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PubMed1989

Determination of infarct size of acute myocardial infarction in dogs by magnetic resonance imaging and gadolinium-DTPA: comparison with indium-111 antimyosin imaging.

Acute myocardial infarctions were produced in nine dogs by ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Twenty-four hours after ligation, 0.5 mM/kg of gadolinium (Gd)-DTPA was injected intravenously, followed by cardiectomy 30 min later. Indium-111 antimyosin was administered intravenously 6 hr before cardiectomy to compare the infarct size with Gd-DTPA contrast enhancement. Areas of Gd-DTPA contrast enhancement were closely correlated with those of indium-111 antimyosin uptake (r = .86), although the former showed slightly greater than the latter. Partial and complete enhancements were observed in three and six dogs, respectively. In the T1 and T2 maps, T1 relaxation times of the infarcted area showed greater T1 shortening compared with normal myocardium, whereas T2 relaxation times were not different between infarcted and normal myocardium. Thus, Gd-DTPA showed significant contrast enhancement of the infarcted area because of greater T1 shortening and the extent of Gd-DTPA contrast enhancement expressed the infarct size precisely.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Comparison of iron-59, indium-111, and gallium-69 transferrin as a macromolecular tracer of vascular permeability and the transferrin receptor.

Tracer amounts of [59Fe++]citrate, [111In+++]chloride, and [68Ga+++]chloride were complexed with autologous plasma transferrin. Each of these complexes were co-administered with [125I]albumin by i.v. injection and their biodistribution was studied in Wistar rats. The plasma clearance of 59Fe and [125I]albumin was monoexponential with half-times of 49-70 and 277 min, respectively. The plasma clearance of 68Ga and 111In was biexponential with second component half-times of 157 and 232 min, respectively. Indium-111 tissue distribution was similar to that of [125I]albumin in heart, lung, muscle, brain and Walker-256 allograft. Iron-59 distribution spaces were generally the highest of the metal complexes in all tissues except muscle, where the 68Ga space was highest. The effects of transferrin-specific receptor-mediated endocytosis can be avoided in many organs and Walker-256 allografts by using the indium-transferrin complex, and the radiolabeled complex may be a convenient macromolecular tracer to estimate vascular permeability and vessel pore size in tumor and systemic tissue. In contrast, the iron-transferrin complex may be useful for measuring and imaging transferrin-specific receptors in brain and tumor tissue.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The role of indium-111 antimyosin (Fab) imaging as a noninvasive surveillance method of human heart transplant rejection.

The identification of rejection after heart transplantation in patients receiving cyclosporine immunosuppressive therapy requires the endomyocardial biopsy, an invasive method associated with a finite morbidity. To evaluate the role of indium-111 antimyosin (Fab) scintigraphy as a noninvasive surveillance method of heart transplant rejection, the Fab fragment of murine monoclonal antimyosin antibodies labeled with indium-111 was administered intravenously in 30 scintigraphic studies to 10 consecutive heart transplant recipients. Endomyocardial biopsy specimens were obtained 72 hours after each scintigraphic study. Nineteen scintigraphic studies had negative findings; no false negative finding was obtained. Eleven antimyosin scintigraphic studies had positive findings, and in these studies endomyocardial biopsy revealed mild rejection in two cases, moderate acute rejection with myocyte necrosis in two cases, myocyte necrosis as a consequence of ischemic injury in six cases, and possibly cytotoxic damage in one case. Antimyosin scintigraphy may represent a reliable screening method for the surveillance of heart transplant patients. In the presence of a negative finding from antimyosin scintigraphy, it may be possible to avoid endomyocardial biopsy. Conversely, in patients who have a positive finding from antimyosin scintigraphy, the endomyocardial biopsy is mandatory to establish the definitive diagnosis by histologic examination of the myocardium.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Contribution of indium-111 labelled polynuclear scintigraphy in the exploration of articular and bone infections].

Radionuclide imaging with Indium 111-labelled polymorphonuclears was performed on 90 occasions in 84 patients with suspected osteo-articular infection. The sensitivity of this technique was 70% and its specificity 87%. The Indium 111 technique is less sensitive than those using Technetium 99m and/or Gallium 67, but it is much more specific of infection. There are several causes of error when using this method: false-negative results due to the peculiarities of bone infection may occur, but false-positive results are rare, except in inflammatory diseases of peripheral joints. Among the best indications are infected articular prosthesis, spondylodiscitis, osteitis and osteomyelitis.

Bacterial Infections↗
PubMed1985

[Study of space-occupying lesions in the liver using technetium-99m tin colloid and indium-113m chloride].

Liver scanning with radiocolloids is an important method to determine the presence, the position and the size of space-occupying lesions in the liver. Unfortunately, this information is nonspecific and it is not possible to distinguish between tumours, abscesses or cysts. Thirty-six patients in whom a definite diagnosis of hepatoma, amoebic liver abscess or echinococcus cyst had been made were examined with technetium-99m tin colloid and indium-113m chloride. The amoebic liver abscesses were avascular, showed a hyperaemic area surrounding the abscess and appeared smaller on the indium than on the technetium scan. The hepatomas showed greater vascularity and absence of the hyperaemic area. Cysts were avascular, did not show a hyperaemic rim and the size was equal on both scans. The experience of the observers had an influence on the accuracy of interpretation of the scans; experienced observers made a correct diagnosis in 73% of cases. It is suggested that simultaneous 99mTc tin colloid and 113mIn-chloride scans provide additional specificity in the differential diagnosis between hepatoma, amoebic liver abscess and echinococcus cysts.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Indium-111 chloride scintigraphy in adult osteomyelitis.

Osteomyelitis is a common clinical problem that may be difficult to diagnose. We compared the performance of indium-111-labeled white cells ([111In]WBC) to 111In chloride ([111In]Cl) in two groups of adult patients suspected to have osteomyelitis or septic arthritis. Using [111In] WBC, 52 scans were performed on 51 patients. Nineteen patients had osteomyelitis. The sensitivity was 84% and specificity 82%. Using [111In]Cl, 48 scans were performed on 47 patients. Twelve had osteomyelitis. Sensitivity was 91%, and specificity was 89%. In each group, one false-negative study occurred in vertebral osteomyelitis. Three false-negative studies using [111In]WBC were due to failure to distinguish between combined bone and soft-tissue infection and soft-tissue infection alone. False-positive studies in both groups were due to overlying soft-tissue infection or inflammatory arthritis. Chi-squared test showed no significant difference in performance between the two agents. Indium-111 chloride is easier to prepare and use than [111In]WBC, which requires a time-consuming labeling process.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

The molecular structure of indium oxine.

The radiopharmaceutical use of [111In]oxine for radiolabeling of blood products has recently met with FDA approval. The molecular structure of tris(8-quinolinolato) indium(III), "indium oxine", was determined by x-ray crystallography using a single yellow crystal grown from ethanol solution. The structural study reveals an asymmetric pseudo-octahedral N3O3 metal coordination sphere with meridional stereochemistry. This asymmetry is not detected in solution by proton NMR spectroscopy at room temperature; however, at -90 degrees C spectroscopic changes suggest slowing of a fluxional process. The molecule unexpectedly crystallized with a molecule of ethanol hydrogen-bonded to an oxygen atom of one of the oxine ligands, suggesting that hydrogen-bonding will play a role in the solvation of this complex in protic solvents.

Chemical Phenomena↗
PubMed1988

[Development of left intraventricular thrombi. Monitoring by two-dimensional echocardiography and scintigraphy with indium 111-labelled platelets].

Two-dimensional echocardiography and indium 111-labelled platelet scintigraphy have proved helpful in the diagnosis of left intraventricular thrombosis. In this study, both methods were used to investigate the time-related changes undergone by such thrombi in 30 patients (26 with myocardial infarction, 4 with dilated cardiomyopathy) who presented with left intraventricular thrombosis diagnosed by echocardiography and systematically explored by indium scintigraphy. These 30 patients were divided into 2 groups depending on whether the initial scintigraphy was positive (group I, 19 patients) or negative (group II, 11 patients). The follow-up (mean 21.6 months) was clinical and paraclinical, with control echocardiography repeated at 1.5 and 8.5 months in both groups and control scintigraphy at 1.5 month in group I patients. At the 1.5 month echocardiography, the intraventricular thrombosis persisted in 14/16 examinations in group I patients and in only 2/10 examinations in group II patients (p less than 0.01). At the 1.5 month scintigraphy, performed in 16/19 group I patients, this examination had become negative in 8 cases, whereas the 2D-echocardiography remained positive. During the follow-up period 4 patients in group I had an embolic accident, as against none of the group II patients (p less than 0.01); 3 of these 4 patients had persistent uptake at control scintigraphy. At echocardiography, only a protrusion image seemed to be predictive, as it was present in 3 of 4 patients with embolic accident.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Anticoagulants↗
PubMed1988

A study of lymphocyte kinetics in nasopharyngeal carcinoma with indium III oxine-labelled lymphocytes.

The kinetics of lymphocyte migration in 12 pre-treatment patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and three cancer controls in remission were studied with Indium III oxine-labelled autologous lymphocytes. The migratory patterns of the labelled lymphocytes were defined by serial gamma imaging and blood clearance of Indium over 72 h. Once in the systemic circulation the labelled lymphocytes migrated immediately to the liver and spleen. In all the subjects studied the lymphocytes began to migrate out of the liver at 0.5 h, only to return to the organ gradually between 2 and 72 h. In the control subjects the lymphocytes migrated out of the spleen from about 4 h. This coincided with a hump in the peripheral blood clearance curve after about 4 h signifying re-entry of the lymphocytes into the vascular space from the spleen. In the 'early' NPC subjects (Stage I-III) the rate at which the lymphocytes entered the spleen was much reduced from about 4 to 72 h, suggesting a prolonged transit time of the lymphocyte through the organ. However, there were still prominent humps in the blood clearance curves, suggesting significant re-entry of lymphocytes into the vascular space. In the 'late' NPC subjects (Stage IV-V), the activity of the spleen was low between 4 and 72 h and there was continuous sequestration of lymphocytes in the organ. Consequently the humps in the blood clearance curves were much reduced or absent. The activities of the metastatic lymph nodes were intense between 2 and 48 h, suggesting marked sequestration of lymphocytes in the diseased lymph nodes. Migration of lymphocytes in the metastatic area of the liver was notably absent and presented as cold areas on gamma scanning. The sequestration of lymphocytes in the spleen and metastatic lymph nodes in 'early' and 'late' NPC could lead to a contraction of intravascular lymphocyte pool and could explain the stage-dependent lymphopenia reported in NPC.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Indium-111 autologous leukocyte imaging in pancreatitis.

Thirty-nine patients with acute pancreatitis have been assessed using a prognostic factor grading system, abdominal ultrasound, and autologous leukocyte imaging. Both prognostic factor grading and leukocyte imaging can accurately assess the severity of the disease early in its course. All patients with a negative indium-labeled leukocyte image recovered without sequelae, whereas five of the 12 patients with a positive image developed complications, including two deaths. Abdominal ultrasound is of no value in assessing severity, but is a useful method of detecting those patients with gallstone-associated disease. In patients with suspected abscess formation following acute pancreatitis, indium leukocyte imaging does not differentiate between fat necrosis and abscess formation. In this situation, computerized tomography should be carried out before laparotomy is undertaken.

Abscess↗
PubMed1985

Homing and circulation of indium-111-labelled leucocytes. A post-mortem study.

The history of a patient with a suspected ischemic brain infarct undergoing an indium-111-tropolone white cell labelled test is reported. The patient, who died 12 h after injection of the labelled cells, suffered of a brain haemorrhage. The post-mortem examination has allowed for the first time the measurement of radioactivity in different organs following the injection of indium-111-labelled leucocytes. High radioactivity was found only in tissues affected by inflammatory processes and in the lymphonodes draining the corresponding areas. This report clearly indicates the importance of this method for the study of white cell localization and circulation to the sites of infections.

Cerebral Hemorrhage↗
PubMed1986

Effect of leukocyte antibodies and HLA matching on the intravascular recovery, survival, and tissue localization of 111-indium granulocytes.

The effect of leukocyte antibodies detected under different conditions on the fate in vivo of granulocytes was studied using 111-indium-labeled granulocytes. Sera from patients were tested by granulocyte agglutination (GA), granulocytotoxicity (GC), granulocyte immunofluorescence (GIF), lymphocytotoxicity (LC), and antibody-dependent lymphocyte-mediated granulocytotoxicity. Granulocytes from donors to be studied were labeled with 111-indium and injected. Then the intravascular recovery and survival or tissue localization was determined in 93 studies. Antibodies detected by granulocyte agglutination were associated with a significant reduction in recovery (6.7% v 30.8% in controls; P less than .001) and t1/2 (0.3 hours v 5.6 hours in controls; P = .002). When all possible combinations of serum reactivity were considered, reactivity in the GA plus GIF assays had the best correlation with decreased recovery (R2 = .49; P less than .001) and t1/2 (R2 = .73; P less than .001). When the relationship between the strength of antibody reactivity and the recovery and t1/2 were analyzed, the best relationship was between the combination of LC and GIF with recovery (R2 = .62; P = .001). Because of the general availability of the HLA (LC) testing, the role of LC reactivity was investigated in other ways. There was a strong relationship between sera highly reactive by LC and those reactive by GIF. These highly reactive sera were also associated with reduced recovery and t1/2. The influence of specific HLA antigen mismatches was also studied. When donor and recipient were mismatched for the HLA-A2, B8, or BW44 antigens, there was a significant reduction in either recovery, t1/2, or both. Tissue localization was studied by body scans in patients with and without known sites of inflammation. Antibodies detected by a combination of GA and GIF caused abnormal pulmonary sequestration of granulocytes (three cases) and failure of granulocytes to localize at known sites of inflammation (three cases). HLA (LC) antibodies did not alter tissue localization despite the presence of the corresponding HLA antigens on granulocytes. It appears that GA, GIF, or a combination of these tests is the most effective predictor of altered in vivo fate of granulocytes. However, sera highly reactive by LC and GIF probably define a group of highly immunized patients in whom granulocyte recovery and t1/2 are also reduced. Mismatching for certain HLA antigens is also associated with reduced granulocyte recovery and survival. At present, GA, with or without the immunofluorescence assay, is the most effective predictor of altered in vivo granulocyte activity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Antibodies↗
PubMed1986

Indium 111-mercaptopyridine N-oxide-labeled human leukocytes and platelets: mechanism of labeling and intracellular location of 111In and mercaptopyridine N-oxide.

Human leukocytes and platelets were labeled in plasma with indium 111, by incubating cells first with 2-mercaptopyridine N-oxide (Merc) and then with ionic or weakly chelated 111In citrate. We investigated the mechanism by which this procedure enabled us to label cells in plasma. The interactions of 111In and Merc with cell membrane and cytoplasm were studied by homogenizing labeled cells and analyzing the homogenate by gel filtration. Studies were facilitated by use of sulfur 35-labeled Merc. Although 65% +/- 12.8% of added 111-In was incorporated in cells in presence of extracellular Merc, only 0.8% +/- 0.1% and 5.1% +/- 3.2% 35S-Merc was associated with 10(8) leukocytes and 10(10) platelets, respectively. In the absence of extracellular Merc, only 4.5% +/- 0.3% 111In was taken up by the cells. In each type of cell 83% to 99% of the cell-incorporated 35S Merc was associated with a cytoplasmic component with apparent molecular weight 5200 daltons, independently of the presence or absence of radioactive or stable indium. An approximately equal proportion of 111In was bound to similar cytoplasmic components in both types of cells. On adenosine diphosphate-induced platelet aggregation, less than 3% of platelet-bound 111In or 35S-Merc was released. These results indicate that it is the extracellular Merc that facilitates 111In labeling. It does not bind to cell membrane, but forms a lipid-soluble complex with 111In. This complex passively diffuses through the cell membrane, allows 111In to bind to cytoplasmic components, and provides a stable cell label.

Blood Platelets↗
PubMed1981

Tricatecholamide analogs of enterobactin as gallium- and indium-binding radiopharmaceuticals.

Isopropyl N-substituted tricatecholamide analogs of enterobactin have been found to form gallium and indium complexes with very high stability constants and to exhibit in vivo characteristics significantly different from gallium- or indium-transferrin and EDTA. The 3,4-DiP-LICAMS and TiP-MECAMS complexes were found to clear primarily through the kidneys, whereas the less polar 3,4-DiP-LICAM complex was eliminated through the liver. The rationale for developing new metal-binding analogs with larger organic groups attached to the amide nitrogens is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Alteration of hepatic microsomal structure and function by indium chloride. Ultrastructural, morphometric, and biochemical studies.

The effects of indium-chloride (InCl3) on hepatocyte structure and function were studied in male rats injected with doses of 0, 10, 20, or 40 mg of InCl3/kg and killed after 16 hours. Fragmentation and degranulation of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and increased numbers of In- and Fe-containing autophagic lysosomes were the most marked cellular changes observed by electron microscopy. Morphometric analyses of hepatocytes disclosed a maximal 4-fold increase in the volume density of the lysosome compartment and a 2-fold decrease in the volume density of the vacuole compartment. Surface densities of the mitochondrial cristae and rough endoplasmic reticulum were increased by 1.5-fold, whereas the surface densities of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum showed a maximal increase of 7-fold. These structural changes were associated with inhibition of microsomal aniline hydroxylase by as much as 50% and ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase by as much as 30% but no change in aminopyrine demethylase activity. Microsomal acid phosphatase activity was also decreased to 74% of control, whereas beta-glucuronidase was unchanged. Mild inhibition of mitochondrial respiratory function but no changes in marker enzyme activities were noted. Lysosomal marker enzyme activities were also unaffected, with the exception of acid phosphatase, which was maximally decreased to 55% of control. The data indicate that acute InCl3 injection produces a primary effect on hepatocyte endoplasmic reticulum structure with attendant changes in both heme- and nonheme-dependent biochemical functions. These findings suggest that altered regulation of hepatic microsomal heme metabolism by indium and other metals occurs as part of a general process involving degradative changes in the endoplasmic reticulum structure due to membrane damage with subsequent lysosomal autophagy of nonfunctional components.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Indium-labelled platelet imaging of postoperative pelvic vein thrombi.

Thrombosis of the pelvic veins remains a presumptive clinical diagnosis due to the lack of an accurate method of detection. The authors have evaluated the effectiveness of imaging indium 111-labeled platelets aggregated in pelvic vein thrombi after extended pelvic surgery in dogs. In all instances the thrombus imaged on the gamma scan correlated with a thrombus documented by venography and by postmortem dissection. Detection of the thrombi is attributed to the increased radioactivity of the incorporated platelets in the thrombus, compared to other tissues adjacent to the pelvic veins. From the authors' experience in a dog model it appears that indium 111-labeled platelet imaging is a satisfactory technique for the diagnosis of postoperative pelvic vein thrombosis.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Bone-marrow imaging with indium-111 chloride in aplastic anemia and myelofibrosis: concise communication.

Twenty-nine patients with aplastic anemia and 11 patients with myelofibrosis were evaluated with indium-111 chloride bone-marrow imaging, ferrokinetics, and bone-marrow core biopsies. There was good correlation between the erythrocyte cellularity of the marrow and the In-111 bone-marrow scan grades in most patients. In some, the overall scan grade tended to underestimate the erythroid elements because the core biopsy had been taken from the area of the greatest radionuclide concentration on the scan. In patients with aplastic anemia, there was good correlation between the plasma iron clearance t1/2 and the scan grade. Less agreement was found in the comparison between the Fe-59 sacral and organ counts and the red-cell iron utilization. In patients with myelofibrosis, there was poor correlation between the surface counts over the sacrum and the red-cell iron utilization. Plasma iron clearances were abnormally short and were unrelated to the transferrin saturation levels. Eighteen patients were studied several times to evaluate their responses to steroid therapy. In all, there was good correlation between the bone-marrow imaging, the erythrocyte cellularity, ferrokinetics, and the patient's response to therapy. Indium-111 bone-marrow imaging is useful both in evaluating marrow erythroid activity and in following the response to therapy in patients with these diseases.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Technical considerations in the study of indium-111-oxine labelled platelet survival patterns in dogs.

A detailed technique for labelling canine platelets with Indium-111-oxine for the study of platelet survival patterns in four to six dogs at a time was developed. Useful modifications of earlier methods included splitting of the platelet rich plasma into multiple aliquots to improve pelleting efficiency at low gravity forces, use of saved platelet poor plasma to flush out injection syringes, and prompt use of commercial Indium-111-oxine sources 3 to 5 minutes after mixing with Ringer's Citrate Dextrose. Avoidable pitfalls of the method included excessive lengths of incubation time in plasma free medium and loss of labelling efficacy by exposure of the chelate to iron or other metal contaminants in glassware. The method was used to study changes in platelet survival time in dogs with large synthetic arterial prostheses, and gave results in good agreement with earlier studies using Chromium-51 labelled platelets.

Animals↗