Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Imitative Behavior”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 343 records · Page 19Linked to original sources
PubMed1979

Covert modeling vs. Behavior rehearsal in the training and generalization of assertive behaviors: a crossover design.

Twenty-four underassertive individuals from the community were assigned randomly to two treatment orders that included covert modeling and behavior rehearsal in a crossover design. Dependent measures included two self-report inventories and a behavioral assertiveness test. This test included a self-rating scale, two nonverbal measures, and eight measures of speech content. No measurable differences between treatments were found, and both significantly improved assertive skills on 10 of the 13 measures. However, Ss had greater expectations of improvement from behavior rehearsal both during and after treatment. Generalization of assertive skills from trained to untrained situations occurred on 8 of the 11 behavioral measures. Suggestions were made for exploring the use of covert modeling as a personal coping procedure capable of enhancing generalization and maintenance.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Another test of the effect of group composition on member behavior change.

Three-person groups (N = 24) dedicated to addressing assertion deficits common to their (female) members were so composed that one member (a confederate) consistently enacted one of four prescribed conditions: (1) personal warmth/success in changing; (2) personal warmth/failure to change; (3) lack of warmth/success in changing; and (4) lack of warmth/failure to change. Both confederate warmth and success modeling influenced the level of assertion change behavior reported by group members. These results confirm propositions based on clinical observations that therapeutic groups benefit measurably by the presence of one or more "warmth generators" and "success models." The results also suggest that while group members are influenced to effect change by success modeling, they tend to attribute this influence to confederate warmth. In addition, they tend to attribute success in changing to warm persons and failure to change to persons who are lacking in warmth.

Affect↗
PubMed1977

The effects of a modeling film on social isolation in preschool children: a methodological investigation.

Children in Headstart program (N=113) were assessed on two occasions using a naturalistic observation system and peer sociometric measures. Thirty-two children were selected by O'Connor's (1969, 1972) convergent criteria of teacher rankings and being below 15% peer interaction frequency. Half of the children saw an experimental modeling film designed to teach children how to initiate entry into peer groups and half of the children saw a control film. The present investigation included methodological elements left uncontrolled in previous investigations. Results indicated no significant multivariate F ratios for treatment main effects, sociometric main effects, or treatment by sociometric interactions. This failure to replicate previous results with the O'Connor film raises serious methodological criticisms of previous work with socially withdrawn children.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed1986

The effects of cognitive-behavior modification on private speech and task performance during problem solving among learning-disabled and normally achieving children.

Recent research has supported the hypothesis that poor performance among learning-disabled (LD) children is frequently the result of deficits in self-regulation of strategic behaviors, rather than structural or ability deficits. As a result, cognitive-behavior modification (CBM) techniques that emphasize development of self-regulation through self-verbalizations (private speech) have been strongly recommended. The present study examined the natural occurrence of regulatory private speech among LD and normally achieving children during problem solving, as well as the effects of CBM training on private speech and task performance. Results indicated significant deficiencies in private speech and task performance among LD children; CBM training resulted in significant improvements. These results provide further verification of deficits in self-regulation of cognitive activity among LD children and import implications for intervention.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed1978

The Peer Preference Test as a measure of reward value: item analysis, cross-validation, concurrent validation, and replication.

Thirty-six preschoolers were administered and retested on a 15-item Peer Preference Test designed to measure the reward value of peers for each child. Test-retest reliability was .88, and after item analyses, 12 items were maintained in the test. The revised test was then administered to 29 other preschoolers. Test-retest reliability was .77, and item analyses indicated that each item made a significant contribution to the overall test. Concurrent validation of the test was demonstrated using both a picture sociometric and a behavioral measure. In addition, the Evers-Pasquale and Sherman (1975) study was replicated, using 10 preschool social isolates.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed1976

Voyeurism: a review of literature.

The most striking thing about the literature on voyeurism is the relative lack of material in print. In the present work, the author was able to find only 15 articles and no books that deal specifically with voyeurism. Of the 57 references compiled for this review, not one involves an experimental manipulation of variables. An attempt is made to review as many aspects of voyeurism as possible, giving illustrative case material whenever available. The areas of troilism and coprophilia are covered in some detail to establish to what degree they belong to the deviation of voyeurism. Theory of perversion has centered around the psychoanalytic and behavioral schools because of the lack of material from other approaches. The voyeur is found to be a relatively young man of low socioeconomic status, who sociosexually is said to be "not retarded but a late bloomer." He is prone to minor crimes and not major offenses. It is suggested that moyeurism be considered a deviation from normal sexual behavior and that deviations are not in and of themselves criminal behavior. At present, punishment is genera-ly mild but highly variable and unpredictable. Treatment is usually analysis or group therapy, but other forms of therapy such as aversion and avoidance conditioning are being attempted with increasing success.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed2005

Mirror responses in a group of Miopithecus talapoin.

Studies of non-human primate self-recognition in mirrors demonstrate variation both within and between species. This study applied a rigorous methodology that took into account habituation of subjects to the mirror as an object and to the experimental situation. The species observed in our study was Miopithecus talapoin, which has been little studied in the wild or in captivity. Although this species shows several interesting characteristics, including complex social organisation and a high encephalization index, the talapoin monkeys in the study did not pass the mark test; however, they showed a prerequisite for self-recognition, namely comparing their body parts to the image of these in the mirror.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Smoking onset among teens: an empirical analysis of initial situations.

This study attempted to identify factors associated with smoking onset among teens. It was hypothesized that initial cigarette smoking is largely prompted by peers, and that these prompts and subsequent social reinforcement may account for smoking participation. An in-depth structured interview investigating the first three smoking or smoking pressure experiences was conducted with 157 teens, including persistent experimental smokers (who smoked more than 10 cigarettes), minimal experimental smokers (who smoked less than 10 cigarettes), and nonsmokers. Analyses confirmed that prompting by peers is characteristic of a large majority of smoking onset situations. Initial situations are much more likely to involve others of the same sex. In roughly half of the incidents another young person was trying a cigarette for the first time. Persistent experimenters, when compared with minimal experimenters, were exposed to significantly more influences to smoke. These influences included modeling and social encouragement. Additional data suggested that persistent experimenters were more primed to smoke than minimal experimenters. For example, they had engaged in more premeditation, accepted offers to smoke with less hesitation, and inhaled more frequently. Also, pleasant emotional and physiological effects discriminated continuers from quitters. Nonsmokers appeared to possess more effective response strategies to refuse cigarettes. Implications of these data for prevention program design are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Saturation of tobacco smoking models and risk of alcohol and tobacco use among adolescents.

PURPOSE: To examine how saturation of an adolescent's environment with models of cigarette smoking (e.g., parents, siblings, friends) affects the probability of tobacco and alcohol use among junior high and high school students. METHODS: The Health and Smoking Questionnaire was administered to 806 adolescents (182 smokers and 624 nonsmokers; 57.2% female) average age of 15.1 years (SD = 1.6) in a mid-size Midwestern town. The questionnaire contains standardized items in five domains: demographics, smoking status and history, perceptions of risk and risk reduction, risk factors for tobacco use, and parenting style. RESULTS: Risk for smoking or using alcohol increased dramatically as the number of models who smoke increased in an adolescent's environment. For instance, adolescents with one significant other who smoked were nearly four times (OR = 3.76, p <.001) more likely to smoke than someone with no significant others who smoked. However, if an adolescent had four significant others who smoked, they were over 160 times more likely to smoke (OR = 161.25, p <.001). Similar results were found for alcohol use; adolescents who had one significant other who smoked were more than 2.5 (OR = 2.66, p <.001) times more likely to drink than those without smoking models. Adolescents who had four significant other smoking models were 13 times (OR = 13.08, p <.001) more likely to drink. CONCLUSIONS: As the number of cigarette smokers in an adolescent's environment increases, risk of tobacco and alcohol use increases substantially. These data suggest that multiple models of tobacco use will substantially increase risk for substance use in adolescents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Effect of viewing smoking in movies on adolescent smoking initiation: a cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Exposure to smoking in movies has been linked with adolescent smoking initiation in cross-sectional studies. We undertook a prospective study to ascertain whether exposure to smoking in movies predicts smoking initiation. METHOD: We assessed exposure to smoking shown in movies in 3547 adolescents, aged 10-14 years, who reported in a baseline survey that they had never tried smoking. Exposure to smoking in movies was estimated for individual respondents on the basis of the number of smoking occurrences viewed in unique samples of 50 movies, which were randomly selected from a larger sample pool of popular contemporary movies. We successfully re-contacted 2603 (73%) students 13-26 months later for a follow-up interview to determine whether they had initiated smoking. FINDINGS: Overall, 10% (n=259) of students initiated smoking during the follow-up period. In the highest quartile of exposure to movie smoking, 17% (107) of students had initiated smoking, compared with only 3% (22) in the lowest quartile. After controlling for baseline characteristics, adolescents in the highest quartile of exposure to movie smoking were 2.71 (95% CI 1.73-4.25) times more likely to initiate smoking compared with those in the lowest quartile. The effect of exposure to movie smoking was stronger in adolescents with non-smoking parents than in those whose parent smoked. In this cohort, 52.2% (30.0-67.3) of smoking initiation can be attributed to exposure to smoking in movies. INTERPRETATION: Our results provide strong evidence that viewing smoking in movies promotes smoking initiation among adolescents.

Adolescent↗