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PubMed1975

[Blood parasites of small wild mammals in Czechoslovakia].

The author investigated 4,853 specimens of wild living small mammals (43 species: Insectivora, Chiroptera, Lagomorpha, Rodentia, Carnivora) from Czechoslovakia for blood parasites. Trypanosomes were found in Talpa europaea, Sorex alpinus, Crocidura suaveolens, Myotis myotis, Apodemus sylvaticus, Apodemus flavicollis, Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus, Clethrionomys glareolus and Microtus agrestis. Babesia was detected in Myotis emarginatus, Myotis myotis, Clethrionomys glareolus, Microtus arvalis and Microtus agrestis. Grahaemella was found in Talpa europaea, Sorex araneus, Neomys fodiens, Neomys anomalus, Myotis emarginatus, Myotis myotis, Apodemus sylvaticus, Apodemus flavicollis, Apodemus microps, Apodemus agrarius, Mus musculus, Clethrionomys glareolus, Arvicola terrestris, Pitymys subterraneus, Microtus arvalis, Microtus agrestis, and Microtus oeconomus. Spontaneous Bartonella-infection was ascertained in one Microtus arvalis and, in erythrocytes of one Sorex araneus, parasitic organisms very similar to Bartonella were found.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Structure of the cerebral cortex. Intrinsic organization and comparative analysis of the neocortex].

We review our present knowledge on the intrinsic organization of the neocortex based on studies carried out with the Golgi method in several mammalian species. An outline is presented on certain general aspects of the termination of specific afferent fibers in layer IV in insectivora, rodents, carnivora and primates. The principal components of the cerebral cortex have been classified in two broad types: pyramidal cells, which account for nearly 70% of the total population, and intrinsic neurons. We review different morphological characteristics of pyramidal cells and intrinsic neurons with a full description of cell varieties, dendritic morphology and several aspects of synaptic connectivity of intrinsic neurons in comparison between different species. Special attention has been paid to the description of spinous stellate cells which seems unique for a given animal species. We have reviewed intrinsic cortical circuits linking several neocortical layers, the distribution of dendritic plexuses, and the excitatory and inhibitory synaptic connections established between various neuronal categories. We finally review modern concepts of functional neocortical architecture based on the modular organization of the cerebral cortex, concluding that the cerebral cortex is rather uniform at en elementary level but the differences appear substantial when the comparison is made between different species.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Observations of fleas of small mammals at the Gran Paradiso National Park (Italian Occidental Alps)].

The Siphonaptera of small mammals (nearly 200 rodents, insectivora and mustelids) of the Parco Nazionale del Gran Paradiso (Western Italian Alps) have been collected and studied during the years 1973-75. All the animals have been captured at altitudes ranging from 1570 to 2400 m during different seasons. Twelve genera and sixteen species have been identified, namely: Chaetopsylla (C.) homoea homoea from Mustela erminea; Hystrichopsylla (H.) talpae talpae from Clethrionomys glareolus; Rhadinopsylla (A.) integella integella from Clethrionomys glareolus and Microtus nivalis; Ctenophtalmus (C.) agyrtes verbanus from Pitymys multiplex (collected by Beaucournu); Ctenophthalmus (C.) solutus solutus from Apodemus flavicollis and Apodemus sylvaticus; Ctenophthalmus (Medioctenophthalmus) nivalis nivalis from Clethrionomys glareolus, Microtus nivalis and Pitymys multiplex; Doratopsylla dasycnema cuspis from Sorex araneus and Clethrionomys glareolus; Palaeopsylla soricis rosickyi from Sorex araneus; Leptopsylla segnis from Apodemus sylvaticus and Mus musculus; Peromyscopsylla bidentata bidentata from Clethrionomys glareolus and Microtus nivalis; peromyscopsylla fallax from clethrionomgs glareous; Amphipsylla sibirica ssp. from clethrionomys glareolus and microtus nivalis; Malaraeus (Amalaraeus), penicilliger kratachvili from Clethrionomys glareolus, Microtus nivalis and Mustela erminea; Myoxopsylla laverani from Eliomys quercinus; Callopsylla saxatilis from Apodemus flavicollis, Microtus nivalis and Mustela erminea. Species of fleas not yet described in Italy are: Chaetopsylla (C.) homoea homoea; Rhadinopsylla (Actenophthalmus) mesa; Ctenophthalmus (Medioctemophthalmus) nivalis nivalis; Callopsylla saxatilis. The genus Callopsylla is identified for the first time in Italy. New identification of hosts for the species of fleas already described in Italy are: for Rhadinopsylla (Actenophthalmus) integella integella: Clethrionomys glareolus; for Ctenophthalmus (C.) solutus solutus: Apodemus flavicollis and Apodemus sylvaticus. All the 15 male specimens of M. laverani from E. quercinus captured in the Parco Nazionale del Gran Paradiso have characters more similar to M. l. traubi than to M. l. laverani: only one long and a much shorter spine in the superior half of the movable process, a distinct tooth in the anterior margin of the movable half of the movable process, a distinct tooth in the anterior margin of the movable process, crochets of phallosome shorter and more gradually tapered, apex of fixed process very acuminated. To the contrary the shape of the movable process is similar to that of M. l. laverani. A point of particular interest is to be found also in 2 specimens of Amphypsilla of the sibirica group, respectively collected from Mustela erminea and Microtus nivalis. They have a very atypical distribution of the spine in an abnormally shaped movable process: the reasons of the abnormality are due to castration, probably of parasitic origin (absence of phallosome, tendons, etc.).

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Australian hookworms (Ancylostomatoidea): a review of the species present, their distributions and biogeographical origins.

Ancylostomatoidea or hookworms recorded in Australia are reviewed and the attempt is made to provide the biogeographical background to their occurrence. The poor representation of this nematode superfamily is probably a reflection of the fact that they are primarily parasites of Carnivora, Artiodactyla, Insectivora, Rodentia, Edentata, Proboscoidea and primates, eutherian mammals which are either absent from the Australian fauna or which have only recently reached the continent. The principal genera of hookworms recorded to date from Australia are Ancylostoma, Bunostomum, Necator and Uncinaria. The majority of the ancylostomatoid fauna is represented by introduced species of man and domestic animals. Native or endemic species of hookworms are restricted to members of the genus Uncinaria with two species occurring in rodents and pinnipeds. Only a single endemic species of hookworm is known, U. hydromyidis, which is found in the small intestine of a rat. Significant problems remain in understanding the systematics, epidemiology and evolutionary relationships of the Australian ancylostomatoid fauna.

Ancylostomatoidea↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comparative anatomical and ultrastructural features of the sensory papillae in the tongue of hibernating bats.

The papillae of the tongue dorsal surface of the insectivorous, hibernating bats (Vespertilionidae and Rhinolophidae), whose function is mainly sensorial, consist of two circumvallate papillae, two foliate papillae, located at the side edges at the glossopalatine arch, and numerous fungiform papillae. The circumvallate and foliate papillae are characterized not only by their position, but also by presence of several taste buds which open through the external orifice of the gustatory canal into the cavity of the vallum, or furrow, which divides the two folds of the lingual mucosa. The fungiform papillae (extremely numerous on the whole dorsal surface) are characterized by an unusual arrangement (along 3 oblique lines on the anterior two-thirds and predominantly on the middle line of the tongue body) and by the presence of only one to three taste buds which open on the heavily keratinized dorsal epithelial surface. The taste buds are made up of sensory cells with a light or dark matrix; their apical cytoplasmic expansions are not found beyond the middle part of the gustatory canal, in contrast with the circumvallate and foliate papillae which protrude from the orifice of the gustatory pore. Comparisons with the papillae of other types of bats and Insectivora and evaluations of the morphological characteristics and their functional values (unusual areas of distribution of the papillae, apical cytoplasmic expansions and behaviour of microfolds observed under SEM) have been made in different environmental conditions and nutritional habits, with attention to the mechanical events in the course of feeding.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

[Correlations linking hypophysis and epiphysis volumes to body weight and brain weight in Simian and in man].

The human hypophyseal and epiphyseal volumes are quantitatively conformable to those of the simians studied. In simians and man, the hypophysis is better correlated to body weight and to brain weight than the epiphysis, as already observed by us in other Mammals (Insectivora, Prosimiano, Rodents and Chiroptera). The pineal gland must be correlated to a non essential somatic function that varies from one species to another at constant somatic weight.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

[Unique structure of the esophago-gastric junction of the house musk shrew (Suncus murinus)].

The house musk shrew (Suncus murinus) belongs to the Order Insectivora, and has been used for the research in comparative anatomy as one of the most primitive placental mammals. Another feature of this shrew is its ability to easily vomit which mimics the human emesis or motion sickness response. The house musk shrew has thus been utilized as a rare small experimental animal for studies on the neurophysiological mechanism of vomiting. However, there is no report investigating the morphological background of vomiting in this species. The purpose of this study is to provide detailed morphological and histological features of the house musk shrew stomach as they possibly correlate to vomiting. The stomachs of ten female house musk shrews were used. Six of them were the wild type (Jic: SUN), two were the high-emesis strain (Jic: SUN-Her) and the rest of them were the low-emesis strain (Jic: Sun-Ler). In addition to the macroscopic anatomy, the region of esophago-gastric (EG) junction and the gastric groove were observed using the light and transmission electron microscopy. Although evident differences in structure of stomach were not found among the three strains, some interesting findings in comparative anatomy were noted. The circular valve-like thick fold was seen at the cardiac portion, which protruded into the esophageal lumen forming a deep groove between its frilled edge and the esophagus. The second frilled ridge was often found as inner ridge of this valve-like thick fold. The esophago-gastric junction between the stratified squamous and the simple columnar epithelium was found at the edge of the second frilled ridge. The lamina propria of the frilled edge was occupied by loose connective tissue and many large lumens of lymphatic vessels. The lamina muscularis mucosae, which developed in the esophageal region, was not in the main frilled edge. A well-developed inner muscle layer was found around the base of the fold, which seemed to correspond to the human lower esophageal sphincter. Cardiac glands occupied most of the thick cardiac wall, forming complicated crypts lined by simple columnar epithelium, and ducts of cardiac gland opened to these crypts. Since the house musk shrew has no esophageal gland, these cardiac glands may actively protect the lower part of the esophagus. In the cardiac wall, the inner circular and outer longitudinal muscle layer largely crossed each other obliquely as same as other reports. The transition area from the striated to the smooth muscle was observed in the sphincter surrounding the distal end of the cardiac wall. The gastric groove, lined by simple columnar epithelium in the lesser curvature, which has been reported to play a role as a shortcut from the cardia to the pylorus in other species including rodents, was also confirmed in the house musk shrew. The mucosal fold in the boundary between the esophageal and the gastric epithelium of house musk shrew may correspond to the structure called the limiting ridge (in mouse, rat and hamster), the teeth-like fimbria or Grenzfalten (in vole), and the gastric teeth (in crustacean and mollusk). The valve-like mucosal fold protruding into the esophageal cavity, the well developed huge cardiac glands, and the cardiac sphincter localized distally to the cardiac gland appear to facilitate the regurgitation of the stomach content, that is, vomiting. These findings suggest that this structure might have developed to support the feeding habit of house musk shrew, and that the differences of strains in vomiting may be determined by neurophysiological mechanisms.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

[Calodium hepaticum (Bancroft, 1893) Moravec, 1982--capillaria with an atypical life cycle].

Calodium hepaticum (Bancroft, 1893)--commonly known as Capillaria hepatica is a nematode parasitising in liver of rodents, some domestic and wild mammals: Insectivora, Carnivora, Artiodactyla and Primates including human as well. C. hepaticum is the only nematode--geohelminth, which for the continuity of the life cycle needs the death of the host being the intermediate and final host at the same time. The eggs of the parasite deposited by female worms in liver of the host became entrapped in fibrotic tissue. C. hepaticum is a cosmopolitic nematode. Rats and mice (domestic and field) are the main hosts of this parasite, the prevalence of infection can be very high e.g. Rattus norvegicus--100% in the Baltimore Zoo (Farhang-Azad 1977) as well as from the urban area of Milan (Italy)--the prevalence of infection was 36% (Ceruti et al. 2001). Hepatic capillariasis was not recorded in our country but its existence seems to be very probable.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Lung and hearth nematodes in some Spanish mammals.

Thirteen host species belonging to the orders Rodentia, Insectivora and Carnivora from various localities in Galicia (NW Spain) were examined for heart and lung parasites. The following species were found: Parastrongylus dujardini (5.5%) in Apodemus sylvaticus, Crenosoma striatum in Erinaceus europaeus (83%), Angiostrongylus vasorum, Crenosoma vulpis and Eucoleus aerophilus in Vulpes vulpes (3, 3.46 and 0.50%, respectively), Crenosoma taiga in Putorius putorius (100%) and Crenosoma sp. in Meles meles (25%). In Crocidura russula nematode larvae were found (3.3%). Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus, Rattus rattus, Talpa caeca, Sorex araneus, Genetta genetta and Canis lupus were not parasitized by lung or heart parasites.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

[Aponeurosis plantaris--phylogenetic development].

The plantar aponeurosis is differentiated in its most primitive form in Marsupialia, where it is formed by a single connective tissue strip, a continuation of the tendon of the m. plantaris. The tendon is usually not fixed to the calacaneal tuberosity. The lateral tract (fibular) of the plantar aponeurosis takes a distal course and forms processes for the first to fifth toe. (The number of inserting strips is different and variable in different species of marsupials). A separate medial (tibial) strip of the aponeurosis is lacking. 2. In Insectivora the plantar aponeurosis is differentiated similarly as in marsupials. Again the medial (tibial) strip of the aponeurosis is absent and the tendon of the m. plantaris is more firmly fixed to the calcaneus. Scandentia (Tupalia) have a two-layer aponeurosis. The fibular (lateral) layer is in continuation of the tendon of the m. plantaris, the medial (tibial) layer starts at the calcaneal tuberosity. The plantar aponeurosis of Tupalia does not yet form two separable tracts, however, the forming layers of the aponeurosis indicate the future separation of the uniform connective tissue plate. 3. In prosimians and simians a separate medial (tibial) tract develops which is independent on the tendon of the m. plantaris, and in anthropoids and humans gradually the planta predominates.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Lower axial skeleton of the musk shrew (Suncus murinus).

Macroscopic structure as well as pre- and postnatal development of the lumbar, sacral, and caudal vertebrae of the musk shrew (Suncus murinus, Insectivora) were observed. The lumbar vertebrae possess two pairs of unusual processes, hyperapophyses and hypapophyses. The hyperapophyses are located on the dorsal surface of the caudal articular processes of all the lumbar vertebrae, whereas the hypapophyses are found on the caudal part of the ventral surface of the bodies in the first few lumbar vertebrae. The former gives attachment to the Mm. rotatores lumborum and the latter to the Mm. psoas major and minor. The articular processes of the lumbar vertebrae are oriented more horizontally compared with those in other mammals. The sacrum is very narrow transversely due to poor development of the ventrolateral wing. The auricular surface includes cranial parts of the wing and of the fused vertebral arches as well as the cranial articular process of the first sacral vertebra. In the caudal vertebrae, chevron bones are H-shaped when viewed ventrally, and give attachment to tendons of the caudal muscles. This report describes the relationships between the structural peculiarities of the lower axial skeleton and the locomotive habits of the musk shrew.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Circulation of the virus of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome among small mammals in the territory of the USSR].

Over 55,000 small mammals of 72 species trapped in 62 administrative territories practically in all landscape-geographical zones of the USSR were examined in 1980-1985. The use of current laboratory methods demonstrated a wide spread of HFRS virus in the territory of this country, involvement in the epizootic process of most species of forest and steppe murine rodents and insectivora. In each landscape zone, the main carriers of the HFRS agent were established, represented, as a rule, by the basic species having a high and stable population density.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Numerical identification of teeth in Japanese shrew-moles, Urotrichus talpoides and Dymecodon pilirostris.

Numerical determination of the teeth of two species of Japanese shrew moles, Urotrichus talpoides and Dymecodon pilirostris (Talpidae, Insectivora), was based on the position of the premaxillo-maxillary suture, comparison of the dentitions of the two species with those of their relatives and the supernumerary tooth. The premaxillo-maxillary suture is situated between the fifth and sixth tooth anterior to the M1, and the fifth tooth anterior to the M1 was determined to be C both in the two species. The supernumerary tooth which appears in the gap between the third and fourth anterior to the M1 of the lower jaw of Urotrichus talpoides was considered as a relic of pdl which seems to have been lost relatively recently in the evolution of this species. It was also shown that the first premolar of the upper jaw of the Urotrichus talpoides and the first premolars of the Dymecodon pilirostris are dihyodont. Retention of the dihyodont first premolars in these species seems to be a primitive character and is significant in determining the phylogenetical positions of these species.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Seasonal changes in the brain and skull sizes of small mammals].

A comparative study of seasonal-age dynamics of brain size in six small mammal species, Clethrionomys glareolus, C. rutilus, Microtus oeconomus, M. gregalis (Rodentia); Sorex araneus, S. minutis (Insectivora) has been carried out. The analysis of seasonal changes in brain weight confirms the existence of autumn-winter regression of brain weight, which takes place at the organism level. The regression is less pronounced in voles than in shrews. The decrease in brain weight both in voles and in shrews is accompanied by the decrease in height (capacity) of brain capsule of cranium. In spring the brain weight increase and reaches its maximal specific values in wintered voles in summer. In wintered shrews the brain weight never reaches the value, inherent in young animals before winter regression. The analysis of the data obtained and published data on variability of craniometric features allowed to conclude that seasonal changes in brain size, accompanied by the changes in capacity of cranium capsule might be considered as a general pattern for a large group of palearctic and nonarctic species of small mammals.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Comparative research on the cerebroside and sulfocerebroside content of the mammalian brain].

Data are presented on cerebroside and sulfocerebroside content of the brain for 31 mammalian species from 8 orders. The increase in concentration of both glycolipids in the brain of mammals in phylogenesis was demonstrated. Low levels of cerebrosides and sulfocerebrosides were found in the brain of lower mammals (Insectivora, Chiroptera) and high ones--in the brain of higher mammals (Carnivora, Primates). Irrespectively from taxonomic position and ecological factors, in the brain of all mammals investigated higher content of cerebrosides with hydroxy acids was found as compared to the content of cerebrosides with normal fatty acids. The ratio of these cerebrosides in the brain of terrestrial mammals is 2-3 times higher than in aquatic and semi-aquatic ones. The data obtained are discussed in relation to the development of the brain of mammals during their phylogenesis.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

[Topography and structure of the stylohyoid muscle in mammals].

Topography and structure of the musculus stylohyoideus (MSH) have been studied in 78 species of Mammalia from 12 orders. The muscle in question has specific peculiarities not only in its position and fixation, but also in a great variability of its structure. The MSH is not revealed in Philander opossum, Lagostrophus fasciatus, guinea pig, Meriones eversmanni, Rhombomys opimus, Nyctereutes procyonoides, Thos aureus, Mastelidae. Various pathways of development and different functional loading define existence of several modifications of the MSH: a) the medial part of the muscle develops (Didelphys, Rodentia, Insectivora, Proboscidea, Dama dama, Capreolus capreolus; b) the lateral part of the musculus develops (Lagomorpha, Canis lupus, Ursidae, Felidae, Pinnipedia, Cavicornia); c) both parts of the musculus develop, determining position of the m. digastricus between these two parts (Alces alces, Pseudaxis sica, Cervus elaphus, Macaca rhesus, Erythrocebus patas, Perissodastyla).

Animals↗
PubMed1986

[Upright posture of the human and the morphologic evolution of the musculi extensores digitorum pedis with reference to evolutionary myology].

A brief literature review is made of the morphological changes in the bones of the lower limbs of man, which are the result of his upright walk. The author's task has been to study the morphological changes of Mm. extensores digitorum pedis from the viewpoint of evolutionary myology. The following material has been studied: Lower limbs of adults, 151 less than or equal to N less than or equal to 358. Pelvic limbs of Marsupialia, Insectivora, and non-hominide primates; N = 122. Lower limbs of human embryos and fetuses; N = 71. The following acknowledgements are the author's own studies. They begin with an evolutionary-myological study of m. extensor hallucis longus and of m. extensor digitorum longus, together with m. peroneus tertius.

Biological Evolution↗
PubMed1986

[Upright posture of man and morphologic evolution of the musculi extensores digitorum pedis with reference to evolutionary myology. III].

The following anatomical objects were studied with regard to myology during evolution: M. extensor hallucis longus (MEHL), M. extensor digitorum longus (MEDL) with M. peroneus tertius (MP III), M. peroneus brevis (MPB) with M. peroneus digiti V (MPD V), M. extensor hallucis brevis (MEHB), M. extensor digitorum brevis (MEDB), and the Retinaculum musculorum extensorum imum (RMEI). The study was carried out by the preparation of 3 different groups of material. The 1st group consists of lower extremities of humans. The number of the extremities differs for the particular objects between 151 and 358 (see page 381). The 2nd group of material consists of 122 Membra pelvina from Marsupialia, Insectivora, and Primates. Table 1 shows as well the mammalian species as the number of the studied extremities. The extremities of the 1st and 2nd group were preserved in an manner suitable for a macroscopic preparation. The 3rd group of material consists of 71 lower extremities from embryos and fetus. The lower legs and feet were stained either according to the method described by Morel and Bassal with eosin added or according to Weigert. From this material, complete series of cross sections were prepared. Table 2 shows the age of the embryos (VCL [mm]) as well as the number of the studied extremities. It is important that up to the age of 46 mm VCL the difference in the age of the embryos usually amounts from 0.5 to 1.0 mm. This small difference in the age of the embryos and fetus allows a very good follow up of the changes in construction during the organogenesis. The comparison of the 3 different groups shows the following changes for the above mentioned muscles: The M. extensor hallucis longus (MEHL) is a muscle which is not split. The same result applies for its tendon which inserts at the distal phalanx of the hallux. This primitive form of the muscle amounts actually to 51.12% in human beings. In 48.88% of the cases, additional tendons and muscles are formed by the MEHL. Most of these supplements are positioned on the medial side of the main tendon, only a few lie to the lateral side. For the supplement tendons, the medial one as well as the lateral one occasionally possess a muscle belly. The muscle of the medial tendon is split off from the proximal margin of the MEHL. The muscle of the lateral tendon is split off from the distal margin of the MEHL.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗