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PubMed1987

Defective modernization and health in Mexico.

This paper uses data gathered in a semi-arid, mountain region of the border state of Sonora, Mexico to illustrate that modernization and the importation of urban ideas and values can influence health status in unexpected ways. It traces the historic process of modernization in a rural municipio, relating this to social promises and economic cycles in Mexico. Modernization is seen to encompass life standard improvements and access to medical care; extension of road and transportation systems; and the widespread availability of information and education, as well as lifestyle changes required to incorporate these 'urban' influences. Reviewing the link between climate and health in arid lands, the paper notes that such modernization can be a well-meaning intrusion upon a set of cultural and social practices which had proved adaptive in dealing with climatic extremes. Initial modernization produces impressive declines in mortality and morbidity, as illustrated in an analysis of mortality figures and causes in relation to age cohorts and decades for the years 1955-1984. However, reductions in epidermic-related infant mortality are shown to be offset by increases in deaths due to trauma, chronic conditions and endemic disease. An analysis of morbidity for the year 1983-84 indicates that continuing high rates of infectious disease are related to conditions which result from increasingly defective modernization. To maintain technology, including water, electrical, and sewage systems, continual capital expenditure on both the public and private level is required. The economic crisis in Mexico is reducing available funds at a time when the community has adjusted its traditional lifestyle to incorporate technological improvements. In light of this, it is likely that inroads against infectious disease will not just continue to be stalemated, but could actually be reversed. This finding has implications for towns and villages on both sides of the Mexican-American border.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1990

The susceptibility of Lymnaeid snails to Paramphistomum cervi infections in Mexico.

The occurrence of Paramphistomum cervi has been reported in Mexico, but its intermediate hosts have not been identified. Five species of snails of the genus Lymnaea, L. bulimoides, L. columella, L. cubensis, L. humilis and L. palustris, were collected in Mexico. Only three of the exposed species, L. palustris, L. cubensis and L. humilis, became infected with P. cervi. The first of these snail species was highly susceptible to infection and a higher number of the exposed snails shed cercariae. It is suggested that L, palustris may act as an important vector of P. cervi in Mexico.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Unintentional prescription drug overdose deaths in New Mexico, 1994-2003.

BACKGROUND: New Mexico has the highest rate of drug-induced mortality in the United States. The contribution of prescription drugs to the total overdose death rate has not been adequately described. METHODS: A total of 1,906 unintentional drug overdose deaths occurring in 1994 to 2003 in New Mexico were analyzed. Unintentional drug overdose death was defined as death caused by prescription, illicit, or a combination of drugs, as determined by a pathologist. Deaths were investigated annually by the medical examiner and data were analyzed in 2004-2005. Rates and trends of total and prescription drug overdose death were calculated, decedent characteristics were analyzed, and common drug combinations causing death were described. RESULTS: The rate of unintentional prescription drug overdose death increased by 179% (1.9 to 5.3/100,000) from 1994 to 2003. A high percentage of prescription drug overdose decedents were white non-Hispanic (63.2%) and female (43.9%). These decedents were older and less frequently had alcohol listed as an additional cause of death than decedents of other drug overdose categories. Of all deaths caused by prescription drug(s) (n =765), 590 (77.1%) were caused by opioid painkillers, 263 (34.4%) by tranquilizers, and 196 (25.6%) by antidepressants. CONCLUSIONS: The rate of prescription drug overdose death in New Mexico increased significantly over the 10-year study period. Comprehensive surveillance of drug overdose deaths is recommended to describe their occurrence in the context of both medical and diverted use of prescription drugs. Understanding decedent profiles and the potential risk factors for prescription drug overdose death is crucial for effective drug overdose prevention education among healthcare providers.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Evaluation of equipment performance, patient dose, imaging quality, and diagnostic coincidence in five Mexico City mammography services.

BACKGROUND: Regulations concerning the use of x-rays in medical diagnoses were published in Mexico in 1997. In this work, we evaluate technical aspects of mammography services in the Mexico City area and radiation dose and coincidence between the radiological interpretation by the institution radiologist and by a panel of experts. METHODS: Following methodology proposed by the American College of Radiology and the European Community among others, we have evaluated the performance of six mammography systems in Mexico City public and private services. The studied services carry out approximately one half of the mammography studies in the capital's metropolitan area. RESULTS: The systems comply with 53-82% of a total of 31 applied quality control tests and measurements, which include the mammography unit, x-ray generation, collimation, automatic exposure control, compression devices, grid and image receptor, film processing, darkroom, viewboxes, dose, film rejection, and image quality. The elements that most frequently fail are film processing, darkroom, and light boxes; average ACR phantom score is 11.2 (9.5, 12.0); mean average glandular dose measured with the phantom is 1.00 (0.71-1.15) mGy, and measured in patients is 1.75 (0.3, 4.9) mGy; coincidence between radiologic reports (BI-RADS) by the institution radiologist and a panel of experts is obtained in 35% of studied cases. CONCLUSIONS: Statistical analysis of results indicated that the level of equipment performance is correlated with image quality, image quality estimated by the panel of radiologists is correlated with phantom score, and coincidence in clinical mammography reports is not correlated with equipment performance and appears to depend on the radiologist's experience.

Breast Neoplasms↗

PubMedDate not supplied

HIV-encephalopathy as initial manifestation of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in Yucatán State, Mexico.

BACKGROUND: The frequency of neurologic manifestations of the central nervous system (CNS) as a defining disease of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) (neurologic manifestation defining disease [NMDD-AIDS]) varies according to geographic region. The aim of this study was to determine its prevalence among patients with AIDS diagnosed in the state of Yucatán, Mexico. METHODS: We carried out a retrospective study in which AIDS cases reported at the Health Department in the state of Yucatán, Mexico from January 1983 to July 2001 were analyzed. Frequency of NMDD-AIDS and other pathologies were obtained. Frequency of other pathologies between patients with NMDD-AIDS and those without NMDD-AIDS was compared using chi2 and/or Fisher exact test. RESULTS: A total of 1,175 subjects (1,054 [90%] men and 121 [10%] women) were included in the study. In 186 (16%), NMDD-AIDS were observed. The most common NMDD-AIDS was HIV-encephalopathy in 101 (54%) patients, CNS toxoplasmosis in 65 (35%), meningeal cryptococosis in 16 (8.6%), primary lymphoma of the brain in two (1%), and one (0.5%) case of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. CD4 lymphocytes were statistically different between patients with NMDD-AIDS (n=47) and without (n=312) (mean: 65/microL (33-500) vs. 189/microL (2-989), p<0.005). Higher frequency of oropharyngeal candidiasis, pulmonary tuberculosis, herpetic stomatitis, and mortality was observed in patients with initial neurologic disease. CONCLUSIONS: Frequency of NMDD-AIDS was similar to some reports from the U.S. but lower than others from Mexico. HIV-encephalopathy was the most frequent manifestation. NMDD-AIDS were associated with advanced stage of immunodeficiency and influenced morbidity and mortality associated with AIDS.

AIDS Dementia Complex↗

PubMed2006

Overweight and obesity status among adolescents from Mexico and Egypt.

BACKGROUND: Obesity is on the rise among adults, adolescents and children worldwide, including populations living in developing countries. This study aimed to describe body mass index of adolescents from Mexico and Egypt and to evaluate non-nutritional correlates from two cohort studies. METHODS: Questionnaire data and weight and height measurements were collected in two large baseline studies in adolescents between 11 and 19 years old attending public school during the 1998-1999 school year in Mexico (n = 10,537) and the 1997 school year in Egypt (n = 1,502). The authors compared body mass index and correlates stratified by sex and country through multivariate linear regression. RESULTS: Overall prevalence of overweight and obesity was 19.8 and 7.9%, respectively, among the Mexican adolescents and 12.1 and 6.2%, respectively, among the Egyptian adolescents. Based on U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) definition growth charts, for Mexico 18% of boys and 21% of girls were overweight and 11% of boys and 9% of girls were obese. In the Egyptian sample, 7% of boys and 18% of girls were overweight and 6% of boys and 8% of girls were obese. The most consistent correlates of body mass index in the Mexican population were age, years of education, smoking, vitamin intake and participating in sports, whereas the factors correlated among Egyptian adolescents were age and rural residence. CONCLUSIONS: Obesity and overweight are becoming a problem among Mexican and Egyptian youth. Information about the risk factors associated with excessive weight gain during the adolescent period is a first step towards proposing prevention strategies.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Serological and parasitological screening of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in mothers and newborns living in two Chagasic areas of Mexico.

BACKGROUND: Maternal-fetal transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi generally occurs in 2-12% of pregnant infected mothers. This transmission form has been poorly studied in Mexico where only one case of congenital infection published in 1998 has been reported. METHODS: We screened 145 mothers and their delivered babies in two hospitals of endemic regions in Mexico (states of Chiapas and Veracruz) searching for anti-T. cruzi antibodies and circulating parasites by hemoculture and PCR. RESULTS: In Poza Rica, Veracruz, 3/85 (3.5%) mothers were seropositive for T. cruzi infection and in Palenque, Chiapas, 3/60 (5%) cases. In total 6/145 (4.1%) were seropositive subjects. Although cord blood samples of delivered babies from seropositive mothers have IgG anti-T. cruzi antibodies, none presented PCR and positive hemoculture. CONCLUSIONS: Although a high relative seroprevalence of T. cruzi infection in pregnant women was detected, no case of vertical transmission was recognized. Undoubtedly, further studies of large samples are necessary to evaluate maternal transmission risk in Mexico.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Historical trends in the production and consumption of illicit drugs in Mexico: implications for the prevention of blood borne infections.

Mexico has cultivated opium poppy since before the 1900's and has been an important transit route for South American cocaine for decades. However, only recently has drug use, particularly injection drug use, been documented as an important problem. Heroin is the most common drug used by Mexican injection drug users (IDUs). Increased cultivation of opium poppy in some Mexican states, lower prices for black tar heroin and increased security at U.S.-Mexican border crossings may be contributing factors to heroin use, especially in border cities. Risky practices among IDUs, including needle sharing and shooting gallery attendance are common, whereas perceived risk for acquiring blood borne infections is low. Although reported AIDS cases attributed to IDU in Mexico have been low, data from sentinel populations, such as pregnant women in the Mexican-U.S. border city of Tijuana, suggest an increase in HIV prevalence associated with drug use. Given widespread risk behaviors and rising numbers of blood borne infections among IDUs in Mexican-U.S. border cities, there is an urgent need for increased disease surveillance and culturally appropriate interventions to prevent potential epidemics of blood borne infections. We review available literature on the history of opium production in Mexico, recent trends in drug use and its implications, and the Mexican response, with special emphasis on the border cities of Ciudad Juarez and Tijuana.

Coca↗

PubMed2007

The impact of heart failure clinic in the improvement on quality of life of heart failure patients in Mexico.

Heart failure clinic (HFC) has emerged as an innovative strategy to improve prognosis and Quality of Life (QOL) of Heart Failure (HF) patients. Unfortunately, there is no-evidence of such benefit on HF patients by HFC in Latin-America. We undertake a research to investigate the impact of HFC on QOL in HF patients in Mexico. From October 2004 to July 2005 all patients that attended for the first time the HFC of the Specialties Hospital No 14 in Veracruz, Mexico were analysed. The study group included patients with HF and left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD). QOL was measured by the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire (MLHFQ). MLHFQ score was compared between basal vs 6 months follow-up. Every patient served as his/her own control. Forty-five HF patients were included and 34 completed 6 months follow-up. Four patients died within 6 months (mortality rate 12% [95% CI 2-22%]). Of the 30 remaining patients, median age was 61 years (range 37-74 years) and 47% was women with a mean left ventricular ejection fraction of 34%. The MLHFQ had a significant reduction at 6 months compared with basal condition from the first evaluation (Basal vs 6 months: mean [SD], 50 [26] vs 31 [19]; p = 0.0001) with a strong correlation between the MLHFQ score and NYHA functional class (p = 0.001; r = 0.59). HFC improves QOL of HF patients in Mexico. This disease management strategy would be considered for widely use in Latin-America countries.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Universal newborn hearing screening in Mexico: results of the first 2 years.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to present the results of the first 2 years of universal newborn hearing screening and the prevalence of congenital hearing loss in Monterrey, Mexico. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a descriptive study of the first 2 years after starting of the newborn screening program in a private hospital in Mexico. The program is organized into levels. We using for initial evaluation an automated auditory brainstem response (AABR). If the test was positive, the audiologist conducted and auditory brainstem response (ABR) test and other specialized testing was performed. Babies with hearing impairment were referred for early intervention. RESULTS: A total of 3066 newborns were screened (99.9%). The prevalence of sensorineural and bilateral hearing loss was of 0.65/1000 newborns. Seventy-three neonates (2.37%) had a risk factor for hearing impairment. A total of 0.22% (n=7) of those studied were referred for ABR testing. Of the patients referred to the audiologist, 100% were seen. The positive predictive value for sensorineural hearing loss was 71.4% (95% CI 30.2-94.8) and the false positive rate was 0.065%. Of the subjects screened, 100% were diagnosed before the age of 3 months, but all babies began treatment after the age of 6 months. No cochlear implants were indicated. CONCLUSION: This is the first report of a universal hearing screening program in Mexico. Even though this study had a reduced sample, the findings of hearing loss rate in this study are similar to the results found in other countries.

Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Brain Stem↗

PubMed2026

Biomass burning contributions to Mexico City's atmospheric CO2 estimated using a multi-isotope approach.

Fossil fuel combustion dominates anthropogenic emissions worldwide; however, special attention should be addressed to biomass burning, since it is an increasingly important contributor under warmer, drier fire-weather conditions exacerbated by climate change. These emissions could impact the atmospheric composition of heavily urbanized environments. To assess the influence of biomass burning, along with fossil fuels combustion and soil and plant respiration on Mexico City's atmospheric composition, we conducted a year-long (December 2023-December 2024) isotopic monitoring of atmospheric CO2, combining radiocarbon (Δ14C), CO2 stable isotopes (δ13C, δ18O), and CO/CO2 ratios. Once defined the isotopic signatures and the characteristic CO/CO2 that describe the sources, we performed Monte Carlo simulations under two tracer modalities (Δ14C + CO/CO2 and Δ14C + CO2 stable isotopes) for source apportionment. Results show that during the dry season, particularly in March-April, atmospheric Δ14C values approached and overlapped background levels despite Mexico City's fossil-fuel dominance, indicating enhanced non-fossil inputs. Moreover, backward HYSPLIT trajectories supported that these elevated Δ14C values coincided with regional wildfire activity. Monte Carlo results attributed up to ∼34 %-60 % of local CO2 to biomass burning in April, followed by March with contributions of ∼31 %-49 %. Since these biomass burning figures contrast with the official emissions inventory of Mexico City metropolitan area, which assigns <1 % of total CO2 emissions to biomass burning, this study could exhibit the emissions inventory underestimation of this source, and thus, the need to reassess and incorporate top-down isotopic constraints in fire-affected urban regions.

Mexico↗

PubMed2007

Allele and haplotype distribution for 16 Y-STRs (AmpFlSTR Y-filer kit) in the state of Chihuahua at North Center of Mexico.

The AmpFlSTR Y-filer kit, including 16 Y-STRs was analyzed in 326 males from Chihuahua, at North Central, Mexico. Allele frequencies and gene diversity for each locus were estimated. Four allele duplications, namely DYS389II, DYS390, DYS391 and DYS439; and one allele null at DYS448 were observed in the sample. The haplotype diversity was 99.97+/-0.3%. The AMOVA results, including a previous report from West of Mexico (Jalisco), showed that most of the genetic variability between these Mexican populations is attributable to intrapopulational differences (99.87%). This result supports a low-genetic differentiation between males from North and West regions of Mexico.

Chromosomes, Human, Y↗

PubMed2006

Prevalence and potential risk factors for amitraz resistance in Boophilus microplus ticks in cattle farms in the State of Yucatan, Mexico.

Southern cattle tick, Boophilus microplus, control in the Mexican tropics is based on the application by spray, dip or pour-on of acaricides. In Mexico the first report of ticks resistant to amitraz was reported in 2002. Amitraz resistance affecting the cattle industry of Yucatan State, Mexico, has not been investigated. A cross-sectional study was carried out in order to investigate the possible association between management risk factors and the prevalence of B. microplus ticks resistant to amitraz in Yucatan, Mexico. Ninety-eight cattle farms were randomly selected and a sample of 20-30 engorged B. microplus females was collected from at least 10 cattle from each farm. Collected ticks were taken to the laboratory where the larval progeny were obtained. The modified larval immersion test was used to detect ticks resistant to amitraz. A discriminating dose of 0.0002% amitraz was used. A questionnaire was applied on each collaborating farm. For the statistical analysis a 2x2 contingency table was used to identify potential risk factors. The prevalence of farms with B. microplus resistant to amitraz was 19.40%. However, even though tick resistance to amitraz is a present problem there was no evidence that it was associated with the risk factors analyzed in this survey.

Animal Husbandry↗

PubMed2006

Porcine circovirus type 2 antibody detection in backyard pigs from Mexico City.

PCV2 antibodies have been found in pigs from all continents. However, this finding has been mainly studied in domestic swine reared under intensive production conditions. Mexico City, with a human population over 19 million in 2005, has both urban and rural areas. The pig production in its rural area is based on small family backyard farms. Taking into account this rather unique form of rearing pigs, the objective of this study was to determine the seroprevalence in backyard pigs from the rural area of Mexico City. A total of 695 backyard pig serum samples from 108 small family farms belonging to seven municipal areas were studied by immunoperoxidase monolayer assay technique. One hundred six out of the 108 family farms (98.14%) had at least one positive serum sample. On the other hand, 136 (19.57%), 264 (37.99%) and 248 (34.82%) pigs had low, intermediate and high titres to PCV2, respectively. Only 53 samples (7.63%) were negative for PCV2 antibodies. No apparent differences in antibody titre groups were observed among backyard pigs from the different municipal areas. In conclusion, the present study, the first one performed in this kind of extensively produced pigs, indicates that PCV2 is ubiquitous in backyard pigs from Mexico City.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Results from the organ and tissue transplant program in Nuevo Leon, Mexico, 1996 to 2001.

BACKGROUND: Before 1996, solid organs from cadaveric donors (CD) did not account for more than 2% of all transplants. The need for more transplants led the state to undergo several legislative, societal, organizational, and infrastructure changes. OBJECTIVES: A descriptive analysis of the evolution of the transplant program in the State of Nuevo León, Mexico, from 1996 to 2001. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Trimester reports have been routinely performed since 1996 from the 14 institutions that are licensed to perform organ and tissue transplants in the State of Nuevo León, Mexico. All reports were concentrated and a descriptive analysis is presented herein. RESULTS: From 1996 until 2001, a total of 1457 organ and tissue (OT) transplants have been performed. At the end of this period, there was a 214% increase in the total number of transplants. By 2001, 73% of the program's total of 1457 OT transplants came from cadaveric donors. CONCLUSIONS: The state transplant program of Nuevo León has experienced a dramatic growth since 1996. The percent of organs transplanted from cadaveric donors is one of the highest in Mexico. There is still much work to be done at the state and national levels; better epidemiological studies and dialysis registries are needed as well as investment in transplant research.

Cadaver↗

PubMed2004

Ecological analysis and description of the intestinal helminths present in dogs in Mexico City.

The objective of the present study was to determine the prevalence of parasitoses in stray dogs from Mexico City, as well as to describe the structure of the intestinal helminth communities present in said hosts. One hundred and twenty dog intestines were collected and dissected to evaluate their parasitic load; finding parasites in 102 dogs (85%). The cestodes collected were: Dipylidium caninum in 72 dogs (60%), Taenia hydatigena in three (2.5%), Taenia pisiformis in two (1.6%), Echinococcus granulosus, Mesocestoides vogae and Mesocestoides variabilis in only one animal each (0.83%), the latter two being collected for the first time ever in Mexico City. Nematodes collected were: Ancylostoma caninum in 75 (62.5%) animals, Toxocara canis in 16 (13.3%) and Toxascaris leonina in 5 (4.16%). By age, D. caninum and A. caninum were the most prevalent species in older animals, while T. canis was more prevalent in young animals (P<0.05). By season, T. canis was most common in the dry season (P<0.05). At the parasitic community level, the diversity value was 0.32, while that of equality was 0.1; the dominant species was M. vogae (Berger-Parker index of 0.95). At the infracommunity level, both diversity and equality were low (0.31 and 0.32, respectively) as compared to that observed in wild canines; the dominant species was A. caninum (Berger-Parker index of 0.37). Qualitative similarity was 33.8%, while quantitative similarity was 32.2%. Based upon the low values for mean diversity, equality and species richness, it is possible to deduce that helminth fauna in dogs from Mexico City is weakened, especially if one compares it to that of other wild canines.

Age Factors↗

PubMed2006

High-resolution predictive mapping for Boophilus annulatus and B. microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) in Mexico and Southern Texas.

In this study we use high-resolution satellite imagery to map habitat suitability for both Boophilus annulatus and B. microplus over an area covering parts of Texas and northeastern Mexico. The habitat for these tick species covers widely different regions. B. microplus finds satisfactory abiotic conditions in wet coastal habitats, whereas B. annulatus finds suitable habitat in the drier inner parts of southwestern Texas and northern Mexico; the two species have very different habitat requirements. We use habitat topology and data concerning abiotic habitat suitability to understand the effects of habitat configuration on tick abundance. This is achieved using traversability (habitat permeability) and recruitment (tick abundance at the patch level) to produce a model that computes the abundance of ticks at the patch level. Results from the computation are then compared with actual data on tick outbreaks at the Texas-Mexico border, as a test of the agreement between actual tick captures and abundance model predictions.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Molecular epizootiology of rabies associated with terrestrial carnivores in Mexico.

Epizootiological patterns of rabies are described, using antigenic and genetic analysis of samples obtained from infected domestic and wild mammals in 20 Mexican states during 1976-2002. Two independent origins are suggested for rabies in Mexican carnivores. One group shares ancestry with canine rabies, while the other group appears to share a common origin with bat rabies in North America. More than 12 sublineages were found in rabid dog populations, suggesting at least six major spatio-temporal foci. Coyote rabies was found as independent enzootic foci that probably emerged via spillover from dog rabies, translocated from major foci in the southcentral and western regions of Mexico. One focus of gray fox rabies was widely distributed in northwestern Mexico, overlapping with a focus in the same species in the southwestern United States. A skunk rabies focus distributed in the northcentral Mexican states appears to share a common origin with bat rabies foci in North America, and is a close relative of southcentral skunk and raccoon rabies in the United States. Two other skunk foci share a common ancestor with canine rabies and were distributed in northwest Mexico and Yucatan.

Animals↗