nitrate levels, the relaxant activity of acetylcholine on aortic rings and the generation of 6-keto-PGF1alpha from the aortic tissues. Co-administration of icatibant with losartan blunted the stimulatory effect of losartan on the markers of endothelial function evaluated. CONCLUSION: These results demonstrated that losartan is capable of reversing the endothelial vasodilator dysfunction in L-NAME-induced hypertensive rats, and that the beneficial effect of losartan is mediated by bradykinin B2-receptor activation.

6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha↗

PubMed1978

Factors influencing the response latencies of subnormal children in naming pictures.

The times taken to name 56 drawings of objects on five separate occasions were analysed for 21 ESN(M) and 21 ESN(S) children, matched for picture-naming vocabulary. The ESN(S) group not only had a higher mean response latency but also showed greater inter- and intra-subject variance. Nine objects were selected whose names have a Thorndike-Lorge language frequency of 50 words per million or greater, and nine others were selected with a frequency of less than 50 words per million. Each object was drawn in two ways, one giving a two-dimensional outline with the addition of important detail, the other drawing also incorporating cues indicating the depth of the object. An analysis of variance of the children's latencies in naming the selected 36 pictures of 18 objects over five trials indicated that the method of drawing had no effect upon naming latencies. Pictures with high-frequency names were named faster than those with lower frequency names, the ESN(S) group showing a greater rate of increase in naming latency for the lower frequency words than the ESN(M) children. Results were discussed in terms of the Oldfield and Lachman models of lexical memory storage and of the search processes required for the retrieval of names.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Nitric oxide synthase inhibition with L-NAME reduces maximal oxygen uptake but not gas exchange threshold during incremental cycle exercise in man.

We hypothesized that the effective inhibition of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), achieved via systemic infusion of N(G)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME), would reduce the gas exchange threshold (GET) and the maximal oxygen uptake (V(.)(O(2)max)) during incremental cycle exercise in man if NO is important in the regulation of muscle vasodilatation. Seven healthy males, aged 18-34 years, volunteered to participate in this ethically approved study. On two occasions, the subjects completed an incremental exercise test to exhaustion on an electrically braked cycle ergometer following the infusion of either l-NAME (4 mg kg(-1) in 50 ml saline) or placebo (50 ml saline, CON). At rest, the infusion of l-NAME resulted in a significant increase in mean arterial pressure (MAP; CON vs. l-NAME, 89 +/- 8 vs. 103 +/- 11 mmHg (mean +/- s.d.; P < 0.05)) and a significant reduction in heart rate (HR; CON vs. l-NAME, 60 +/- 12 vs. 51 +/- 8 beats min(-1); P < 0.01). At submaximal work rates, there was no significant difference in V(.)(O(2)) between the conditions and no difference in the GET (CON vs. l-NAME, 1.94 +/- 0.47 vs. 2.01 +/- 0.41 l min(-1)). However, at higher work rates, differences in V(.)(O(2)) between the conditions became more pronounced such that V(.)(O(2)max) was significantly lower with l-NAME (CON vs. l-NAME, 4.02 +/- 0.41 vs. 3.80 +/- 0.34 l min(-1); P < 0.05). The reduction in V(.)(O(2)max) was associated with a reduction in HR(max) (CON vs. l-NAME, 186 +/- 10 vs. 178 +/- 7 beats min(-1); P < 0.01). These results demonstrate that NOS inhibition with l-NAME has no effect on GET but reduces V(.)(O(2)max) during large muscle group exercise in man, presumably by direct or indirect effects on cardiac output and muscle blood flow.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Vascular endothelin-1 gene expression and effect on blood pressure of chronic ETA endothelin receptor antagonism after nitric oxide synthase inhibition with L-NAME in normal rats.

BACKGROUND: Vascular expression of the endothelin-1 gene may be associated with severe vascular hypertrophy. Because in rats, inhibition of NO synthase with the L-arginine analogue N omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) induces blood pressure elevation associated with little cardiovascular hypertrophy, we studied vascular endothelin-1 gene expression in L-NAME-treated rats and the effects of chronic endothelin antagonism. METHODS AND RESULTS: Sprague-Dawley rats received 100 mg.kg-1.d-1 L-NAME in their drinking water for 3 weeks. Systolic blood pressure rose to 189 +/- 3 mm Hg (P < .001 versus control rats). By Northern blot analysis, endothelin-1 mRNA levels were similar in aortas and mesenteric arteries of control and L-NAME-treated rats. The blood pressure of L-NAME hypertensive rats treated with the ETA-selective endothelin receptor antagonist A-127722 for 3 weeks at a low dose (10 mg.kg-1.d-1) and a high dose (30 mg.kg-1.d-1) was not different from that of rats receiving L-NAME but not the endothelin antagonist. Treatment with the ACE inhibitor cilazapril lowered the blood pressure of L-NAME-treated rats equally whether or not they were receiving the ETA antagonist. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that the endothelin system does not participate to an important degree in the mechanisms leading to elevated blood pressure after chronic NO synthase inhibition with L-NAME in normal rats. In the chronic model of L-NAME-induced hypertension, blockade of the renin-angiotensin system does not unmask an endothelin-dependent vasopressor tone. In addition, either NO does not regulate vascular endothelin-1 gene expression or L-NAME exerts an inhibitory effect on endothelin expression in blood vessels.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Angiotensin II and prostaglandin interactions on systemic and renal effects of L-NAME in humans.

For investigation of whether interactions between prostaglandins and angiotensin II modulate renal response to acute nitric oxide synthesis inhibition in humans, seven young volunteers who were kept on a 240-mM Na diet underwent four experiments with 90 min of infusion of 3.0 microg/kg.min(-1) NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), each preceded by a 3-d treatment with placebo (PL), 50 mg of losartan (LOS), 75 to 125 mg of indomethacin (IND), or both drugs. Mean arterial pressure (MAP), GFR, effective renal plasma flow (ERPF), and Na excretion rate (UNaV) were measured at baseline and from 0 to 45 min and 45 to 90 min of L-NAME infusion. After PL, L-NAME reduced GFR by 5% at 45 min (P < 0.05) and by 9% at 90 min (P < 0.001), ERPF by 11 to 17% (P < 0.001), and UNaV by 28 to 45% (P < 0.001). MAP, unchanged at 45 min, rose by 5% (P < 0.001) at 90 min. LOS prevented pressor but not renal effects of L-NAME. With L-NAME+IND, MAP rose even at 45 min (+5%; P < 0.001 versus baseline) with a 10% rise at 90 min (P < 0.001). Changes in GFR (-13 to -20%), ERPF (-19 to -26%), and UNaV (-51 to -70%) were greater than those with L-NAME+PL or L-NAME+LOS (P < 0.05 to 0.001). With L-NAME+IND+LOS, MAP did not increase, and GFR, ERPF, and UNaV fell much less than with L-NAME+IND alone (P < 0.02 to 0.001) with no differences versus PL or LOS alone. Angiotensin II blockade does not affect renal changes caused by L-NAME but prevents their potentiation by prostaglandin inhibition. Thus, endogenous prostaglandins counteract renal actions of endogenous angiotensin II in Na-repleted humans even when nitric oxide synthesis is inhibited.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Planning levels in naming and reading complex numerals.

On the basis of evidence from studies of the naming and reading of numerals, Ferrand (1999) argued that the naming of objects is slower than reading their names, due to a greater response uncertainty in naming than in reading, rather than to an obligatory conceptual preparation for naming, but not for reading. We manipulated the need for conceptual preparation, while keeping response uncertainty constant in the naming and reading of complex numerals. In Experiment 1, participants named three-digit Arabic numerals either as house numbers or clock times. House number naming latencies were determined mostly by morphophonological factors, such as morpheme frequency and the number of phonemes, whereas clock time naming latencies revealed an additional conceptual involvement. In Experiment 2, the numerals were presented in alphabetic format and had to be read aloud. Reading latencies were determined mostly by morphophonological factors in both modes. These results suggest that conceptual preparation, rather than response uncertainty, is responsible for the difference between naming and reading latencies.

Humans↗

PubMed2004

A cross-culturally standardized set of pictures for younger and older adults: American and Chinese norms for name agreement, concept agreement, and familiarity.

The present study presents normative measures for 260 line drawings of everyday objects, found in Snodgrass and Vanderwart (1980), viewed by individuals in China and the United States. Within each cultural group, name agreement, concept agreement, and familiarity measures were obtained separately for younger adults and older adults. For a subset of 57 pictures (22%), there was equivalence in both name agreement and concept agreement, and for an additional subset of 29 pictures (11%), there was nonequivalent name agreement but equivalent concept agreement, across all culture-by-age groups. The data indicate substantial differences across culture-by-age groups in name agreement percentages and number of distinct name responses provided. We discovered significant differences between older and younger American adults in both name agreement percentages (67 pictures, or 26%) and concept agreement percentages (44 pictures, or 17%). Written naming responses collected for the entire set of Snodgrass and Vanderwart pictures showed shifts in both naming and concept agreement percentages over the intervening decades: Although correlations in name agreement were strong (r = .71, p < .001) between our younger American samples and those of Snodgrass and Vanderwart, name agreement percentages have changed for a substantial proportion (33%) of the 260 pictures; moreover, 63% of the stimuli for which Snodgrass and Vanderwart reported concept agreement now appear to differ. We provide comprehensive comparison statistics and tests for both the present study and prior ones, finding differences across numerous item-level measures. The corpus of data suggests that substantial differences in all measures can be found across age as well as culture, so that unequivocal conclusions with respect to cross-cultural or age-related differences in cognition can be made only when appropriate stimuli are selected for studies. Data for all 260 pictures, for each of the four groups, and all supporting materials and tests are freely archived at http://agingmind.cns.uiuc.edu/Pict_Norms. The full set of these norms may be downloaded from www.psychonomic.org/archive/.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

[The influence of N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) on hydroxyl free radical formation in the post-ischemic reperfused heart of anesthetized rats].

N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) has been reported to have protective action against hydroxyl free radicals. We have investigated whether L-NAME influences free radical formation in the post-ischemic reperfused heart of anesthetized rats. An isolated rat heart-lung preparation was used. Forty male Wistar rats were allocated into D (D-NAME 100 microMol.l-1), L (L-NAME 100 microMol.l-1), LH (L-NAME 100 microMol.l-1 and 1MAC halothane), LI (L-NAME 100 microMol.l-1 and 1MAC isoflurane), and LS (L-NAME 100 microMol.l-1 and 1MAC sevoflurane) groups. The heart was perfused initially at the cardiac output of 30 ml.min-1 and the atrial pressure of 70 mmHg. Drugs were administered into the reservor 7 min after the start of perfusion. Ten minutes after the start of perfusion, the heart was rendered globally ischemic for 10 min by reducing the preload and afterload to zero and then reperfused for 10 min. At the end of reperfusion, the heart was freeze-dried for 4 days. The perfusate blood was collected just before and after ischemia and at the end of reperfusion. The formation of hydroxyl radicals in the perfusate blood and heart was measured with high-performance liquid chromatography using salicylic acid. Hydroxyl radicals react with salicylic acid, yielding dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHBA). Before and after ischemia, there were no significant differences among the groups in cardiac output, systolic pressure, heart rate, and right atrial pressure. DHBAs in the heart of L, LH, LI, and LS groups were significantly lower than those of D group. However, there were no differences in the DHBA levels among 4 groups. The concentrations of DHBA in the perfusate blood after ischemia and reperfusion were significantly higher than those before ischemia in all groups. DHBAs in the perfusate blood after ischemia and reperfusion of L, LH, LI, and LS groups were significantly lower than those of D group. However, there were no differences in the DHBA levels among 4 groups administered L-NAME. This study indicates that L-NAME reduces hydroxyl free radical formation in the post-ischemic reperfused heart in anesthetized rats and volatile anesthetics do not influence the depressant effect of hydroxyl free radical formation by L-NAME.

Anesthetics, Inhalation↗

PubMed2001

Priming the access to names of famous faces.

There is a continuing controversy in models of face identification concerning the level of access to names relative to semantic information. In order to determine whether names are accessed sequentially after or in parallel to semantic information, we studied participants' speeded decisions about famous faces that were primed by partial semantic or partial name information. Decisions that required the access to the celebrity's name (one or more forename syllables, Expt 1) were significantly primed by partial name primes (initials or name fragments). However, at variance with sequential stage models, no reliable priming was observed by partial semantic primes (information about nationality, occupation, or whether a person was dead or alive). Moreover, there was a clear and consistent priming effect by partial semantic primes if the task was a nationality (British or American) decision that required the access to semantic information (Expt 2), demonstrating the effectiveness of these primes. The effects of partial name primes on nationality decisions were less consistent, with a significant effect for name fragments but not initials. However, effects of name primes were generally greater for syllable decisions than nationality decisions, and effects of semantic primes were generally greater for nationality decisions than syllable decisions. Taken together, these results favour a model of parallel rather than sequential access and suggest some degree of independence in the access to personal semantics and names.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Priming the access to names of famous faces.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2004

[The information potential of the names of drugs].

Authors pay their attention to the issue of names of pharmaceuticals and drugs and their relationship to their therapeutic use. They specify way of making names of pharmaceuticals and structure of those names (chemical name, trivial name, generic name, unprotected name--INN, name in dispensatory) and way of making names of drugs (protected titles of original drugs, names of generic drugs). One part of the work comprises a chapter applying to subsidiary pharmaceutical agents and their E-code.

Drugs, Generic↗

PubMed1995

Differential effects of L-NAME on blood pressure and heart rate responses to acetylcholine and bradykinin in cynomolgus primates.

NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) has been reported to have variable effects on the vasodilator response to acetylcholine (ACh) and bradykinin (BK) in vivo. Whether administration of L-NAME affects mean arterial pressure (MAP) or heart rate (HR) responses to ACh or BK was examined in conscious cynomolgus primates. ACh (0.1-10 micrograms/kg i.v.) lowered MAP by 6% to 37%, responses which were inhibited (25-62%) in the presence of L-NAME (1-100 mg/kg i.v.). Although L-NAME increased MAP similarly at doses of 10 and 100 mg/kg, only the 100-mg/kg dose inhibited the hypotensive responses induced by the higher doses of ACh. By comparison, nitroprusside (5 micrograms/kg i.v.)-induced hypotensive responses were not inhibited by L-NAME. Phenylephrine (20 micrograms kg-1 min-1 i.v.) increased MAP and lowered HR to levels statistically similar to that of L-NAME but did not alter ACh-induced hypotensive responses. ACh dose-dependently decreased HR, both in the absence and presence of L-NAME or phenylephrine. In pentobarbital-anesthetized monkeys, ACh-induced hypotensive responses were inhibited by 75% to 94% in the presence of L-NAME; BK (0.3-1 microgram/kg i.v.) responses were only modestly affected (< or = 50%). Therefore, in conscious primates, L-NAME affects the basal release of nitric oxide (NO) at lower doses than those required to inhibit its release stimulated by ACh. Also, L-NAME does not appear to act as a cholinergic antagonist or affect the functional mechanisms that control baroreflex responses.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Acetylcholine↗

PubMed1992

From Monroe to Moreau: an analysis of face naming errors.

Functional models of face recognition and speech production have developed separately. However, naming a familiar face is, of course, an act of speech production. In this paper we propose a revision of Bruce and Young's (1986) model of face processing, which incorporates two features of Levelt's (1989) model of speech production. In particular, the proposed model includes two stages of lexical access for names and monitoring of face naming based on a "perceptual loop". Two predictions were derived from the perceptual loop hypothesis of speech monitoring: (1) naming errors in which a (correct) rare surname is erroneously replaced by a common surname should occur more frequently than the reverse substitution (the error asymmetry effect); (2) naming errors in which a common surname is articulated are more likely to be repaired than errors which result in articulation of a rare surname (the error-repairing effect). Both predictions were supported by an analysis of face naming errors in a laboratory face naming task. In a further experiment we considered the possibility that the effects of surname frequency observed in face naming errors could be explained by the frequency sensitivity of lexical access in speech production. However, no effect of the frequency of the surname of the faces used in the previous experiment was found on face naming latencies. Therefore, it is concluded that the perceptual loop hypothesis provides the more parsimonious account of the entire pattern of the results.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Medial temporal lobe activity for recognition of recent and remote famous names: an event-related fMRI study.

Previous neuroimaging studies examining recognition of famous faces have identified activation of an extensive bilateral neural network [Gorno Tempini, M. L., Price, C. J., Josephs, O., Vandenberghe, R., Cappa, S. F., Kapur, N. et al. (1998). The neural systems sustaining face and proper-name processing. Brain, 121, 2103-2118], including the medial temporal lobe (MTL) and specifically the hippocampal complex [Haist, F., Bowden, G. J., & Mao, H. (2001). Consolidation of human memory over decades revealed by functional magnetic resonance imaging. Nature Neuroscience, 4, 1139-1145; Leveroni, C. L., Seidenberg, M., Mayer, A. R., Mead, L. A., Binder, J. R., & Rao, S. M. (2000). Neural systems underlying the recognition of familiar and newly learned faces. Journal of Neuroscience, 20, 878-886]. One model of hippocampal functioning in autobiographical, episodic memory retrieval argues that the hippocampal complex remains active in retrieval tasks regardless of time or age of memory (multiple trace theory, MTT), whereas another proposal posits that the hippocampal complex plays a time-limited role in retrieval of autobiographical memories. The current event-related fMRI study focused on the medial temporal lobe and its response to recognition judgments of famous names from two distinct time epochs (1990s and 1950s) in 15 right-handed healthy older adults (mean age=70 years). A pilot study with an independent sample of young and older subjects ensured that the stimuli were representative of a recent and remote time period. Increased MR signal activity was observed on a bilateral basis for both the hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus (PHG) during recognition of familiar names from both the recent and remote time periods when compared to non-famous names. However, the impulse response functions in the right hippocampus and right PHG demonstrated a differential response to stimuli from different time epochs, with the 1990s names showing the greatest MR signal intensity change, followed by the 1950s names, followed by foils. The finding that recognition of famous names produced significant bilateral MTL activation regardless of time epoch relative to foils provides support for the MTT model. However, the finding of a temporal gradient in the right MTL also provides support for the HC model, given the greater MTL response associated with recently famous names relative to remotely famous names.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

The nature of the disorder underlying the inability to retrieve proper names.

Two patients with the syndrome of proper name anomia were investigated. Both patients were only able to produce around 50% of the names of contemporary celebrities, but performed significantly better on a task calling for naming of historical figures. The names of relatives and friends were spared in one patient, while the other retrieved names of people known since childhood much better than those of people familiar to him since the age of 25. Geographical names, names of monuments and masterpieces were preserved. The above dissociations are taken to imply that in moderately impaired patients, a temporal gradient effect concurs to modulate the severity of the naming block. A similar impairment was found in both patients when they attempted to retrieve or relearn familiar telephone numbers. This finding suggests that the core of the disorder resides in the inability to gain access to words used to identify a single entity, regardless of whether they belong to the class of proper or common names.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Sex bias in the naming of stimulus persons.

Researchers often use sex-typed names (e.g., John vs. Joan) to identify stimulus persons' sex, assuming that such names communicate sex only. In fact, however, such names also create impressions that have little or nothing to do with sex. Study 1 analyzed the age connotations, intellectual-competence connotations, and attractiveness of sex-typed names used in 230 published studies on sexism and fear of success. On each of these variables, the literature was pervasively confounded in a manner favoring male stimulus persons. Study 2 found that the name biases reported in Study 1 were positively correlated with outcome measures in a sample of sexism studies, but only when names were presented with limited other information. Possible causes of the bias are discussed, and recommendations for naming stimulus persons are presented, including a list of male names and female names matched on several key variables.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Meeting Mr. Farmer versus meeting a farmer: specific effects of aging on learning proper names.

Previous research testing age-related learning and memory problems specific to proper names has yielded mixed results. In the present experiments, young and older participants saw faces of previously unknown people identified by name and occupation. On subsequent presentations of each picture, participants attempted to recall the pictured person's name and occupation. Young and older adults made more name errors (the occupation was recalled but not the correct name) than occupation errors (the name was recalled but not the correct occupation), and older adults made relatively more name but not occupation errors than young adults. This specific age-related deficit in proper-name learning is explained within an interactive-activation model of memory and language that has been extensively applied to cognitive aging and proper-name retrieval.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Teaching face-name associations to survivors of traumatic brain injury: a sequential treatment approach.

Recalling names in real-world contexts is often difficult for survivors of traumatic brain injury despite successful completion of face-name association training programmes. This small number study utilized a sequential treatment approach in which a traditional training programme preceded real-world training. The traditional training component was identical across programmes: one-on-one intervention using visual imagery and photographs to assist in mastery of face-name associations. The real-world training component compared the effectiveness of three cueing strategies--name restating, phonemic cueing and visual imagery--and was conducted by the actual to-be-named people. Results revealed improved name learning and use by the participants regardless of cueing strategy. After treatment targeting six names, four of five participants consistently used two or more names spontaneously and consistently knew three or more names in response to questioning. In addition to documenting the effectiveness of real-world treatment paradigms, the findings call into question the necessity for preliminary traditional intervention.

Adult↗