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PubMed1991

Psychological maturity of young, divorcing people.

The present investigation was done to assess the psychological maturity of divorcing couples. A special questionnaire was formulated, using the conception of human development proposed by Erikson and Levinson as well as Hevighurst's conception of developmental tasks. 94 students of the VI-th year of medicine (47 women and 47 men) participated in constructing the questionnaire. Then 15 women and 15 men, who were clients of the Consulting and Diagnostic Family Center, ages 23 to 32 years were tested. Analysis shows lower scores for women than for men, especially on subscales of personal and interpersonal relations and adaptation to the parent's role.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2006

The action formulation: a proposed heuristic for clinical case formulation.

The authors propose the action formulation (TAF), a heuristic for clinical case formulation. The action formulation relies on the action perspective, which depicts individuals as actively shaping their environment, and is premised upon four guidelines: (a) map the client's social environment, focusing on sources of support, chronic interpersonal difficulties, and negative and positive life events; (b) identify how the clients, in the context of their personalities, psychopathologies, and strengths, actively influence their environment; (c) differentiate between maladaptive, risk-related, interpersonal cycles, and adaptive, protective-based ones; and (d) tailor integrative techniques to short-circuit the former cycles and bolster the latter ones. Links between TAF and emerging issues in clinical assessment are discussed.

Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorder↗
PubMed1977

Stability and oscillation in interpersonal awareness: a clinical-developmental analysis.

This paper has examined the research questions and strategies used by those who attempt to study social development from a cognitive-developmental orientation. It began by pointing to the need to integrate the descriptive work done by social-cognitive developmental researchers with some of the approaches taken by clinical and social psychologists in studying the same general phenomenon: interpersonal relations. An issue-by-stage social-cognitive map developed on the basis of both conceptual and empirical investigations was described, as were some of the properties which defined these stages. Following this, empirical evidence was cited from several ongoing studies which both supported the theoretical claims of logical coherence and pointed research in several new directions. One direction of particular importance is the naturalistic study of social and interpersonal reasoning and relating. Taken together, the interview data and the naturalistic observations appear to present a paradox. Evidence from the descriptive research appears to support the principle of stage consistency across categories of experience. On the other hand, the impact of the naturalistic findings is to point out oscillations in reasoning across varying real-life conditions. It should be noted, however, that several of the children in the classroom study did reason fairly consistently across a wide range of contexts; these children, perhaps not coincidentally, were the ones who had shown the greatest improvement in their interpersonal functioning and were soon to return to a more traditional educational milieu. Such clinical evidence points to the strong need to study better-adjusted children under similar conditions to see if real-life oscillation is as pronounced as it is in more pathological groups (Inhelder, 1943/1968). Our conclusion is that the cognitive-developmental approach, viewed in the proper perspective, can accommodate and make coherent data which suggest both variability and uniformity of reasoning, but that for such an accommodation to take place, greater attention must be paid to the critical social psychological and clinical variables which reciprocally interact with level of social-cognitive capability.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Comparison of postpartum and nonpostpartum depression: clinical presentation, psychiatric history, and psychosocial functioning.

This study compared a sample of postpartum women diagnosed with depression with a nonpostpartum depressed group and 2 nondepressed control groups. Women's depressive episodes were compared to determine whether differences existed in symptomatology, previous history, or course. Results indicate that postpartum depression tends to be relatively mild. Both depressed groups had high rates of positive psychiatric history and were equally likely to have recovered at a 6-month follow-up. Groups were also compared on psychosocial variables known to covary with depression: interpersonal relations, stress, and coping. A series of multivariate analyses of covariance showed few differences between the depressed groups that were not attributable to symptom severity, although postpartum depressed women did report better marital relations than did the nonpostpartum depressed women. These findings suggest that there is little to distinguish postpartum from nonpostpartum depression beyond differences in symptom severity.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1992

Sociological factors in the development of eating disorders.

In recent years, anorexia and bulimia nervosa, whether combined into a single clinical picture or considered as distinct syndromes, have reached epidemic proportions among adolescents. Professionals in the educational and physical and mental health care fields need to be aware of the influence of social pressures on teenagers' perceptions of body image and appearance. This article reviews the sociocultural, socioeconomic, and sex-related factors which contribute to the development of eating disorders. It is recommended that professionals help adolescents resist societal pressure to conform to unrealistic standards of appearance, and provide guidance on nutrition, realistic body ideals, and achievement of self-esteem, self-efficacy, interpersonal relations and coping skills.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2001

[Aspects of psychotherapy in diabetes mellitus with accompanying alcoholic intoxication].

120 patients with different types of diabetes mellitus were divided into groups by the presence and intensity of accompanying alcoholic intoxication: group 1--no alcohol intake; group 2--rare alcohol intake; group 3--moderate alcohol intake; group 4--alcoholic abuse. Experimental psychological methods were used together with psychotherapeutic approaches: Wiesbaden's questionnaire (WIPPF), Lusher's and MMPI tests. For each group of the patients some recommendations are given for application of the above techniques. Thus in patients from the 1-3 groups it is worthwhile to perform a positive psychotherapy directed to the development of the body/sensation sphere (according to WIPPF), that is a care about physical and mental state (including autotraining and training of communication). In the alcohol abusing patients the main point should be fantasy/future sphere (according to WIPPF) in the ranges of the same positive psychotherapy directed to forming positive world view and correction of the interpersonal relations.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1985

Cognitive theory, object relations and the self.

The main concepts of object relations theory are considered. While the clinical value of the theory is unquestionable, the persistent reification of intrapsychic processes is seen as a barrier to clear thinking and as a cause of the isolation of psychoanalytic thought from general psychology. An account is offered in cognitive terms of how a person's schemes or procedures for interpersonal relating and for structuring the self develop and are maintained. It is suggested that the insights of object relations theory can be restated in these terms.

Child Development↗
PubMed2005

[Teaching of nursing in mental and psychiatric health: the point-of-view of teachers and students in a social phenomenology perspective].

This study aimed to understand the teaching-learning process from the point-of-view of teachers and students who experienced the nursing practice in mental and psychiatric health. Data were collected through interviews with students and teachers who had experienced the phenomenon and analyzed according to a social phenomenology perspective. The teachers' experiences gave rise to the following concrete meaning categories: valuing communication and the relation between persons, learning to appreciate others as human beings, appreciating integral care; demystifying fears and prejudices and attaching meaning to self-knowledge. The following categories emerging from students' interviews: acknowledging the relevance of knowledge in communication and interpersonal relations; learning to appreciate others as human beings; applying acquired knowledge to integral care; feeling motivated to change attitudes; acknowledging the meaning of self-knowledge. Finally, the social types were described. In this subject, the teaching-learning process arouses interest in the specialty, personal development and valuation of its application in general nursing.

Communication↗
PubMed1996

Organizational impact of workaholism: suggestions for researching the negative outcomes of excessive work.

Excessive work can be viewed as an addictive behavior, and, as such, it will have a negative impact on the setting in which it occurs, as well as on the individual. This change in perspective is needed to address dysfunctional behavior patterns that interfere with organizational operations. Similarities with other addictions include identity issues, rigid thinking, withdrawal, progressive involvement, and denial. These factors influence decision making and goals of the workaholic. They also interfere with effectiveness by distorting interpersonal relations. Suggestions for further research build on established organizational topics that coincide with characteristics of an addictive pattern.

Behavior, Addictive↗
PubMed1985

[Early childhood autism and schizophrenia].

The lecture is based on the phenomenalism of autism and schizophrenia. Essentially their mutual appearance is described: the contact and relation disability. According to Merleau-Ponty, "être au monde" means "être ouvert au monde" and to be possible to be open "á soi-même". The clinical reports of the autism and of the schizophrenia may be understood as particularly phenomenons of the interpersonal relations. Three examples illustrate the amplified theory. Finally the autors emphasize the importance of the contact and of the relation in the therapeutic work with those autistic children as to give them a new access to the world.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

The role of personality in exposure and reactivity to interpersonal stress in relation to arthritis disease activity and negative affect in women.

The role of personality in the stress process was examined in older women with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA) and in healthy controls (HCs). Reactivity was examined in relation to arthritis disease activity and negative affect. Interpersonal sensitivity and neuroticism were measured in questionnaires, and interpersonal stress, negative affect, and disease activity were assessed weekly for 12 weeks. Interpersonal sensitivity was defined as an excessive sensitivity to the behavior and feelings of others. Regarding exposure, neuroticism was related to interpersonal stress for all groups. Regarding reactivity, interpersonal sensitivity interacted with interpersonal stress to predicted elevations in negative affect in all groups and elevations in disease activity in the arthritis groups. There were no significant differences in the effects.

Affect↗
PubMed1990

Gender bias on the Thematic Apperception Test.

Thirty male and 30 female college students generated stories to a set of nine Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) cards with either male or female stimulus characters. The Fine scoring system was factor analyzed to produce seven factor clusters plus three outcome variables. Multiple analysis of variance (MANOVA) revealed a main effect for type of card. The female TAT cards elicited significantly more responses on the General Concerns scale than did the male TAT cards. A main effect for subject gender showed the females gave more responses than males on the Interpersonal Relations scale. No differences were found on the outcome variables.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Alcohol consumption and work performance.

This study examines the work performance of 136 males, including both self-reports and reports of workplace collaterals. Comparisons are made on several dimensions of work performance and different levels of alcohol consumption. Different levels of drinking are not associated with scales of self-reported work performance, but relatively heavy drinkers are less frequently absent and late to work than their lighter drinking counterparts. Collateral reports of work performance, however, indicate that heavier drinkers are more likely to score lower on self-direction at work, conflict avoidance at work and interpersonal relations at work. The relationship of alcohol consumption to the technical aspects of work performance is less clear. There is, however, an overall negative relationship between alcohol consumption and technical aspects of work performance as indicated by workplace collateral reports. The implications for the design of workplace intervention programs are considered.

Absenteeism↗
PubMed1992

Interpersonal behavior of children at risk for schizophrenia.

Investigations of the childhood antecedents of adult schizophrenia may clarify our understanding of the etiology of the disease, provide guidelines for meaningful classification of subtypes of schizophrenic illness, point to strategies for identifying those individuals in need for early intervention, and suggest appropriate techniques for early intervention. Among the more salient characteristics of schizophrenic illness are disturbances in interpersonal relations, especially withdrawal from normal social interaction.

Child↗
PubMed1979

Quality of life after stroke: a three-year follow-up.

Forty-five people who had suffered a stroke three years previously were interviewed, as were their close relatives and friends. Changes in their lives which they attributed to stroke were explored, and information was gathered about health and social care resources they had used or needed. It was evident that stroke had devastated many peoples' lives: they ceased work prematurely, their interpersonal relations had deteriorated and over 70% viewed their future with uncertainty or gloom. Physical disability in itself was less important than peoples' response to their disability; inappropriate and dysfunctional responses were present in over half. In spite of adequate medical care, 40% of subjects would have been assisted by social work assessment, counseling and direction to appropriate community services.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1997

Interpersonal expectations, social support, and adjustment to chronic illness.

Chronic illness places considerable burdens on patients and their interpersonal relations with families. In this study, patients' perceptions of family and medical staff expectations regarding responsibility for care and routine functions were examined. The authors hypothesized that a patient's perceived inability to meet others' expectations about coping with illness would lead to poorer adjustment. Forty-two chronically ill patients were assessed prospectively for perceptions of others' expectations, social support, and psychological adjustment. Findings confirmed that expectations predicted subsequent decreases in psychological adjustment over a 3-month period, even when social support was controlled. A test of the reverse hypothesis showed that poorly adjusted patients did not misperceive others' expectations. Theoretical interpretations of the findings and their relation to social support research are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Olfactory disorders and their consequences for quality of life.

Olfactory disorders are common in the general population, but research into the consequences of these disorders has been lacking. Not until recently, when specific tools for assessing changes in quality of life due to olfactory disorders have become available, have systematic investigations been conducted. In this article we present the most important roles that olfaction plays in humans and review the scientific literature on the consequences of olfactory disorders. This review suggests that quality of life, regarding safety issues and interpersonal relations, as well as eating habits and nutritional intake are severely altered in a large proportion of patients with olfactory disorders.

Environment↗
PubMed1993

[Social integration in adulthood in a group of subjects with Turner syndrome].

The aim of the present study was to evaluate social integration in adulthood in a group of 48 subjects with Turner's syndrome. This was done by asking subjects to fill in a multi-choice questionnaire concerning their personal, social and working situation. The mean age (+/- SD) of the group was 24.8 +/- 1 and the reported stature was 142.2 +/- 1.4. The results obtained were compared with those formulated by ISTAT in 1990 for the entire Italian population. As far as regards education it was seen that 100% of subjects had completed primary school, 52% had attended secondary school, 29% had been to high school and 6% had attended university. It was therefore concluded that educational status, at least in this group, was higher than that of the Italian population in general. The cultural level of these subjects meant that most had found appropriate employment and only 6% were unemployed. 90% of the subjects were unmarried and only 5 were married (10%); the majority of those unmarried lived with their parents (83%). This underlines a prolonged dependence on the family nucleus and probable disorders regarding the subjects' own sexual identity and affective capacities. Among the parameters examined no substantial differences were found between subjects with a 45,X karyotype and those with chromosomic mosaicism. In the light of these findings it is apparent that efficacious medical and psychological strategies should be developed to enable a greater realization of interpersonal relations in the familial and social field.

Adult↗