SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Lineage tree”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

SourceResearch connectionFrom yearThrough year

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 343 records · Page 19Linked to original sources

PubMed2006

Evidence for existence of "mesotogas," members of the order Thermotogales adapted to low-temperature environments.

All cultivated isolates of the bacterial order Thermotogales are either thermophiles or hyperthermophiles, but Thermotogales 16S rRNA gene sequences have been detected in many mesophilic anaerobic and microaerophilic environments, particularly within communities involved in the remediation of pollutants. Here we provide metagenomic evidence for the existence of Thermotogales lineages, which we informally call "mesotoga," that are adapted to growth at lower temperatures. Two fosmid clones containing mesotoga DNA, originating from a low-temperature enrichment culture that degrades a polychlorinated biphenyl congener, were sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis clearly puts this bacterial lineage within the Thermotogales order, with the rRNA gene trees and 21 of 58 open reading frames strongly supporting this relationship. An analysis of protein sequence composition showed that mesotoga proteins are adapted to function at lower temperatures than are their identifiable homologs from thermophilic and hyperthermophilic members of the order Thermotogales, supporting the notion that this bacterium lives and grows optimally at lower temperatures. The phylogenetic analysis suggests that the mesotoga lineage from which our fosmids derive has used both the acquisition of genes from its neighbors and the modification of existing thermophilic sequences to adapt to a mesophilic lifestyle.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMed2006

Lineage structures in the genome sequences of three Epstein-Barr virus strains.

Whole genome sequences for three Epstein-Barr virus strains (B95-8, GD1 and AG876) were aligned and compared. In addition to known variable loci (including type-specific alleles for the EBNA2, EBNA3A, EBNA3B and EBNA3C genes, plus the EBNA1 and LMP1 genes), seven large-scale regions of lower-level diversity were identified with strains at each in two major groupings. All three possible patterns of strain associations were represented across the seven loci. Tree-building studies supported the existence of two distinct lineages in each case, and occurrence of recombination between lineages therefore has to be invoked to account for the observed genotypes of virus strains.

Base Sequence↗

PubMed1984

Amino acid sequences of lower vertebrate parvalbumins and their evolution: parvalbumins of boa, turtle, and salamander.

One major parvalbumin each was isolated from the skeletal muscle of two reptiles, a boa snake, Boa constrictor, and a map turtle, Graptemys geographica, while two parvalbumins were isolated from an amphibian, the salamander Amphiuma means. The amino acid sequences of all four parvalbumins were determined from the sequences of their tryptic peptides, which were ordered partially by homology to other parvalbumins. Phylogenetic study of these and 16 other parvalbumin sequences revealed that the turtle parvalbumin belongs to beta lineage, while the salamander sequences belong, one each, to the alpha and beta lineages defined by Goodman and Pechère (1977). Boa parvalbumin, however, while belonging to the beta lineage, clusters within the fish in all reasonably parsimonious trees. The most parsimonious trees show many parallel or back mutations in the evolution of many parvalbumin residues, although the residues responsible for Ca2+ binding are very well conserved. These most parsimonious trees show an actinopterygian rather than a crossoptyrigian origin of the tetrapods in both the alpha and beta groups. One of two electric eel parvalbumins is evolving more than 10 times faster than its paralogous partner, suggesting it may be on its way to becoming a pseudogene. It is concluded that varying rates of amino acid replacement, much homoplasy, considerable gene duplication, plus complicated lineages make the set of parvalbumin sequences unsuitable for systematic study of the origin of the tetrapods and other higher-taxa divergence, although it may be suitable within a genus or family.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1998

Protein coding gene trees in ciliates: comparison with rRNA-based phylogenies.

We have reexamined the phylogeny of the ciliates using alpha-tubulin and phosphoglycerate kinase gene sequences. For alpha-tubulin, we have compared the amino acid and nucleotide sequences of 20 species representing seven of the nine classes of the phylum (Karyorelictea, Heterotrichea, Hypotrichea, Oligohymenophorea, Colpodea, Nassophorea, and Litostomatea). The phylogenetic tree resembles a bush from which three monophyletic lineages can be distinguished which correspond to the three classes Hypotrichea, Oligohymenophorea, and Litostomatea. For phosphoglycerate kinase, we have compared the amino acid sequences from 7 species representing three classes (Heterotrichea, Hypotrichea, and Oligohymenophorea). The branching pattern is resolved in three deeply separated branches with an early emergence of the heterotrich. Our comparative analysis shows that if alpha-tubulin phylogeny is not informative at the interclass level, the preliminary data from the phosphoglycerate kinase molecule appear more promising. Nevertheless, at low taxonomic level and at the class level, the resolved phylogenetic relationships inferred from both protein and rRNA sequence data are congruent.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1991

Phylogenetic depth of Thermotoga maritima inferred from analysis of the fus gene: amino acid sequence of elongation factor G and organization of the Thermotoga str operon.

The gene (fus) coding for elongation factor G (EF-G) of the extremely thermophilic eubacterium Thermotoga maritima was identified and sequenced. The EF-G coding sequence (2046 bp) was found to lie in an operon-like structure between the ribosomal protein S7 gene (rpsG) and the elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) gene (tuf). The rpsG, fus, and tuf genes follow each other immediately in that order, which corresponds to the order of the homologous genes in the str operon of Escherichia coli. The derived amino acid sequence of the EF-G protein (682 residues) was aligned with the homologous sequences of other eubacteria, eukaryotes (hamster), and archaebacteria (Methanococcus vannielii). Unrooted phylogenetic dendrograms, obtained both from the amino acid and the nucleotide sequence alignments, using a variety of methods, lend further support to the notion that the (present) root of the (eu)bacterial tree lies between Thermotoga and the other bacterial lineages.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2001

Rapid diversification of RNase A superfamily ribonucleases from the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana.

We present sequences of five novel RNase A superfamily ribonuclease genes of the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana. All five genes encode ribonucleases that are similar to Onconase, a cytotoxic ribonuclease isolated from oocytes of R. pipiens. With amino acid sequence data from 14 ribonucleases from three Rana species (R. catesbeiana, R. japonica, and R. pipiens), we have constructed bootstrap-supported phylogenetic trees that reorganize these ribonucleases into five distinct lineages--the pancreatic ribonucleases (RNases 1), the eosinophil-associated ribonucleases (RNases 2, 3, and 6), the ribonucleases 4, the angiogenins (RNases 5) and the Rana ribonucleases--with the Rana ribonucleases no more closely related to the angiogenins than they are to any of the other ribonuclease lineages shown. Further phylogenetic analysis suggests the division of the Rana ribonucleases into two subclusters (A and B), with positive (Darwinian) selection (dN/dS > 1.0) and an elevated rate of radical nonsynonymous substitution (dR) contributing to the rapid diversification of ribonucleases within each cluster. This pattern of evolution-rapid diversification via positive selection among sequences of a multigene cluster-bears striking resemblance to what we have described for the eosinophil-associated ribonuclease genes of the rodent Mus musculus, a finding that may have implications with respect the physiologic function of this unique family of proteins.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2004

Cladogenesis, coalescence and the evolution of the three domains of life.

In this article, we explore the large-scale structure of the tree of life by using a simple model with a constant number of species and rates of speciation that equal the rates of extinction. In addition, we discuss the consequences of horizontal gene transfer for the concept of a most recent common ancestor of all living organisms (cenancestor). A simple null hypothesis based on coalescence theory explains some features of the observed topologies of the tree of life. Simulations of genes and organismal lineages suggest that there was no single common ancestor that contained all the genes ancestral to those shared among the three domains of life. Each contemporary molecule has its own history that traces back to an individual molecular cenancestor. However, these molecular ancestors were likely to be present in different organisms and at different times.

Alleles↗

PubMed2006

Further insights into the phylogeny of Arabidopsis (Brassicaceae) from nuclear Atmyb2 flanking sequence.

Arabidopsis thaliana is the preeminent plant model organism. However, significant advances in evolution and ecology are being made by expanding the scope of research beyond this single species into the broader genus Arabidopsis. Surprisingly, few studies have rigorously investigated phylogenetic relationships between the nine Arabidopsis species, and this study evaluates both these and hypotheses related to two instances of intra-generic hybridization. DNA sequences from the 5' flanking region of the nuclear Atmyb2 gene from 12 of the 14 Arabidopsis taxa were used to reconstruct the generic phylogeny. The strict consensus tree was highly concordant with previous studies, identifying lineages corresponding to widespread species but exhibiting a large basal polytomy. Our data indicates that the paternal parent of the allopolyploid A. suecica is A. neglecta rather than A. arenosa s.l., although the need for a detailed phylogeographical study of these three species is noted. Finally, our data provided additional phylogenetic evidence of hybridization between Arabidopsis lyrata s.l. and A. halleri s.l. Taken together, the well-defined lineages within the genus and the potential for hybridization between them highlight Arabidopsis as a promising group for comparative and experimental studies of hybridization.

5' Flanking Region↗

PubMed2006

Phylogenetic incongruence in the Drosophila melanogaster species group.

Drosophila melanogaster and its close relatives are used extensively in comparative biology. Despite the importance of phylogenetic information for such studies, relationships between some melanogaster species group members are unclear due to conflicting phylogenetic signals at different loci. In this study, we use twelve nuclear loci (eleven coding and one non-coding) to assess the degree of phylogenetic incongruence in this model system. We focus on two nodes: (1) the node joining the Drosophila erecta-Drosophila orena, Drosophila melanogaster-Drosophila simulans, and Drosophila yakuba-Drosophila teissieri lineages, and (2) the node joining the lineages leading to the melanogaster, takahashii, and eugracilis subgroups. We find limited evidence for incongruence at the first node; our data, as well as those of several previous studies, strongly support monophyly of a clade consisting of D. erecta-D. orena and D. yakuba-D. teissieri. By contrast, using likelihood based tests of congruence, we find robust evidence for topological incongruence at the second node. Different loci support different relationships among the melanogaster, takahashii, and eugracilis subgroups, and the observed incongruence is not easily attributable to homoplasy, non-equilibrium base composition, or positive selection on a subset of loci. We argue that lineage sorting in the common ancestor of these three subgroups is the most plausible explanation for our observations. Such lineage sorting may lead to biased estimation of tree topology and evolutionary rates, and may confound inferences of positive selection.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Evolution of the protists and protistan parasites from the perspective of molecular systematics.

Unlike prokaryotes, the Protista are rich in morphological and ultrastructure information. Their amazing phenotypic diversity permits assignment of many protists to cohesive phyletic assemblages but sometimes blurs relationships between major lineages. With the advent of molecular techniques, it became possible to test evolutionary hypotheses that were originally formulated according to shared phenotypic traits. More than any other gene family, studies of rRNAs changed our understanding of protist evolution. Stramenopiles (oomycetes, chrysophytes, phaeophytes, synurophytes, diatoms, xanthophytes, bicosoecids, slime nets) and alveolates (dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, ciliates) are two novel, complex evolutionary assemblages which diverged nearly simultaneously with animals, fungi, plants, rhodophytes, haptophytes and a myriad of independent amoeboid lineages. Their separation may have occurred one billion years ago and collectively these lineages make up the "crown" of the eukaryotic tree. Deeper branches in the eukaryotic tree show 16S-like rRNA sequence variation that is much greater than that observed within the Archaea and the Bacteria. A progression of independent protist branches, some as ancient as the divergence between the two prokaryotic domains, preceded the sudden radiation of "crown" groups. Trichomonads, diplomonads and Microsporidia are basal to all other eukaryotes included in rRNA studies. Together with pelobionts, oxymonads, retortamonads and hypermastigids, these amitochondriate taxa comprise the Archaezoa. This skeletal phylogeny suggested that early branching eukaryotes lacked mitochondria, peroxisomes and typical stacked Golgi dictyosomes. However, recent studies of heat shock proteins indicate that the first eukaryotes may have had mitochondria. When evaluated in terms of evolution of ultrastructure, lifestyles and other phenotypic traits, the rRNA phylogenies provide the most consistent of molecular trees. They permit identification of the phylogenetic affinity of many parasitic groups as well as a means to integrate molecular and cell biological information from diverse eukaryotes. We must place greater emphasis upon improved phylogenetic inference techniques and investigations of genomic diversity in protists.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Serological and genetic characterisation of bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) indicates that Danish isolates belong to the intermediate subgroup: no evidence of a selective effect on the variability of G protein nucleotide sequence by prior cell culture adaption and passages in cell culture or calves.

Danish isolates of bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) were characterised by nucleotide sequencing of the G glycoprotein and by their reactivity with a panel of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). Among the six Danish isolates, the overall sequence divergence ranged between 0 and 3% at the nucleotide level and between 0 and 5% at the amino acid level. Sequence divergences of 7-8%, 8-9% and 2-3% (nucleotide) and 9-11%, 12-16% and 4-6% (amino acid) were obtained in the comparison made between the group of Danish isolates and the previously sequenced 391-2USA, 127UK and 220-69Bel isolates, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the Danish isolates formed three lineages within a separate branch of the phylogenetic tree. Nevertheless, the Danish isolates were closely related to the 220-69Bel isolate, the prototype of the intermediate antigenic subgroup. The sequencing of the extracellular part of the G gene of additional 11 field BRSV viruses, processed directly from lung samples without prior adaption to cell culture growth, revealed sequence variabilities in the range obtained with the propagated virus. In addition, several passages in cell culture and in calves had no major impact on the nucleotide sequence of the G protein. These findings indicated that the previously established variabilities of the G protein of RS virus isolates were not attributable to mutations induced during the propagation of the virus. The reactivity of the Danish isolates with G protein-specific MAbs were similar to that of the 220-69Bel isolate. Furthermore, the sequence of the immunodominant region was completely conserved among the Danish isolates on one side and the 220-69Bel isolate on the other. When combined, these data strongly suggested that the Danish isolates belong to the intermediate subgroup.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2002

Deciding among green plants for whole genome studies.

Recent comparative DNA-sequencing studies of chloroplast, mitochondrial and ribosomal genes have produced an evolutionary tree relating the diversity of green-plant lineages. By coupling this phylogenetic framework to the explosion of information on genome content, plant-genomic efforts can and should be extended beyond angiosperm crop and model systems. Including plant species representative of other crucial evolutionary nodes would produce the comparative information necessary to understand fully the organization, function and evolution of plant genomes. The simultaneous development of genomic tools for green algae, bryophytes, 'seed-free' vascular plants and gymnosperms should provide insights into the bases of the complex morphological, physiological, reproductive and biochemical innovations that have characterized the successful transition of green plants to land.

Bryopsida↗

PubMed2003

The variable part of the dnaK gene as an alternative marker for phylogenetic studies of rhizobia and related alpha Proteobacteria.

DnaK is the 70 kDa chaperone that prevents protein aggregation and supports the refolding of damaged proteins. Due to sequence conservation and its ubiquity this chaperone has been widely used in phylogenetic studies. In this study, we applied the less conserved part that encodes the so-called alpha-subdomain of the substrate-binding domain of DnaK for phylogenetic analysis of rhizobia and related non-symbiotic alpha-Proteobacteria. A single 330 bp DNA fragment was routinely amplified from DNA templates isolated from the species of the genera, Azorhizobium, Bradyrhizobium, Mesorhizobium, Rhizobium and Sinorhizobium, but also from some non-symbiotic alpha Proteobacteria such as Blastochloris, Chelatobacter and Chelatococcus. Phylogenetic analyses revealed high congruence between dnaK sequences and 16S rDNA trees, but they were not identical. In contrast, the partition homogeneity tests revealed that dnaK sequence data could be combined with other housekeeping genes such as recA, atpD or glnA. The dnaK trees exhibited good resolution in the cases of the genera Mesorhizobium, Sinorhizobium and Rhizobium, even better than usually shown by 16S rDNA phylogeny. The dnaK phylogeny supported the close phylogenetic relationship of Rhizobium galegae and Agrobacterium tumefaciens (R. radiobacter) C58, which together formed a separate branch within the fast-growing rhizobia, albeit closer to the genus Sinorhizobium. The Rhizobium and Sinorhizobium genera carried an insertion composed of two amino acids, which additionally supported the phylogenetic affinity of these two genera, as well as their distinctness from the Mesorhizobium genus. Consistently with the phylogeny shown by 16S-23S rDNA intergenic region sequences, the dnaK trees divided the genus Bradyrhizobium into three main lineages, corresponding to B. japonicum, B. elkanii, and photosynthetic Bradyrhizobium strains that infect Aeschynomene plants. Our results suggest that the 330 bp dnaK sequences could be used as an additional taxonomic marker for rhizobia and related species (alternatively to the 16S rRNA gene phylogeny).

Alphaproteobacteria↗

PubMed2002

Molecular evidence for plastid robbery (Kleptoplastidy) in Dinophysis, a dinoflagellate causing diarrhetic shellfish poisoning.

The dinoflagellate genus Dinophysis contains species known to cause diarrhetic shellfish poisoning. Although most photosynthetic dinoflagellates have plastids with peridinin, photosynthetic Dinophysis species have cryptophyte-like plastids containing phycobilin rather than peridinin. We sequenced nuclear- and plastid-encoded SSU rDNA from three photosynthetic species of Dinophysis for phylogenetic analyses. In the tree of nuclear SSU rDNA, Dinophysis was a monophyletic group nested with peridinin-containing dinoflagellates. However, in the tree of plastid SSU rDNA, the Dinophysis plastid lineage was within the radiation of cryptophytes and was closely related to Geminigera cryophila. These analyses indicate that an ancestor of Dinophysis, which may have originally possessed peridinin-type plastid and lost it subsequently, adopted a new plastid from a cryptophyte. Unlike dinoflagellates with fully integrated plastids, the Dinophysis plastid SSU rDNA sequences were identical among the three species examined, while there were species-specific base substitutions in their nuclear SSU rDNA sequences. Queries of the DNA database showed that the plastid SSU rDNA sequence of Dinophysis is almost identical to that of an environmental DNA clone of a <10 pm sized plankter, possibly a cryptophyte and a likely source of the Dinophysis plastid. The present findings suggest that these Dinophysis species engulfed and temporarily retained plastids from a cryptophyte.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

A new Triassic procolophonoid reptile and its implications for procolophonoid survivorship during the Permo-Triassic extinction event.

A reptile specimen from the Lystrosaurus Assemblage Zone of the Beaufort Group, lowermost Triassic of South Africa, represents a new procolophonoid parareptile. Sauropareion anoplus gen. et sp. nov. is identified as the sister taxon of Procolophonidae in a phylogenetic analysis of procolophonoids. Stratigraphic calibration of the most parsimonious tree reveals that four of the six procolophonoid lineages originating in the Permian Period extended into the succeeding Triassic Period. This relatively high taxic survivorship (67%) across the Permo-Triassic boundary strongly suggests that procolophonoids were little if at all affected by the mass extinction event that punctuated the end of the Palaeozoic Era (ca. 251 million years ago).

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Evolutionary relationships of pathogenic clones of Vibrio cholerae by sequence analysis of four housekeeping genes.

Studies of the Vibrio cholerae population, using molecular typing techniques, have shown the existence of several pathogenic clones, mainly sixth-pandemic, seventh-pandemic, and U.S. Gulf Coast clones. However, the relationship of the pathogenic clones to environmental V. cholerae isolates remains unclear. A previous study to determine the phylogeny of V. cholerae by sequencing the asd (aspartate semialdehyde dehydrogenase) gene of V. cholerae showed that the sixth-pandemic, seventh-pandemic, and U.S. Gulf Coast clones had very different asd sequences which fell into separate lineages in the V. cholerae population. As gene trees drawn from a single gene may not reflect the true topology of the population, we sequenced the mdh (malate dehydrogenase) and hlyA (hemolysin A) genes from representatives of environmental and clinical isolates of V. cholerae and found that the mdh and hlyA sequences from the three pathogenic clones were identical, except for the previously reported 11-bp deletion in hlyA in the sixth-pandemic clone. Identical sequences were obtained, despite average nucleotide differences in the mdh and hlyA genes of 1.52 and 3.25%, respectively, among all the isolates, suggesting that the three pathogenic clones are closely related. To extend these observations, segments of the recA and dnaE genes were sequenced from a selection of the pathogenic isolates, where the sequences were either identical or substantially different between the clones. The results show that the three pathogenic clones are very closely related and that there has been a high level of recombination in their evolution.

Bacterial Proteins↗

PubMed2004

Phylogenetic distribution of TTAGG telomeric repeats in insects.

We examined the presence of TTAGG telomeric repeats in 22 species from 20 insect orders with no or inconclusive information on the telomere composition by single-primer polymerase chain reaction with (TTAGG)6 primers, Southern hybridization of genomic DNAs, and fluorescence in situ hybridization of chromosomes with (TTAGG)n probes. The (TTAGG)n sequence was present in 15 species and absent in 7 species. In a compilation of new and published data, we combined the distribution of (TTAGG)n telomere motif with the insect phylogenetic tree. The pattern of phylogenetic distribution of the TTAGG repeats clearly supported a hypothesis that the sequence was an ancestral motif of insect telomeres but was lost repeatedly during insect evolution. The motif was conserved in the "primitive" apterous insect orders, the Archaeognatha and Zygentoma, in the "lower" Neoptera (Plecoptera, Phasmida, Orthoptera, Blattaria, Mantodea, and Isoptera) with the exception of Dermaptera, and in Paraneoptera (Psocoptera, Thysanoptera, Auchenorrhyncha, and Sternorrhyncha) with the exception of Heteroptera. Surprisingly, the (TTAGG)n motif was not found in the "primitive" pterygotes, the Palaeoptera (Ephemeroptera and Odonata). The Endopterygota were heterogeneous for the occurrence of TTAGG repeats. The motif was conserved in Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, and Trichoptera but was lost in one clade formed by Diptera, Siphonaptera, and Mecoptera. It was also lost in Raphidioptera, whereas it was present in Megaloptera. In contrast with previous authors, we did not find the motif in Neuroptera. Finally, both TTAGG-positive and TTAGG-negative species were reported in Coleoptera. The repeated losses of TTAGG in different branches of the insect phylogenetic tree and, in particular, in the most successful lineage of insect evolution, the Endopterygota, suggest a backup mechanism in the genome of insects that enabled them frequent evolutionary changes in telomere composition.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

The complete mitochondrial genome of a basal teleost, the Asian arowana (Scleropages formosus, Osteoglossidae).

BACKGROUND: Mitochondrial DNA-derived sequences have become popular markers for evolutionary studies, as their comparison may yield significant insights into the evolution of both the organisms and their genomes. From the more than 24,000 teleost species, only 254 complete mtDNA sequences are available (GenBank status on 06 Sep 2006). In this paper, we report the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of Asian arowana, a basal bonytongue fish species, which belongs to the order of Osteoglossiformes. RESULTS: The complete mitochondrial genomic sequence (mtDNA) of Asian arowana (Scleropages formosus) was determined by using shotgun sequencing method. The length of Asian arowana mtDNA is ca. 16,650 bp (its variation is due to polymorphic repeats in the control region), containing 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA and 2 rRNA genes. Twelve of the thirteen protein coding genes were found to be encoded by the heavy strand in the order typically observed for vertebrate mitochondrial genomes, whereas only nad6 was located on the light strand. An interesting feature of Asian arowana mitogenome is that two different repeat arrays were identified in the control region: a 37 bp tandem repeat at the 5' end and an AT-type dinucleotide microsatellite at the 3' end. Both repeats show polymorphism among the six individuals tested; moreover the former one is present in the mitochondrial genomes of several other teleost groups. The TACAT motif described earlier only from mammals and lungfish was found in the tandem repeat of several osteoglossid and eel species. Phylogenetic analysis of fish species representing Actinopterygii and Sarcopterygii taxa has shown that the Asian arowana is located near the baseline of the teleost tree, confirming its status among the ancestral teleost lineages. CONCLUSION: The mitogenome of Asian arowana is very similar to the typical vertebrate mitochondrial genome in terms of gene arrangements, codon usage and base composition. However its control region contains two different types of repeat units at both ends, an interesting feature that to our knowledge has never been reported before for other vertebrate mitochondrial control regions. Phylogenetic analysis using the complete mtDNA sequence of Asian arowana confirmed that it belongs to an ancestral teleost lineage.

Animals↗