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At least 343 records · Page 19Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

Functional neuroanatomy of biological motion perception in humans.

We used whole brain functional MRI to investigate the neural network specifically engaged in the recognition of "biological motion" defined by point-lights attached to the major joints and head of a human walker. To examine the specificity of brain regions responsive to biological motion, brain activations obtained during a "walker vs. non-walker" discrimination task were compared with those elicited by two other tasks: (i) non-rigid motion (NRM), involving the discrimination of overall motion direction in the same "point-lights" display, and (ii) face-gender discrimination, involving the discrimination of gender in briefly presented photographs of men and women. Brain activity specific to "biological motion" recognition arose in the lateral cerebellum and in a region in the lateral occipital cortex presumably corresponding to the area KO previously shown to be particularly sensitive to kinetic contours. Additional areas significantly activated during the biological motion recognition task involved both, dorsal and ventral extrastriate cortical regions. In the ventral regions both face-gender discrimination and biological motion recognition elicited activation in the lingual and fusiform gyri and in the Brodmann areas 22 and 38 in superior temporal sulcus (STS). Along the dorsal pathway, both biological motion recognition and non-rigid direction discrimination gave rise to strong responses in several known motion sensitive areas. These included Brodmann areas 19/37, the inferior (Brodmann Area 39), and superior parietal lobule (Brodmann Area 7). Thus, we conjecture that, whereas face (and form) stimuli activate primarily the ventral system and motion stimuli primarily the dorsal system, recognition of biological motion stimuli may activate both systems as well as their confluence in STS. This hypothesis is consistent with our findings in stroke patients, with unilateral brain lesions involving at least one of these areas, who, although correctly reporting the direction of the point-light walker, fail on the biological motion task.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Influence of otolithic stimulation by horizontal linear acceleration on optokinetic nystagmus and visual motion perception.

Several studies in the past have demonstrated the existence of an Otolith-Ocular Reflex (OOR) in man, although much less sensitive than canal ocular reflex. The present paper 1 confirms these previous results. Nystagmic eye movements (L-nystagmus) appear in the seated subject during horizontal acceleration along the interaural axis in the dark for an acceleration level (1 m/s2) about ten times the perception threshold with a sensitivity of about 0.035 rad/m. When sinusoidal linear acceleration is combined with optokinetic stimulation, the recorded nystagmus slow phase velocity exhibits strong periodic modulation related to subject motion. This marked effect of linear acceleration on the optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) appears at a level (0.1 m/s2) close to the acceleration perception threshold and has a 4-fold higher sensitivity than L-nystagmus. Modulation of OKN can reach a peak-to-peak amplitude as great as 20 degrees/s for a given optokinetic field size it increases with the velocity of the optokinetic stimulus, i.e. with the slow phase eye velocity. In parallel with changes in OKN slow phase velocity, linear acceleration induces a motion related decrease in the perceived velocity of the visual scene and modifications in self-motion perception. The results are interpreted in terms of a mathematical model of visual-vestibular interaction. They show that sensory interaction processes can magnify the contribution given to the control of eye movements by the otolithic system and provide a way of exploring its function at low levels of acceleration.

Acceleration↗
PubMed1992

A psychophysically motivated model for two-dimensional motion perception.

A quantitative model is developed to predict the perceived direction of moving two-dimensional patterns. The model incorporates both a simple motion energy pathway and a "texture boundary motion" pathway that incorporates response squaring before the extraction of motion energy. These pathways correspond to Fourier and non-Fourier motion pathways and are hypothesized to reflect processing in the V1-MT and V1-V2-MT pathway, respectively. A cosine-weighted sum of these pathways followed by competitive feedback inhibition accurately predicts the perceived direction for patterns composed of two cosine gratings at different orientations ("plaids"). The model also predicts direction discrimination, differences between foveal and peripheral viewing, changes in perceived direction with exposure duration, motion masking, and motion transparency.

Computer Simulation↗
PubMed1984

Discrimination of velocities and mechanisms of motion perception.

In a first experiment, velocity discrimination thresholds were measured in twenty-one experimental conditions by presentation of successive pairs of standard/comparison motions of a single spot target. Exposure times between 300 to 900 ms did not affect velocity discrimination. However, very slow velocity increased discrimination thresholds. Velocity discrimination is improved by the presence of stationary references and decreased by eccentricity. At slow velocities, in the absence of a motion phase, a discrete mode of presentation of the translation leads to higher discrimination thresholds than those observed with the continuous and stop-go-stop modes of the same translation. In a second experiment, it was shown that for shorter exposure time (100 ms), discrimination thresholds are much higher for the discrete mode. It is concluded that at long exposure time, velocity discrimination thresholds are essentially independent of the presence of a motion phase.

Differential Threshold↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The chromatic input to global motion perception.

For over 30 years there has been a controversy over whether color-defined motion can be perceived by the human visual system. Some results suggest that there is no chromatic motion mechanism at all, whereas others do find evidence for a purely chromatic motion mechanism. Here we examine the chromatic input to global motion processing for a range of color directions in the photopic luminance range. We measure contrast thresholds for global motion identification and simple detection using sparse random-dot kinematograms. The results show a discrepancy between the two chromatic axes: whereas it is possible for observers to perform the global motion task for stimuli modulated along the red-green axis, we could not assess the contrast threshold required for stimuli modulated along the yellowish-violet axis. The contrast required for detection for both axes, however, are well below the contrasts required for global motion identification. We conclude that there is a significant red-green input to global motion processing providing further evidence for the involvement of the parvocellular pathway. The lack of S-cone input to global motion processing suggests that the koniocellular pathway mediates the detection but not the processing of complex motion for our parameter range.

Artifacts↗
PubMed2004

Subsecond changes of global brain state in illusory multistable motion perception.

This study explored transient changes in EEG microstates and spatial Omega complexity associated with changes in multistable perception. 21-channel EEG was recorded from 13 healthy subjects viewing an alternating dot pattern that induced illusory motion with ambiguous direction. Baseline epochs with stable motion direction were compared to epochs immediately preceding stimuli that were perceived with changed motion direction ('reference stimuli'). About 750 ms before reference stimuli, Omega complexity decreased as compared to baseline, and two of four classes of EEG microstates changed their probability of occurrence. About 300 ms before reference stimuli, Omega complexity increased and the previous deviations of EEG microstates were reversed. Given earlier results on Omega complexity and microstates, these sub-second EEG changes might parallel longer-lasting fluctuations in vigilance. Assumedly, the discontinuities of illusory motion thus occur during sub-second dips in arousal, and the following reconstruction of the illusion coincides with a state of relative over-arousal.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Awareness and confidence ratings in motion perception without geniculo-striate projection.

We have previously reported that under certain experimental conditions, a subject with damaged primary visual cortex performed significantly above chance in discriminating motion direction and orientation either with or without awareness of the stimulus presentation in his blind hemifield. The subject's performance varied as a function of stimulus speed, excursion length, and background luminance. Present observations confirm the previous findings of above chance discrimination scores both with and without awareness, but nevertheless indicate an overall increase in sensitivity over the past 2 years. In addition to discriminating the direction of motion, the subject was asked on every trial to report either awareness or confidence or both, on a six-point scale. The results show that the introduction of a six-point scale for the reported level of awareness yielded similar results to those when the subject was given a binary choice to indicate the presence or absence of conscious awareness. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves obtained from the rating data was used to compare results across different experimental conditions. It was found that although the subject's reported confidence and awareness varied monotonically as a function of stimulus speed, they were not equivalent measures.

Adult↗