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At least 343 records · Page 19Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

[The Brünings 1913 polylaryngoscope, named the "nine eye", and other early attempts at demonstrating laryngoscopic findings. Pictures from the history of otorhinolaryngology, presented by instruments of the collection of the Ingolstadt German History of Medicine Museum].

Since the invention of otoscopy and laryngoscopy in the middle of the 19th century attempts have been made at demonstrating the findings live to a number of co-observers. Efforts to project the image onto a ground glass screen failed because of the faint light available at the time and the small scale of magnification which could not be increased at will due to lack of depth of focus. Such attempts by Killian in 1893 and others are quoted. W. Brünings in Jena in 1913 devised an instrument that enabled the observer and eight co-observers to see a direct uninverted image of the larynx or the tympanic membrane simultaneously in identical brightness and size. A movable mark on one of the lenses served as a pointer. Various optical equipment permitted a twofold or threefold magnification, stereoscopic and stroboscopic examination. Apart from the technical details an anecdotal report is given of Brünings' presentation and practical demonstration of his apparatus at the 20th meeting of the German Laryngological Society in 1913. The instrument was quite popular in training hospitals between the two world wars. It was only in 1937 that an adapted version of it was introduced in ophthalmology.

Germany↗
PubMed1993

The idea of history and the history of ideas.

Professional nurses understand that the historian's task is to inquire into the issues and ideas of nursing's past, but may not comprehend the nature and methods of historical research. Although historical research is similar to other qualitative methods, the results are usually presented in the form of "story." The story, called the historical narrative, is intended to enlighten the reader but it may disguise the historian's method and mislead the reader into thinking that historical method is either non-existent, simple or non-important. The purpose of this article is to begin a dialogue which will negate the myths that historical method is neither rigorous nor significant and to encourage other nurse historians into articulating, sharing and teaching others "how historians think."

Historiography↗
PubMed1997

Contributions to the history of psychology: CVIII. On aging and intelligence: history teaches a different lesson.

Early researchers investigating aging have often been accused of forming the foundation for the belief that intelligence peaks in early adulthood and declines steadily thereafter, a concept sometimes known as the classic aging curve. Documentation in this article indicates that at least several early researchers on the subject were actually making very different arguments and that they were well aware of the limitations of their data.

Adolescent↗