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PubMed1994

[The study on the relationship between the malocclusion of the third molar and craniomandibular dysfunction].

A total of 33 craniomandibular dysfunction (CMD) patients with third molar malocclusion were studied for their occlusion, condyle position, the TMJ arthrograph and EMG of upper and lower lateral pterygoid muscle (Lpt). The results showed that the condyle displacement was related to the malocclusion of third molar, of which it may induce TMJ click as the result of loss of disccondyle harmonious relationship. Most of the patients showed the abnormal EMG of Lpt. Among which some click TMJ showed no obvious condyle displacement while on the others felt severe pain without TMJ click. It can be considered that both the malocclusion of third molar and dysfunction of Lpt may be the cause of TMJ click.

Craniomandibular Disorders↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Relationship between malocclusion and craniomandibular dysfunction in children and adolescents: a review.

Review of the literature on the relationship between malocclusion and craniomandibular dysfunction is presented. The results were interpreted by applying the epidemiologic approach of "necessary and sufficient," which implies that there must be a one-to-one relationship between a factor and a disease. If the correlation between malocclusion and craniomandibular dysfunction were a one-to-one relationship, one would expect to see significant correlations reported consistently. Some of the studies found such significant correlations, however most of the correlations were weak. The lack of consistency and strength of the reported correlations does not support causality. On the basis of the evidence provided by the reviewed studies, malocclusion cannot be considered a necessary and/or sufficient etiologic factor of craniomandibular dysfunction. Therefore, early treatment of occlusal conditions to prevent the development of craniomandibular dysfunction is not justified scientifically.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

[Swallowing pattern in skeletal Class III malocclusion].

In this research, we compared the swallowing pattern in 33 normal occlusion adults with that in 29 skeletal Class III malocclusion adults, using computerized videofluoscopy. We found that: 1) in skeletal Class III malocclusion patients, the tongue, the hyoid bone and the mandible were in much lower position than those in normal people at postural position. The gap separation between the upper and lower lip was much larger. So was the space between the upper and lower molars. During swallowing, the tongue tip moved upward and backward, and continually moved back along with the backward movement of the tongue dorsum. This was the typical tongue retraction swallowing pattern in Class III malocclusion. The lips kept separation during deglutition, so did the molar region. 2) Abnormal swallowing pattern in skeletal Angle Class III patients was the adaptable change with the dentoalveolar disharmony, while the long time abnormal swallowing could change dentoalveolar structure.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

The relationship between the mandibular movements during speech and specific types of malocclusions.

To investigate the effect of malocclusion on mandibular movements during speech, the location, width and height of the envelope of motion during speech were analyzed in 25 normal subjects and 60 subjects with malocclusion using the Sirognathograph Analyszing System. Location of the envelope of motion was closely related to the specific types of malocclusions. It is suggested that the analysis of the envelope of motion during speech has diagnostic values in speech function and dental treatments.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Relationship between morphologic malocclusion and temporomandibular disorders in orthodontic patients prior to treatment.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of malocclusion in temporomandibular disorders (TMD) in an orthodontic patient population prior to treatment. The subjects were 508 Chinese patients (214 males, 294 females), 6 to 56 years of age. The type of malocclusion was diagnosed using dental casts, and TMD signs were recorded by clinical examination. The overall prevalence of TMD signs in the whole group was 26.6%. The frequencies of TMD signs were 44.0% for edge-to-edge bite, 31.2% for posterior crossbite, 27.6% for deep bite, 26.5% for excessive overjet, 26.5% for crowding, 23.7% for anterior crossbite and 23.6% for open bite. Although patients with edge-to-edge bite or posterior crossbite had TMD signs more often than the others in the whole group, the differences did not reach statistical significance. We did not find a significant relationship between morphologic malocclusion and TMD.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment need in the United States: estimates from the NHANES III survey.

Data from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) provide a clear picture of malocclusion in the US population. Noticeable incisor irregularity occurs in the majority of all racial/ethnic groups, with only 35% of adults having well-aligned mandibular incisors. Irregularity is severe enough in 15% that both social acceptability and function could be affected, and major arch expansion or extraction of some teeth would be required for correction. About 20% of the population have deviations from the ideal bite relationship; in 2% these are severe enough to be disfiguring and are at the limit for orthodontic correction. In Mexican-Americans compared to the rest of the population, incisor irregularity and both severe Class II and Class III malocclusions are more prevalent, but deep bite and open bite are less prevalent. Application of the Index of Treatment Need to the survey data reveals that 57% to 59% of each racial/ethnic group has at least some degree of orthodontic treatment need. Over 30% of white youths, 11% of Mexican-Americans, and 8% of blacks report receiving treatment. Severe malocclusion is observed more frequently among blacks, which may reflect their lower level of treatment. Treatment is much more frequent in higher income groups, but approximately 5% of those in the lowest income group and 10% to 15% of those in intermediate income groups report being treated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Craniofacial pattern of young adults with various types of malocclusion.

Craniofacial morphological characteristics of young adults with various malocclusions were investigated. Cephalometric radiographs of 100 Class I, 100 Class II, and 100 Class III cases were selected and subjected to counterpart analysis as described by Enlow. Results of individuals with normal occlusion revealed a mean value of 38.75 degrees for the angle of the middle cranial fossa relative to the posterior maxillary plane alignment (MCF/PM). This value was used as the basis for intrinsic alignment comparisons for all the other various parts. Classes I and II malocclusions were classified as either type A or B, depending on whether point A or B was protrusive in the functional occlusal plane (FOP). We found that type B was more common for Class I malocclusion. Further, these cases exhibited an underlying Class III character. We also noted that B groups had different structural craniofacial patterns relative to those seen in A groups. The difference between Class IA and Class IIA, or between Class IB and Class IIB was slight but quantitative. Class III and Class IIA individuals had distinctly different and essentially opposite underlying patterns. However, the composite compensatory result in Class IB case was, for the most part, effective.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Comparison of malocclusion in preschool black and white children.

Previous research confirms ethnic and gender differences among children with malocclusions. A limited amount of information is available on preschool children. With an increasing interest in the early recognition of malocclusion and a corresponding emphasis on preventive procedures, more information on preschool children may prove to be useful. This study compared ethnic and gender differences for Angle's classification, anterior crossbite, and posterior crossbite. The sample consisted of 238 children, 3 to 5 years of age; 99 of the children were black and 139 were white. The acquired data were tested with chi(2). The results indicate significant racial differences in occlusal patterns and little or no gender difference.

Black People↗
PubMed2006

Lip shape and position in Class II division 2 malocclusion.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether differences exist in the shape and position of the lips between Class II division 2 and Class I malocclusions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Lateral cephalometric radiographs of subjects with Class II division 2 (n = 30) and Class I (n = 30) incisor relationships were scanned at 300 dpi to produce digital images. These were subsequently digitized in random order. Twenty-one landmarks characterizing the upper and lower lips and the maxillary and mandibular central incisors were digitized. Procrustes algorithms optimally superimposed the landmark configurations to standardize size, location, and orientation. Discriminant analysis of the principal components of shape determined the differences between the Class II division 2 and Class I groups. RESULTS: The shape and position of the upper and lower lips differed significantly between the Class II division 2 group and the Class I group (P < .001). Principal component (PC) 1 (46% of the variance) involved an increase in the thickness of the upper and lower lips in the Class II division 2 group. PC2 (11% of the variance) was characterized by a relatively higher lip line in the Class II division 2 group. CONCLUSIONS: The shape and position of the lips differ between Class II division 2 and Class I malocclusions.

Cephalometry↗
PubMed1992

A modification to the incisor classification of malocclusion.

During the study of two-hundred orthodontic cases under treatment in the General Dental Service, four clinicians showed only moderate agreement using the British Standard Classification of Incisor Malocclusion. Cohen's Kappa statistic was used to measure the inter-examiner agreement. The 35 cases in which there was high disagreement between the examiners were scrutinized to determine the source of this disagreement. Following discussion, revised definitions were produced which included the introduction of a Class II-intermediate group. After an interval of 2 months these 35 cases were reclassified using the new definitions. Increased inter-examiner agreement was found. Four examiners (three of whom were common to the original study) then used the modified classification to describe the incisal relationship of 100 cases referred for treatment at Bristol Dental Hospital. The inter-examiner and the intra-examiner agreement were both found to be good. It is recommended that the Incisor Classification of Malocclusion be extended to include a Class II-intermediate group.

Humans↗
PubMed2002

The pattern of malocclusion among orthodontic patients seen in Dental Centre, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria.

The aim of this study was to analyse the malocclusion pattern among patients who presented for treatment in the Orthodontic Unit of the Dental Centre, University College Hospital, Ibadan, as baseline data for proper treatment planning, teaching and further research. A total of 289 subjects aged 5-34 years with mean age of 10.6 +/- 1.5 (S.D.) years were seen. Angle's classification of molar relationships among those seen is as follows: class I - 76.5%, Class II - 15.5% and Class III - 8.0%. There was increased overjet in 16.2% of the patients, reduced overjet in 0.7% while 2.1% had reversed overjet. Other occlusal abnormalities included: increased overbite (3.8%), reduced overbite (1.4%); anterior open bite (5.2%; crossbite (8.4%) and scissorsbite (0.6%). Crowding, spacing and retained primary incisors constituted 29.7%, 1.4% and 40.1%, respectively. Delayed eruption of canine (1.0%), Bimaxillary protrusion (0.7%), incompetent lips (0.7%), supernumerary teeth (0.7%) malformed tooth (0.3%), mandibular deviation on closure (1.0%) and oral habits (4.5%) were other forms of malocclusion diagnosed. Males were found to have significantly more of classes II and III molar relationships than females (P < 0.05). Occurrence of retained primary teeth as well as overjet deviations from normal were significantly higher in females (P < 0.05). No significant sex differences were found in the other occlusal disorders (P > 0.05): The findings were comparable with previous epidemiological surveys in other parts of the country.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Clinical crown length of incisors in 13-year-old boys and girls with different malocclusions.

The clinical crown length of incisors in 13-year-old children with different malocclusions was compared. The children were classified as follows: II1 Class II, division 1 cases with deep overbite. II2 Class II, division 2 cases. III Class III cases with complete or partial frontal inversion. IV Cases with aplasia of the upper laterals. The groups were subdivided by sex and recruitment was continued until each group contained 30 boys and 30 girls. The results are shown in Table 2. Good agreement was found between boys and girls with respect to the results of measurement of the different variables, comparison of the different malocclusion groups showed that the clinical crown length was greater in groups II1 and III than in groups II2 and IV. Comparison of groups II1 and III showed a somewhat greater crown length of the lower incisors in the prenormal children. The findings are discussed in relation to the following three hypotheses: 1. Proclined incisors have a longer clinical crown than upright incisors. 2. The incisors overerupt in children with large lower facial height, leading to an increased clinical crown length. 3. Local gingival conditions influence the clinical crown length.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Condylar asymmetry measurements in patients with an Angle's Class III malocclusion.

Condylar asymmetry/age relationships were investigated in a group of 23 dentate patients with an Angle's Class III malocclusion and no signs or symptoms of temporomandibular disorders and no prior orthodontic treatment. Condylar asymmetry was determined from panoramic radiographs. A graph of age versus asymmetry index was then plotted. There was no significant correlation between age and the asymmetry index in these patients (R2 = 0.019). This is similar to results obtained for a group of patients with a Class I occlusion who were included as controls, and similar to a group of patients with an Angle's Class II division 2 malocclusion investigated previously.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Sagittal and vertical growth of the jaws in Class II, Division 1 and Class II, Division 2 malocclusions during prepubertal and pubertal development.

AIM: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the sagittal and vertical development of the jaws in Class II, Division 1 (II/1) and Class II, Division 2 (II/2) malocclusions. In addition, facial morphology was to be investigated in probands with these malocclusions. PROBANDS AND METHODS: Maxillary and mandibular development was investigated with reference to lateral cephalograms of orthodontically untreated probands from the Belfast Growth Study at 7, 9, 11, 13 and 15 years of age. Moreover, development of facial width was assessed from the associated posteroanterior cephalograms, with radiographic magnifications being corrected in both the lateral and the posteroanterior cephalograms. A Class II/1 group (n = 17) and a Class II/2 group (n = 12) were compared with two control groups: a group with good occlusion (n = 18) and a Class I group (n = 37). RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: With respect to the sagittal position of the maxilla, no significant differences between the Class II groups and the controls were found. In the Class II/1 group, mandibular retrognathism was observed. The posterior position of the mandible present at 15 years of age had been present even at 7 years of age, and growth increments in the Class I and Class II/1 subjects were similar. In the Class II/2 groups no uniform pattern with respect to mandibular position was found. With respect to vertical development, a deficit in lower anterior facial height was found in the Class II/2 groups. In addition, between 7 and 15 years of age, growth increments in lower anterior facial height were significantly smaller in the Class II/2 subjects than in the controls. Furthermore, the Class II/2 groups displayed a more euryprosopic facial form on average. The cause of this characteristic facial morphology was the vertical deficit in lower anterior facial height. Overall, however, the broad variability and the small sample sizes, in particular of the Class II/2 groups, in the present study have to be seen as limitations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Treatment of severe mandibular retrusion in class II, division 2 malocclusion.

The case of an adult patient with a severe mandibular retrusion of the Class II, Division 2 malocclusion type has been presented. The patient's marked anteroposterior discrepancy was complicated by the severe malocclusion. The solution to this case involved presurgical orthodontic treatment to allow for surgical mandibular advancement by a modified sagittal osteotomy and postsurgical orthodontic care for alignment of the dentition. A discussion of the importance of the patient's facial growth type for stable mandibular advancement has also been presented.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Activity of the temporal and masseter muscles in class II, division 1 malocclusions. An electromyographic investigation.

A quantitative analysis of EMG activity in the masticatory muscles was performed in homogeneous groups of boys with Class II, Division 1 malocclusion and normal occlusion. Integrated EMG recordings from the temporal and masseter muscles were analyzed during maximal biting in the intercuspal position (centric occlusion) and during the chewing of peanuts. The results of the investigation revealed the following: (1) During maximal biting in intercuspal position the boys with Class II malocclusion exhibited less EMG activity in the masseter and temporal muscles than the boys with normal occlusion. In the Class II boys the reduction in EMG activity was most apparent for the masseter muscle. (2) During chewing the Class II subjects showed less EMG activity in the masseter muscle than the normal occlusion subjects. For the temporal muscle, no differences were found between the two occlusion groups. (3) High positive correlations were found between the EMG activity during maximal biting and chewing for both muscles in the two occlusion groups. The impaired muscle activity found in the Class II cases may be attributed to a diverging dentofacial morphology and unstable occlusal contact conditions.

Child↗
PubMed1981

Differential diagnosis and treatment planning of the surgical orthodontic class III malocclusion.

The decision to reposition the mandible posteriorly or the maxilla anteriorly in the treatment of Class III malocclusions depends upon multiple clinical, cephalometric, and biomedical considerations. In each case the decision must be made on teh basis of frontal and profile treatment objectives, occlusion, and the needs of the patient. In many instances, depending upon the magnitude of the disharmony, the treatment plan will be based upon the clinical judgment and experience of the surgeon and orthodontist. Surgery for the Class III patient is equally predictable and stable, whether the maxilla or the mandible is moved. This article discusses the diagnostic criteria by which one might evaluate and plan treatment for a patient with a Class III malocclusion and facial disharmony.

Adult↗