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PubMed1994

A chimeric gene encoding the methionine-rich 2S albumin of the Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa H.B.K.) is stably expressed and inherited in transgenic grain legumes.

The coding region of the 2S albumin gene of Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa H.B.K.) was completely synthesized, placed under control of the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter and inserted into the binary vector plasmid pGSGLUC1, thus giving rise to pGSGLUC1-2S. This was used for transformation of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Petit Havanna) and of the grain legume Vicia narbonensis L., mediated by the supervirulent Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain EHA 101. Putative transformants were selected by screening for neomycin phosphotransferase (NPT II) and beta-glucuronidase (GUS) activities. Transgenic plants were grown until flowering and fruiting occurred. The presence of the foreign gene was confirmed by Southern analysis. GUS activity was found in all organs of the regenerated transgenic tobacco and legume plants, including the seeds. In the legume, the highest expression levels of the CaMV 35S promoter-controlled 2S albumin gene were observed in leaves and roots. 2S albumin was localized in the vacuoles of leaf mesophyll cells of transgenic tobacco. The Brazil nut protein was present in the 2S fraction after gel filtration chromatography of the legume seed proteins and could be clearly identified by immunoblotting. Analysis of seeds from the R2 progenies of the legume and of transgenic tobacco plants revealed Mendelian inheritance of the foreign gene. Agrobacterium rhizogenes strain RifR 15834 harbouring the binary vector pGSGLUC1-2S was also used to transform Pisum sativum L. and Vicia faba L. Hairy roots expressed the 2S albumin-specific gene. Several shoots were raised but they never completely rooted and no fertile plants were obtained from these transformants.

Albumins↗

PubMed1991

Mycotoxins and mycotoxigenic moulds in nuts and sunflower seeds for human consumption.

A survey was carried out to obtain data on the occurrence of mycotoxins and the mycotoxin-producing potential of fungi isolated from nuts (almonds, peanuts, hazelnuts, pistachio nuts) and sunflower seeds in Spain. Thin-layer chromatography was used to separate the toxins. Aflatoxins were detected in one sample of almonds (95 ppb aflatoxin B1 and 15 ppb aflatoxin B2) and in one sample of peanuts at a level below 10 ppb of aflatoxin B1. 100% of samples showed variable incidence of fungal contamination. The predominant fungi present in samples were Penicillium spp, Aspergillus niger, A. flavus, A. glaucus and Rhizopus spp. The results showed that isolates of different species were able to produce aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2, sterigmatocystin, ochratoxin A, patulin, citrinin, penicillic acid, zearalenone, and griseofulvin.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1979

Toxic aspergilli from pistachio nuts.

Pistachio nut samples taken during various stages of development from orchards in Iran, showed that contamination with fungi occurred mainly during the later stages of nut development. Members of the genera Aspergillus and Penicillium occurred most frequently. Of the Aspergilli, the species A. niger, A. flavus and A. fischeri var. spinosus occurred most frequently, followed by A. terreus, A. tamarii and A. nidulans. Twenty-two isolates comprising 13 species were tested for toxicity to ducklings. Isolates of known toxic fungi included A. flavus, A. niger, A. parasiticus, A. ochraceus, A. versicolor, A. nidulans and A. terreus. The toxicity of A. fischeri var. spinosus is reported. Chemical analysis showed that all isolates of A. flavus and A. parasiticus produced aflatoxin B1, the isolates of A. versicolor and A. nidulans produced sterigmatocystin while the toxic isolate of A. ochraceus did not produce ochratoxins.

Aflatoxins↗

PubMed2002

Hydrolysis of proteins with methanesulfonic acid for improved HPLC-ICP-MS determination of seleno-methionine in yeast and nuts.

In this work, the use of methanesulfonic acid for protein hydrolysis is proposed for evaluation of Se-methionine in yeast, Brazil nuts, and possibly other selenium-rich biological samples. The hydrolysis was carried out by heating the sample with 4 mol L(-1) acid at reflux for 8 h. Two chromatographic techniques (size-exclusion and ion-pairing) coupled with ICP-MS detection were used to compare the release of Se-methionine from proteins by enzymatic (proteinase K, protease XIV) and acid hydrolyses. A more efficient liberation of Se-methionine was observed by acid hydrolysis. For quantification, the sample extracts were introduced onto a C8 Alltima column, and the separation was achieved with a mobile phase containing 5 mmol L(-1) hexanesulfonic acid in citrate buffer (pH 4.5)/methanol (95:5). The results obtained by standard addition showed 816+/-17 micro g g(-1) and 36.2+/-1.5 micro g g(-1) of selenium in the form of Se-methionine in yeast and nuts, respectively (65% and 75% of total selenium).

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗

PubMed2004

Selective increase in pinolenic acid (all-cis-5,9,12-18:3) in Korean pine nut oil by crystallization and its effect on LDL-receptor activity.

The aims of this study were to obtain concentrated pinolenic acid (5,9,12-18:3) from dietary Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) nut oil by urea complexation and to investigate its cholesterol-lowering effect on the LDL-receptor activity of human hepatoma HepG2 cells. Pine nut oil was hydrolyzed to provide a low-pinolenic acid-containing FA extract (LPAFAE), followed by crystallization with different ratios of urea in ethanol (EtOH) or methanol (MeOH) as a solvent to produce a high-pinolenic acid-containing FA extract (HPAFAE). The profiles of HPAFAE obtained by urea complexation showed different FA compositions compared with LPAFAE. The long-chain saturated FA palmitic acid (16:0) and stearic acid (18:0) were decreased with urea/FA ratios (UFR) of 1:1 (UFR1), 2:1 (UFR2), and 3:1 (UFR3). Linoleic acid (9,12-18:2) was increased 1.3 times with UFR2 in EtOH, and linolenic acid (9,12,15-18:3) was increased 1.5 times with UFR3 in MeOH after crystallization. The crystallization with UFR3 in EtOH provided the highest concentration of pinolenic acid, which was elevated by 3.2-fold from 14.1 to 45.1%, whereas that of linoleic acid (9,12-18:2) was not changed, and that of oleic acid (9-18:1) was decreased 7.2-fold. Treatment of HepG2 cells with HPAFE resulted in significantly higher internalization of 3,3'-dioctadecylindocarbocyanine-LDL (47.0 +/- 0.15) as compared with treatment with LPAFAE (25.6 +/- 0.36) (P< 0.05). Thus, we demonstrate a method for the concentration of pinolenic acid and suggest that this concentrate may have LDL-lowering properties by enhancing hepatic LDL uptake.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Indirect competitive immunoassay for detection of aflatoxin B1 in corn and nut products using the array biosensor.

Because of the potential health risks of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), it is essential to monitor the level of this mycotoxin in a variety of foods. An indirect competitive immunoassay has been developed using the NRL array biosensor, offering rapid, sensitive detection and quantification of AFB1 in buffer, corn and nut products. AFB1-spiked foods were extracted with methanol and Cy5-anti-AFB1 added to the resulting sample. The extracted sample/antibody mix was passed over a waveguide surface patterned with immobilized AFB1. The resulting fluorescence signal decreased as the concentration of AFB1 in the sample increased. The limit of detection for AFB1 in buffer, 0.3 ng/ml, was found to increase to between 1.5 and 5.1 ng/g and 0.6 and 1.4 ng/g when measured in various corn and nut products, respectively.

Aflatoxin B1↗

PubMed2005

Evaluation of antioxidant effect of Semecarpus anacardium Linn. nut extract on the components of immune system in adjuvant arthritis.

The effect of Semecarpus anacardium Linn. nut extract (SA) on the level of Lipid peroxides (LPO) and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and reduced glutathione (GSH) in the lymphocytes and lymphoid organs, namely spleen and thymus of adjuvant induced arthritic rats, were investigated. The results were compared with normal and untreated arthritic rats. The levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), namely Hydroxy radical, Superoxide radical, and H2O2 were also measured in spleen, thymus, and lymphocytes of control and experimental animals. Biochemical markers of inflammation namely C-reactive protein (CRP) level and Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) were determined. Anti-arthritic profile was evaluated from the changes in the paw edema and arthritic scores of arthritic and drug-treated rats. A significant increase in the level of LPO, ROS and decreased levels of antioxidant enzymes in arthritic rats were observed. On treatment with the drug, the above changes were reverted back to near normal levels. The increment in CRP level and ESR observed in arthritic animals were found to be significantly restored in SA treated rats. There were no significant changes in sole drug-administered normal rats. Semecarpus anacardium Linn. nut extract significantly decreased the paw edema and arthritic score in arthritic rats on administration, whereas in untreated arthritic rats, there was a significant edema in the hind paw.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Uncoupling effect of anacardic acids from cashew nut shell oil on oxidative phosphorylation of rat liver mitochondria.

Anacardic acids are one of natural products found in not only the cashew nut shell oil but also the nut and fruit juice. The present study was conducted to investigate the uncoupling effect of anacardic acids on oxidative phosphorylation of rat liver mitochondria using succinate (plus rotenone) as a substrate. Four anacardic acids with C15:0, C15:1, C15:2 or C15:3 as an alkyl side chain exhibited uncoupling effects similar to the classical uncoupler, 2,4-dinitrophenol on ADP/O ratio, state 4 and respiratory control ratio (RCR). Anacardic acid with C15:1 side chain was most effective for uncoupling of these compounds. Salicylic acid, which has no alkyl side chain, exhibited a very weak uncoupling effect on oxidative phosphorylation. When the carboxyl group in anacardic acids was lost converting them to the corresponding cardanols, uncoupling activity dramatically decreased regardless of the number of double bonds in the long alkyl chain. These results suggest that the C15 alkyl side chain as well as the carboxyl group may play an important role in assisting the uncoupling activity of anacardic acids in liver mitochondria of animals. This study provides the first evidence of an uncoupling effect of anacardic acids on liver mitochondria

2,4-Dinitrophenol↗

PubMed2003

Mineral content in legumes and nuts: contribution to the Spanish dietary intake.

We evaluated the levels of essential elements as Cu, Cr, Fe and Zn, and toxic elements as Al, Ni, Pb and Cd in a total of 40 samples of different legumes and 56 samples of different nuts, that are widely consumed in Spain. These elements were determined in the samples mineralized with HNO(3) and V(2)O(5), using electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS) as the analytical technique. Reliability of the procedure was checked by analysis of a certified reference material. No matrix effects were observed and aqueous standard solutions were used for calibration. In legumes, the levels ranged from 1.5-5.0 microg Cu/g, 0.05-0.60 microg Cr/g, 18.8-82.4 microg Fe/g, 32.6-70.2 microg Zn/g, 2.7-45.8 microg Al/g, 0.02-0.35 microg Ni/g, 0.32-0.70 microg Pb/g and not detectable-0.018 microg Cd/g. In nuts, the levels ranged from 4.0-25.6 microg Cu/g, 0.25-1.05 microg Cr/g, 7.3-75.6 microg Fe/g, 25.6-69.0 microg Zn/g, 1.2-20.1 microg Al/g, 0.10-0.64 microg Ni/g, 0.14-0.39 microg Pb/g, and not detectable-0.018 microg Cd/g. A direct statistical correlation between Cu-Cr, Zn-Al and Cr-Ni (P<0.05), and Al-Pb (P<0.001), has been found. The growing popularity of these products in recent years on the basis of its nutritional properties and beneficial effects, requires additional data and a periodical control. In addition, the present findings are of potential use to food composition tables.

Calibration↗

PubMed2001

Effect of pyrolysis temperature on composition, surface properties and thermal degradation rates of Brazil Nut shells.

Changes in chemical and surface characteristics of Brazil Nut shells (Bertholletia excelsa) due to pyrolysis at different temperatures (350 degrees C, 600 degrees C, 850 degrees C) were examined. For this purpose, proximate and ultimate analyses, physical adsorption measurements of N2 (-196 degrees C) and CO, (25 degrees C) as well as samples visualisation by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) were performed. Appreciable differences in the residue characteristics, depending markedly on the pyrolysis temperature, were observed. Release of volatile matter led to the development of pores of different sizes. Progressive increases in micropore development with increasing pyrolysis temperature took place, whereas a maximum development of larger pores occurred at 600 degrees C. Furthermore, kinetics measurements of Brazil Nut shells pyrolysis from ambient temperature up to 900 degrees C were performed by non-isothermal thermogravimetric analysis. A model taking into account the significant changes in the residue during pyrolysis, through an increase in the activation energy with temperature and solid conversion, were found to properly fit the kinetics data over the wide range of degradation investigated.

Kinetics↗

PubMed2006

Dietary fibre, nuts and cardiovascular diseases.

Dietary fibre has a range of metabolic health benefits. Through a variety of mechanisms, dietary fibre, and the viscous variety in particular, slows down gastric emptying and intestinal transit, decreases the rate of intestinal carbohydrate absorption, and increases faecal bile acid excretion. Therefore, consumption of some types of soluble fibre can enhance satiety, which is associated with a lower BMI, and reduce blood cholesterol and the postprandial glucose response. Surprisingly, the consumption of insoluble fibre from whole grains, though metabolically inert, has been associated with a reduction in the risk of developing coronary heart disease and diabetes in epidemiological studies. The likely reason is that whole grains, like nuts, legumes and other edible seeds, contain many bioactive phytochemicals and various antioxidants. After cereals, nuts are the vegetable foods that are richest in fibre, which may partly explain their benefit on the lipid profile and cardiovascular health.

Cardiovascular Diseases↗

PubMed2001

Analysis of pendimethalin residues in fruit, nuts, vegetables, grass, and mint by gas chromatography.

Pendimethalin [N-(1-ethylpropyl)-3,4-dimethyl-2,6-dinitrobenzenamine], in the formulation of Prowl (a commercial herbicide), was applied to various crops. Analysis of pendimethalin and its metabolite [4(1-ethylpropyl)amino-2-methyl-3,5-dinitrobenzyl alcohol] was accomplished by utilizing liquid-liquid partitioning, gel permeation chromatography (GPC) for nuts and mint, solid-phase extraction (SPE) cleanup, and gas chromatography (GC) with a nitrogen--phosphorus detector (NPD). Method validation recoveries for fruits, nuts, vegetables, grass, and mint are given for both compounds. Pendimethalin average recoveries ranged from 71% to 126% over two levels of fortification. Pendimethalin metabolite average recoveries ranged from 69% to 123% over two levels of fortification. The quantitation limit for all crops except mint was 0.050 ppm. The quantitation limit for mint and mint oil was 0.10 ppm. Residues greater than the limit of quantitation were found for pendimethalin in apple pomace, fresh and dry fig, grass screenings, mint oil, almond hulls, green onion, and tomato pomace (wet and dry). Residues greater than the limit of quantitation were found for pendimethalin metabolite in grass screenings, grass straw, and almond hulls. All other crop analyses for pendimethalin and its metabolite were below the limit of quantitation.

Aniline Compounds↗

PubMed2002

Original study of the biochemical and oil composition of the Cambodia nut Irvingia malayana.

Analysis of the biochemical composition of Irvingia malayana was carried out. This Cambodian nut contains 7.5% water and 70% oil. Most of the fatty acids are saturated and include 42% C12:0 and 41.8% C14:0; the sterol composition is similar to that of other vegetable oils. This oil is less rich in alpha-tocopherol than in gamma-tocopherol. Analysis of the solid content of the oil with respect to the temperature by NMR shows a fast fall of solid content around its fusion range at 38-39 degrees C. The main differences in the properties of the indigenous Cambodia nut from other known oleaginous seeds are in its selenium content, fatty acid composition, fusion temperature profile, and content of antioxidants. These important characteristics can soon make possible its application in pharmacology, cosmetics, the margarine industry, etc.

Antioxidants↗

PubMed2002

Sphingolipid and other constituents from almond nuts (Prunus amygdalus Batsch).

One sphingolipid, 1-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(2S,3R,4E,8Z)-2-[(2R)-2-hydroxyhexadecanoylamino]-4,8-octadecadiene-1,3-diol, and four other constituents, beta-sitosterol, daucosterol, uridine, and adenosine, have been isolated from the nuts of almond (Prunus amygdalus). Complete assignments of the proton and carbon chemical shifts for the sphingolipid were accomplished on the basis of high-resolution 1D and 2D NMR data. All of these compounds are being reported from almond nuts (P. amygdalus)for the first time.

Adenosine↗

PubMed1998

Expression of the Brazil nut methionine-rich protein and mutants with increased methionine in transgenic potato.

A cDNA encoding the methionine-rich (19 mol% Met) protein in Brazil nut was placed under the regulation of CaMV 35S promoter and nopaline synthase terminator and introduced into the potato cultivar Russet Burbank via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. To further enhance the Met content in the transgenic plants, chimeric genes containing four mutant constructs, BoxIa (with 5 additional Met), BoxIIa (2 additional Met), BoxIaIIa (7 additional Met), and BoxIIa2 (7 additional Met), were also generated by sequence modifications of the cDNA and transferred into potato. Analysis of the microtubers and leaves of the transgenic potato plants revealed, in general, with the exception of the BoxIIa2, the presence of mRNA transcripts of the expected size and the correctly processed Met-rich 9 kDa subunit polypeptides. The expression levels in the leaves among the various constructs and individual transgenic plants varied between <0.01% and 0.2% of total protein. The corresponding expression in the tubers was usually 2- to 4-fold lower than in leaves. In the case of BoxIIa2, which contains two tandem repeats of the BoxIIa mutant sequence, a larger (10.5-11 kDa) polypeptide was detected. These findings demonstrated that it is feasible to exploit the variable region of the Brazil Nut 2S protein for enhanced Met contents and perhaps for other desirable properties.

Agrobacterium tumefaciens↗

PubMed1997

Emulsifying properties of three African food hydrocolloids: okra (Hibiscus esculentus), dika nut (Irvingia gabonensis), and khan (Belschmiedia sp.).

This study investigated the emulsifying properties of okra (Hibiscus esculentus), dika nut (Irvingia gabonensis) and khan (Belschmiedia sp.), three African food hydrocolloids used to thicken and flavor soups. Results showed that khan has an emulsion potential approximately 20 and 100 times higher than the second and the first, respectively. A kinetic study indicated that the mechanism involved formation of thick and strong interfacial gum films around the oil globules, in addition to a high Water Absorption Capacity and weak gelling behavior of khan gum in solution. These results indicated that, when used in soups, which are typical oil/water emulsions, khan contribute both to thickening and stabilizing of the emulsion, whereas okra and dika nut functioned more as thickeners than as emulsion stabilizers.

Africa↗

PubMed2002

Characterization of the proteins of pili nut (Canarium ovatum, Engl.).

The storage proteins of the pili nut (Canarium ovatum, Engl.), quantitatively extracted using the modified Osborne protein fractionation scheme, revealed that the aqueous soluble globulin was the main storage protein within the kernel (i.e., >> 60.3%). Further physicochemical characterization of this aqueous soluble globulin revealed that it existed in an 11S like form and was composed of two main subunits of 22,600 and 31,600 Da. These subunits were found to be disulfide-linked (in a 1:1 ratio) forming intermediary subunits (i.e., dimers) with a molecular weight of approximately 52,600 Da. The overall molecular weight of the 11S globulin was determined to be approximately 300,000 Da suggesting that the globulin possessed a dodecameric-like structure of 6 dimers for a total of 12 subunits. Using differential scanning microcalorimetry, the denaturation temperature of the globulin was shown to occur at 89.3 degrees C. Overall, the pili nut 11S globulin was found to possess many similar physicochemical properties to those of other 11S oilseed globulins.

Burseraceae↗

PubMed2001

The US Peanut and Tree Nut Allergy Registry: characteristics of reactions in schools and day care.

OBJECTIVE: Severe food-allergic reactions occur in schools, but the features have not been described. STUDY DESIGN: Participants in the US Peanut and Tree Nut Allergy Registry (PAR) who indicated that their child experienced an allergic reaction in school or day care were randomly selected for a telephone interview conducted with a structured questionnaire. RESULTS: Of 4586 participants in the PAR, 750 (16%) indicated a reaction in school or day care, and 100 subjects or parental surrogates described 124 reactions to peanut (115) or tree nuts (9); 64% of the reactions occurred in day care or preschool, and the remainder in elementary school or higher grades. Reactions were reported from ingestion (60%), skin contact/possible ingestion (24%), and inhalation/possible skin contact or ingestion (16%). In the majority of reactions caused by inhalation, concomitant ingestion/skin contact could not be ruled out. Various foods caused reactions by ingestion, but peanut butter craft projects were commonly responsible for the skin contact (44%) or inhalation (41%) reactions. For 90% of reactions, medications were given (86% antihistamines, 28% epinephrine). Epinephrine was given in school by teachers in 4 cases, nurses in 7, and parents or others in the remainder. Treatment delays were attributed to delayed recognition of reactions, calling parents, not following emergency plans, and an unsuccessful attempt to administer epinephrine. CONCLUSIONS: School personnel must be educated to recognize and treat food-allergic reactions. Awareness must be increased to avoid accidental exposures, including exposure from peanut butter craft projects.

Adolescent↗