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PubMed1993

Essaouira and Kala iris: two new orbiviruses of the Kemerovo serogroup, Chenuda complex, isolated from Ornithodoros (Alectorobius) maritimus ticks in Morocco.

Essaouira and Kala Iris viruses were isolated from Ornithodoros (Alectorobius) maritimus ticks parasitizing yellow-legged gulls (Larus cachinnans) on the coast of Morocco in 1979 and 1981, respectively. Serological evidence indicates that these two viruses are new members of the Chenuda complex within the Kemerovo serogroup of the genus Orbivirus. Ecological, pathological, morphological, and physicochemical properties are compatible with these findings. The infectivity of these viruses for man and animals, including seabirds, remains unknown.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Culture, maternal health care, and women's status: a comparison of Morocco and Tunisia.

This report assesses the role of demographic, socioeconomic, and cultural factors in explaining differentials in maternal health-care use in North Africa. Analyses of the Demographic and Health Surveys for Morocco and Tunisia show substantial differences in the use of prenatal care and in the proportion of home compared with hospital births, both within and between the two countries. The findings raise the question of whether lower use rates are a reflection of the low status of women. The question is addressed first through a statistical analysis of the differences within the two countries in terms of the demographic, socioeconomic, and educational characteristics of individuals, and second, through a comparison of the social context, health-care systems, and population policies of the two countries. The findings are interpreted in light of field research on the cultural context of maternal health care.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Genetic blood markers in Arabian, Barb and Arab-Barb horses in Morocco.

Gene frequencies at 16 blood group and protein polymorphism loci (A, C, D, K, P, Q, U, Al, Gc, Es, A1B, Tf, PGD, PGM, GPI and Pi) are given for three horse breeds in Morocco (Arabian, Arab-Barb and Barb). These data are used to calculate average heterozygosity (h), Nei's standard genetic distance (DN) and probability of exclusion (PE). Variability expressed as the average heterozygosity was lower in the Arabian (0.330 +/- 0.066), while it was higher and almost the same in the Arab-Barb (0.413 +/- 0.071) and the Barb (0.414 +/- 0.070). The shortest genetic distance was found between Barb and Arab-Barb. The 16 loci used are at least 95% effective for recognizing incorrect paternity in these breeds. The Barb and Arab-Barb genetic profiles obtained showed the rare variants interesting perhaps in the context of European and American breeds: notably Dcfgkm, Ddekl, Es-N, Tf-A and Pi-W.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Human fluorosis in Morocco: analytical and clinical investigations.

A clinical investigation of human chronic fluorosis, known as "Darmous" in Morocco, was carried out in Youssoufia city and its region. Fluoride concentrations were also measured in soil and water from this area and in urine collected from the surveyed persons; soil and to a lesser extent water were rich in fluoride (948.6 +/- 356.2 micrograms/g and 1.03 +/- 0.19 micrograms/ml, respectively). Fluoride concentrations in urine were heterogenous and varied from 0.17 to 47.5 micrograms/ml. There was a good correlation between these values and the age of the sampled persons. This study revealed that 14% of the urine samples were at or above the maximum fluoride concentration in urine from non-intoxicated individuals (ie 10 micrograms/ml). Dental caries, teeth loss and teeth pigmentation and deviation were the most frequent dental effects in this area. Skeletal effects were mostly joint pain and exostosis. With the exception of dental caries, teeth and bone abnormalities were more frequent and pronounced in people living in the rural area.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1996

[Estimation of need for obstetrical interventions in Morocco. An approach based on the spatial analysis of deficits].

One of the indicators of health system effectiveness with regard to maternal health is the maternal mortality ratio. Measuring this ratio in developing countries is, however, not an easy task since reliable information on mortality is rarely available. An alternative to the maternal mortality ratio measurement, as an indicator of effectiveness, is the assessment of the coverage of obstetrical intervention needs. The authors chose to restrict the notion of "needs" to the obstetrical interventions carried out in order to save a mother's life. Using data from a survey by the Ministry of Health of the Moroccan Kingdom on all the obstetrical interventions carried out in 1989, obstetrical intervention rates for "absolute maternal indications" are analysed according to the mother's origin, by province and urban/rural environment. The spatial analysis of these rates showed large variations in each of the environments (0 to 2.14 % of the expected births in urban areas and 0 to 1.25 % in rural areas) and a significative difference between the rural and urban distributions (median 0.80 % in urban areas versus 0.30 % in rural areas). Applying a reference rate of 1 %, deficits between the expected numbers of needed obstetrical interventions and the observed numbers were calculated for every province in both urban and rural areas. In the whole of Morocco, intervention rates are markedly below what is expected. The spatial analysis of the deficits helps to identify the provinces where the problem is the most prominent in terms of numbers of women whose intervention needs have to be covered. The authors discuss the validity of the reference rate and suggest several strategies to solve the problem. They conclude that the deficits map is a useful tool to decide on priorities for planning and monitoring of strategies to be implemented. The spatial analysis of obstetrical intervention deficits seems to be an instrument both cheaper and more relevant than a maternal mortality estimates survey.

Developing Countries↗
PubMed1997

The reliability of reporting of contraceptive behavior in DHS calendar data: evidence from Morocco.

This report addresses the consistency of reporting in the contraceptive calendar in the 1992 and 1995 Morocco Demographic and Health Surveys. Because a panel design was used in these surveys, the same women were interviewed in both years, providing a unique opportunity to examine the reliability of responses. Measures of reliability for various aspects of contraceptive-use dynamics are computed, and the impact of reporting errors on contraceptive failure, discontinuation, and switching rates is estimated. Results suggest that reporting of contraceptive behavior in Moroccan DHS calendar data appears to be relatively reliable at the aggregate level. Individual respondents, particularly those whose contraceptive patterns have been complex, have a lower level of reliability. The observed inconsistencies do not appear to affect aggregate-level estimates of contraceptive prevalence; however, measures of contraceptive-use dynamics are less stable.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Son preference and differential treatment in Morocco and Tunisia.

This report investigates the links between son preference and differential treatment of children by analyzing data from the Demographic and Health Surveys of Morocco and Tunisia, two countries that are thought to vary considerably regarding indicators of gender. The analyses find no significant differences in either country in the duration and intensity of breastfeeding and small differences in favor of boys in Tunisia regarding immunization and the treatment of diarrhea. These findings, which are, to some degree, unexpected, are discussed in light of other research relevant to son preference in the two countries.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Survey of primary drug resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Casablanca, Morocco.

SETTING: In 1990, a 6-month short-course regimen (2 SHRZ/4 RH) was introduced for the treatment of tuberculosis in Morocco. OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy of the national tuberculosis control programme, a prospective study of primary drug resistance was conducted from April 1992 to July 1994 in Casablanca. DESIGN: A total of 402 strains isolated from 402 patients living in Casablanca with no previous history of tuberculosis was included in the study. RESULTS: The overall rate of primary drug resistance to at least one drug was 23.9%; it was 19.7% to streptomycin, 11.4% to isoniazid, and 8.2% to both streptomycin and isoniazid. The rates of resistance to rifampicin and ethambutol were both less than 1%. The survey was divided into two periods of 14 months each. The rates of primary drug resistance increased from 21.1% to 27.6% during these two periods (Odds Ratio [OR] 1.43; 95% Confidence Interval [CI] 0.88 to 2.32); this increase occurred only for streptomycin (15.9% to 24.7%, OR 1.73; 95% CI 1.02 to 2.93). CONCLUSION: The rate of primary drug resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Casablanca has risen in recent years to an ominous level. Urgent measures are needed in order to interrupt this trend.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMed1997

[Lead impregnation in inhabitants of the Rabat region (Morocco)].

OBJECTIVES: No current data is available on plumbism in Morocco. We conducted this work to evaluate blood lead levels in inhabitants of the Rabat region. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study included 385 subjects, 300 men and 85 women, age range 18-55 years, who were volunteer blood donors at the Rabat blood bank. All subjects responded to a short questionnaire concerning type of lodging cigarette smoking, occupation. Blood lead levels were assayed by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICPMS). RESULTS: Mean blood lead levels for all subjects was 86.9 +/- 42.1 micrograms/l (92.9 +/- 51.7 micrograms/l for men and 80.9 +/- 32.6 micrograms/l for women). Blood lead levels increased more rapidly with age in women than in men. Levels in subjects who lived in residential urban areas were lower than those living in the old Arab center. Levels were higher in smokers than in non-smokers and in subjects with an employment than in those without. CONCLUSION: Mean blood lead levels in the Rabat region are similar to those currently observed in other countries where this same type of study has been conducted. Similar factors are associated with high mean blood lead levels.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

The air quality management of the region of Great Casablanca (Morocco). Part 1: Atmospheric emission inventory for the year 1992.

Within the frame of an air quality study of the Great Casablanca Area (GCA), an atmospheric emission inventory concerning the major pollutants: SO2; NOx; non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC); and CO has been realized. This inventory has a spatial resolution of 1 km2 and is established for the reference year 1992. The area, which covers 2500 km2 includes a region which is very sensitive to atmospheric pollution since it is heavily populated and contains up to 60% of the industrial activities of Morocco. The results, which include both biogenic and anthropogenic sources, show as expected very large emissions of pollutants mainly due to the presence of a refinery, several power plants and, contrary to the general European situation, the production of NOx is not dominated by road traffic.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Drug prescription and utilization in Morocco].

The aim of this study was to assess drug prescription and utilization in Morocco 8 years after the statement of the Action Program for Essential Drugs. To evaluate the role of essential drugs in these prescriptions, a study of about 600 prescriptions and questionnaires sent to a random sample of 111 prescribers and a series of visits with the investigator as a neutral observer was undertaken. The average number of drugs prescribed was 3.27, which reflected the feelings of most of the clinicians, for whom 3 drugs per patient is the required number. The number of drugs prescribed is lower in the public health structure (2.0 +/- 0.14 depending on the type of institution: hospital or primary health care centre). Specialties from the national list of essential drugs accounted for 15.48 per cent of all drugs which is to be compared with 16.2 per cent of the clinicians stating knowledge of the action programme for essential drugs. In public structures, these prescriptions ranged between 29.8 per cent and 82.4 per cent of the essential drugs (WHO general list). The length of the visit ranged between 3.27 +/- 0.96 min and 4.87 +/- 1.04 min according to the health centres and prescriptions included at least one antibiotic in 47.5 per cent of cases (25 per cent to 64 per cent). At least one antibiotic was prescribed in 43.3 per cent of cases in the study of prescriptions and 17.3 per cent of prescriptions included at least one injectable drug. The average cost of one prescription was 146.25 dirhams (ranging between 4 and 1200 dirhams = US $17). According to 68.6 per cent of the prescribers, the patients felt there to be a strong relation between efficacy and cost. Among the prescription motivations, cost ranked above availability of the drug and after efficacy.

Drug Prescriptions↗
PubMed1999

Genetic relationships between southeastern Spain and Morocco: New data on ABO, RH, MNSs, and DUFFY polymorphisms.

The genetic polymorphism of four blood group systems (ABO, RH, MNSs, and DUFFY) was analyzed in two well-defined population samples coming from south-central Morocco and southeastern Spain. Both a controversial ancient common substrate and the long period of coexistence between North Africa and southern Spain during the eight centuries of the Islamic invasion of the Iberian Peninsula suggest a particular genetic relationship between northwestern Africa and southern Spain. Allele distributions in each sample are in general agreement with that expected according to the geographical and historical characteristics in the Mediterranean region. However, the differences between the Moroccan sample and other north African groups illustrate considerable genetic variability in this geographical region. In comparison with other samples from different regions of the Iberian Peninsula, the markers examined fail to demonstrate any particular affinity between the southern Spanish sample of La Alpujarra and Moroccan populations. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 11:745-752, 1999. Copyright 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1984

Seasonal changes in the abomasal nematodes of naturally infected ewes in Moulay-Bouazza (Morocco).

The nematode populations of 93 abomasa of ewes from Middle-Atlas (Morocco) were studied over a period of 3 years. The main species present were Ostertagia circumcincta, Marshallagia marshalli, Trichostrongylus axei and T. vitrinus; less frequent species were O. ostertagi and O. trifurcata. Two peaks of infection were recorded, 1 at the end of winter or the beginning of spring (February--March), and another in autumn (September). The first population peak consisted mostly of O. circumcincta and T. axei, and the second population peak, in autumn, had a high prevalence of M. marshalli and T. vitrinus.

Abomasum↗
PubMed2004

[Evaluation of the resistance to two nematodes: Radopholus similis and Meloidogyne spp. in four banana genotypes in Morocco].

Radopholus similis and Meloidogyne spp. are the main nematode parasites of banana plants grown under plastic shelters in Morocco. A test was made in pots to evaluate the resistance of four genotypes of banana to these nematodes. Infection by Meloidogyne spp. brought about an increase in root weight in all banana plants tested because of gall formation. The inoculation of R. similis produced a reduction in length and diameter of the pseudo-trunk as well as in root and aerial mass in all genotypes. Pisang jari buaya showed the significantly lowest number of Meloidogyne nematodes per 10 g of roots, whereas for R. similis, the significantly smallest numbers were obtained in Pisang berlin and Pisang jari buaya. Therefore, Pisang jari buaya was the only banana genotype studied to show some degree of resistance to both nematodes.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

[Management of phyllodes tumors of the breast at the National institute of oncology of Rabat, Morocco].

OBJECTIVES: Phyllodes tumors of the breast (PTB) are rare fibro epithelial tumors. Their terminology, histological classification and their treatment are exposed to controversy. The aim of our work is to underline the epidemiological, clinical, histological, therapeutical, prognostic and evolutive features of these tumours through a retrospective study and a review of the literature. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We reviewed at the National Institute of Oncology of Rabat, Morocco, between 1985 and 1998, all the files of patients with histological certainty of PTB, doubtful PTB were excluded. We collected epidemiological, clinical, histological, therapeutical, prognostic and evolutive features of these tumours. STATISTICS: quantitative parameters were represented by mean +/- S.D. and qualitative parameters by percentage or effective. RESULTS: We studied nine cases of PTB, which represented 0.09% of all primitive tumors of the breast treated at our institution during the study period. All our patients were female. Mean age was 37.3 +/- 10.07 years. Two of our patients (22.2%) had a history of fibroadenoma and 44.4% were nulliparous. Mean delay before consulting was 60.7 +/- 17.56 months and the median tumour size was 13 +/- 7.47 cm. Pathological findings were six benign or borderline phyllodes tumours (66.7%) and three cystosarcomas phyllodes (33.3%). The treatment consisted in simple mastectomy in seven cases (77.8%) and tumorectomy in two cases (22.2%). All the surgical margins were clear. Two of the three cystosarcomas phyllodes received adjuvant external bean radiation therapy 50 Gy on the thoracic chest wall. After a median outcome of 3 +/- 2 years ranging from 3 to 74 months, we did not note any relapse or metastasis. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: In our series, PTB happened exclusively in females. History of fibroadenoma within 22.2% of the patients suggests the hypothesis of a filiation between these two entities. Their distinctive features were young age in diagnosis, long delay before consulting, important tumor size, predominant benign and borderline histological types, treatment mainly surgical and good local and distant control.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

[Cutaneous tumors during xeroderma pigmentosum in Morocco: study of 120 patients].

INTRODUCTION: Xeroderma pigmentosum is a rare recessive and autosomically transmitted genodermatosis. Its cutaneous manifestations are dominated by skin cancers. This investigation aims at studying the epidemiologic, clinic, histologic, therapeutic and evolutive aspects of the skin tumors during xeroderma pigmentosum. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective monocentric study was carried out in the Dermatology and Veneorology Department of Ibn Rochd University Hospital of Casablanca, Morocco. It included all the xeroderma pigmentosum admitted to hospital or followed-up from 1990 to 2000. All the dossiers were included. The anatomopathologic study was carried out in all the skin tumor cases. RESULTS: One hundred and twenty xeroderma pigmentosum were admitted in 10 Years. Fifty-four percent of the cases were females and 46 p. 100 were males. The mean apparition of the first tumor was 7.7 Years. One hundred and fifty-three skin tumors were diagnosed in 96 patients (80 p. 100). These tumors were of basocellular carcinoma type in 32.6 p. 100, of squamous cell carcinoma type in 33.9 p. 100 and of melanoma type in 11 p. 100. Ocular tumors were found in 31 cases (25.8 p. 100) and buccal in 8 cases. Therapeutically, the surgical exeresis of one or many tumors was performed in all cases. Electrocoagulation was associated in 42 p. 100 of the cases and skin graft in 52 p. 100. Cutaneous relapses after surgery were noticed in 55 cases (57.2 p. 100). Twenty-five patients died and 31 were lost to follow-up. DISCUSSION: Our series is characterized by a large frequency of mainly cutaneous tumors (80 p. 100) in comparison with the largest review of literature (45 p. 100). These tumors were mainly represented by basocellular and squamous cell carcinoma with onset at an early age (7.7 Years). Our series is also characterized by a large frequency of cutaneous relapses after surgery (51.6 p. 100). Neglecting advice on photoprotection and the lack of regular control visits lead to the proliferation of large size tumors, making therapeutic strategies difficult or even impossible.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Lu-Hf Isotope Systematics of Garnet Pyroxenites from Beni Bousera, Morocco: Implications for Basalt Origin.

Six garnet pyroxenites from Beni Bousera, Morocco, yield a mean lutetium-hafnium age of 25 +/- 1 million years ago and show a wide range in hafnium isotope compositions (varepsilonHf = -9 to +42 25 million years ago), which exceeds that of known basalts (0 to +25). Therefore, primary melts of garnet pyroxenites cannot be the source of basalts. The upper mantle may be an aggregate of pyroxenites that were left by the melting of oceanic crust at subduction zones and peridotites that were contaminated by the percolation of melts from these pyroxenites. As a consequence, the concept of geochemical heterogeneities as passive tracers is inadequate. Measured lutetium-hafnium partitioning of natural minerals requires a reassessment of some experimental work relevant to mantle melting in the presence of garnet.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1998

Genetic diversity and phylogeny of rhizobia that nodulate acacia spp. in morocco assessed by analysis of rRNA genes

Forty rhizobia nodulating four Acacia species (A. gummifera, A. raddiana, A. cyanophylla, and A. horrida) were isolated from different sites in Morocco. These rhizobia were compared by analyzing both the 16S rRNA gene (rDNA) and the 16S-23S rRNA spacer by PCR with restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. Analysis of the length of 16S-23S spacer showed a considerable diversity within these microsymbionts, but RFLP analysis of the amplified spacer revealed no additional heterogeneity. Three clusters were identified when 16S rDNA analysis was carried out. Two of these clusters include some isolates which nodulate, nonspecifically, the four Acacia species. These clusters, A and B, fit within the Sinorhizobium lineage and are closely related to S. meliloti and S. fredii, respectively. The third cluster appeared to belong to the Agrobacterium-Rhizobium galegae phylum and is more closely related to the Agrobacterium tumefaciens species. These relations were confirmed by sequencing a representative strain from each cluster.

Journal Article↗