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At least 343 records · Page 19Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Canine rabies DNA vaccination: a single-dose intradermal injection into ear pinnae elicits elevated and persistent levels of neutralizing antibody.

Rabid dog exposures cause >99% of human rabies deaths world-wide. In developing countries, where dogs are the viral reservoir, the 30-50% vaccination coverage of dog populations is insufficient to break the disease transmission cycle. In addition, many vaccines currently used in developing countries fail to maintain detectable levels of neutralizing antibody. The poor vaccination coverage with inadequate vaccines, in addition to the difficulty in locating dogs for booster vaccinations, suggest that an inexpensive vaccine that elicits long-term immunity after a single-dose vaccination could improve control of canine rabies in developing countries. One solution could be a DNA vaccine. This study was designed to evaluate in dogs the ability of different methods of a single-dose DNA vaccination to elicit enhanced levels of neutralizing antibody. Intradermal (i.d.) vaccination into ear pinnae elicited elevated and long-lasting levels of neutralizing antibody. Minimal or undetectable levels of neutralizing antibody were detected after vaccination into quadriceps muscle, gene gun vaccination into ear pinnae or i.d. vaccination into the neck. Intramuscular (i.m.) or gene gun vaccinations did not "immunologically prime" a majority of dogs vaccinated by these routes. The passive transfer of sera from dogs that had been vaccinated i.d. in ear pinnae protected mice against rabies virus challenge. A single-dose i.d. rabies DNA vaccination into ear pinnae could aid in the control of canine rabies in developing countries.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

A mouse model of Borrelia meningitis after intradermal injection.

Both young and adult C3H/HeN mice developed meningitis within 3 weeks of intradermal inoculation with a newly identified uncultivable Borrelia species, an agent of human relapsing fever. Meningoencephalitis with perivascular infiltrates and plexitis developed at approximately 25 days after inoculation. Infiltrates were composed of B and plasma cells and monocytes. This model recreated the meningitis associated with spirochetal infections through an intradermal route of infection.

Aging↗
PubMed1985

Assessment of delayed-type hypersensitivity in man: a comparison of the "Multitest" and conventional intradermal injection of six antigens.

Recall of delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) as a test for cell-mediated immune competence was assessed in 254 subjects using the Multitest device which delivers seven skin-test antigens intradermally; 77 subjects were tested concurrently by Multitest and a conventional panel of six antigens. Similar results were obtained with Multitest and the conventional panel (R = 0.65). Reproducibility of Multitest between three observers, who independently assessed the aggregate size of reactions (the reaction score) in 45 subjects, was high (R = 0.89). Twenty-four subjects were tested twice 3 months apart; the correlation for the reaction score was high (R = 0.88), demonstrating the suitability of Multitest for serial studies of immune function. Anergy was infrequent (1%) among 110 healthy male controls but was more frequent (8%) among a group of 101 healthy male homosexuals (P less than 0.05). The response rate to particular test antigens differed for the three Australian groups tested and a previously studied French group. Hence there is a need to establish normal profiles of DTH responsiveness for different geographic areas, as well as among subjects of known age and sex, when assessing cell-mediated immunity by the level of DTH responsiveness to multiple skin test antigens.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Ultrastructural features of epithelioid cell granuloma induced by intradermal injection of xenogeneic nerve tissue.

Epithelioid cell granulomas were induced in rabbits previously sensitised with human sensory peripheral nerve extract by skin testing with homogenate of sural nerve. Ultrastructurally some of the cells contained in their cytoplasm abundant and dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum filled with a moderately dense product while the cytoplasm of other cells contained numerous membrane-bound vesicles. These cells show all the ultrastructural characteristics of epithelioid cells found in human granulomatous disease and in human states of granulomatous hypersensitivity. Thus we have developed an animal model which supports the concept of granulomatous hypersensitivity as a distinct entity in humans to be differentiated from foreign body and delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions. The model may also prove important in elucidating the pathogenesis of granuloma formation in non-lepromatous leprosy and other granulomatous disease and in defining the nature of the products of epithelioid cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Exacerbation of rat adjuvant arthritis by intradermal injection of purified mammalian 14-kDa group II phospholipase A2.

Appreciable phospholipase A2 activity was detected in a hind paw homogenate from rats with adjuvant arthritis or carrageenan-induced edema. The activity was neutralized by treatment with antibody raised against rat platelet secretory phospholipase A2, indicating that 14-kDa group II phospholipase A2 was induced in the hind paw during the process of inflammation. Injection of purified rat platelet phospholipase A2 into the hind paw of rats with adjuvant-induced arthritis resulted in exacerbation of edema in a dose-dependent manner, whereas no effect was observed on either normal rats or animals with carrageenan-induced edema under the same experimental conditions. These results suggest the importance of mammalian group II phospholipase A2 in the pathogenesis of some types of inflammation.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Plasma of patients with chronic urticaria shows signs of thrombin generation, and its intradermal injection causes wheal-and-flare reactions much more frequently than autologous serum.

BACKGROUND: Several aspects of the pathogenesis of chronic urticaria (CU) remain contradictory. Autologous serum skin tests (ASSTs) and in vitro histamine release assays seem to look into distinct aspects of the disease, and the specificity of ASST has been questioned. OBJECTIVE: We compared the autologous plasma skin test (APST) with ASST to detect autoreactivity in patients with CU. The clotting process was investigated as well by measuring in vivo thrombin generation. METHODS: A total of 96 adults with CU underwent ASST; 71 of them underwent APST with Na citrate-anticoagulated plasma. Prothrombin fragment 1+2 plasma levels were measured by a sandwich ELISA in Na citrate-anticoagulated plasmas from 28 patients and 27 controls. RESULTS: Fifty-one of 96 (53%) patients scored positive on ASST, whereas 61 of 71 (86%) patients scored positive on APST (21/30 [70%] ASST-negative and 40/41 [98%] ASST-positive). Plasma prothrombin fragment 1+2 was higher in patients than controls (3.06 [SD 3.36] vs 0.80 [0.34]; P < .001) and in ASST-positive/APST-positive than in ASST-negative/APST-positive patients (3.89 [SD 3.68] vs 1.33 [1.64]; P = 0.058) and was directly related to urticaria severity (r = 0.37; P < .05). CONCLUSION: Most patients with CU are positive on APST-Na citrate. CU is associated with the generation of thrombin, a serine protease able to activate mast cells and to cause relevant increase in permeability of endothelium. APST and ASST only partially depend on the presence of circulating antibodies to FcepsilonRI or to IgE. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: These findings provide new insights into the pathogenesis of CU and suggest new therapeutic opportunities for treating this disease.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Intradermal injection of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 induces emigration and differentiation of blood monocytes in rat skin.

BACKGROUND: Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) is a potent chemoattractant for blood monocytes in vitro. Recent studies in MCP-1-transgenic mice revealed that the local production of MCP-1 caused monocyte infiltration. However, the kinetics of monocyte infiltration after the production of MCP-1 or the amount of MCP-1 necessary for monocyte recruitment are not known. METHODS: We purified recombinant rat MCP-1 expressed in COS-7 cells, and injected it into rat skin. The infiltrating cells were examined by immunohistochemistry and ultrastructural peroxidase cytochemistry. RESULTS: Rat recombinant MCP-1 had a molecular mass of approximately 30 kD and exhibited the peak monocyte chemotactic activity at 10(-9) M. One microgram of MCP-1 caused intra- and extravascular accumulation of mononuclear cells 3 h after injection. The cells were ED1+, indicating they were blood monocytes. The infiltration of mononuclear cells peaked at 12-24 h, and most of them were TRPM-3+ and ED3+, characteristic to exudate macrophages. None of the cells expressed ED2 or Ki-M2R antigens, markers for resident macrophages, until 3 days after injection. There was no uptake of [3H]thymidine by the infiltrating cells. Ultrastructural peroxidase cytochemistry confirmed that the infiltrating cells were monocytes and exudate macrophages. The number of OX8+ lymphocytes also peaked at 12 h, consisting of approximately 9% of the total infiltrating cells. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that MCP-1 attracts blood monocytes as early as 3 h and the infiltrating monocytes differentiate into exudate macrophages in loco. However, this effect was transient and the infiltration of monocytes did not result in tissue damage.

Animals↗