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PubMed1980

Prevalence of genital herpesvirus infection in Thai women.

Specimens from uterine cervices were collected from 157 women patients from a Venereal Disease Clinic for isolation of Herpesvirus hominis type 2. None of these women had detectable herpetic lesions. Virus was isolated from 14 cases, 6 of whom also had gonorrhoea. These results indicated that a large number of women are shedding the virus asymptomatically. The sera from these patients as well as sera from 101 healthy controls were subjected to serological tests for herpesvirus antibody using the indirect haemagglutination (IHA) test and the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). It was found that both IHA titer and ELISA value of the sera from the patients were significantly higher than those of the control sera. Positive correlation between IHA and ELISA value was also found. Likewise was the demonstration of positive correlation between the positive virus isolation and the positive serological tests.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Mortality and herpesvirus infections of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas in Tomales Bay, California, USA.

Seed losses of Pacific oysters Crassostrea gigas have been associated with an ostreid herpesvirus-1 (OsHV-1) in Europe, and in 2002, a similar OsHV was detected in Tomales Bay, California, USA. In May of 2003, 5 stocks of seed Pacific oysters were planted at 2 sites (Inner Bay and Outer Bay) in Tomales Bay and monitored for mortality, presence/prevalence of OsHV (using polymerase chain reaction [PCR] and histology), and growth. Temperature (degrees C) and salinity data were collected every half an hour at each site. OsHV was detected at both the Inner and Outer Bay sites on the same sample date and mean temperature predicted OsHV presence (p < 0.005). High levels of mortality occurred 2 wk (Inner Bay site) and 4 wk (Outer Bay site) after OsHV detection. OsHV presence predicted mortality (p = 0.01). Temperature maximums and overall temperature exposure were greater at the Inner Bay site and may explain why mortality affected these oysters sooner than oysters planted at the Outer Bay site. Differences in cumulative mortality were significant among stocks (p < 0.0001), but not between sites (p > 0.05). OsHV prevalence was similar among stocks (p > 0.05) and between sites (p > 0.05). No evidence of herpesvirus-induced Cowdry type A nuclear inclusions or other pathogens were observed. Changes in tissue and cellular architecture including dilation of the digestive tubules and nuclear chromatin margination and pycnosis were observed in OsHV-infected oysters, consistent with previously observed OsHV infections. Stocks with smaller oysters had higher mortality rates than those with larger oysters; growth rate did not correlate with mortalities (p > 0.05). Taken together, these data suggest that the OsHV may cause or act in synergy with temperature to kill Pacific oyster seed in Tomales Bay, but further investigation of OsHV etiology in seed oysters is needed.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Serological evidence for variation in the incidence of herpesvirus infections in different species of apes.

Sera from captive lowland gorillas, chimpanzees, orangutans, and gibbons were screened by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for antibody to herpesviruses serologically related to human herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (HSV-1, HSV-2), a baboon virus (SA8), and a macaque herpesvirus (B virus). The incidence of herpesvirus antibodies varied considerably among the different species, gorillas having the highest incidence of seropositivity (65.4%) and orangutans the lowest. The virus specificity of positive sera was further analyzed by examining the kinetics of virus neutralization, competition of reactivity in ELISAs, and immunoblotting against HSV-1, HSV-2, SA8, and B virus antigens. Using these assays, the majority of positive gorilla sera (49 of 53, 92%) were determined to react in a manner identical to human HSV-1 immune sera. The remaining four positive gorilla sera reacted as HSV-2-positive sera. In contrast, the majority of positive chimpanzee sera (5 of 7, 71%) reacted as HSV-2 immune rather than HSV-1 immune. All positive sera from gibbon apes reacted as HSV-1 positive. No orangutan sera were identified which gave positive reactions by ELISAs to any of the four primate herpesviruses tested. Although four orangutan sera gave equivocal results against HSV-1 antigen, further analysis by immunoblotting could not confirm any specific reactivity with any of the primate herpesvirus antigens. Varied reactivity among individual animals with both SA8 and B virus proteins was observed, but none of the seropositive primates detected appeared to be infected with either of these simian viruses. Three gorilla sera had antigen recognition patterns slightly different from those of HSV-2-positive human and chimpanzee sera and another HSV-2-positive gorilla serum, raising the possibility that these animals harbor an indigenous virus related to HSV-2.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

[Serological survey on the prevalence of bovine type-4 herpesvirus infection in cattle in the Accra plains of Ghana].

Sera from cattle of the Accra Plains in Ghana were screened for bovine type-4 herpesvirus (BHV-4) antibodies by an indirect immunofluorescence test. Among the 176 screened serums, 14% were found positive at a 1/100 dilution. Further studies are necessary for a better understanding of the relationships between BHV-4 or some other agents and necrotic vaginitis associated with poor fertility observed in cattle in this area.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha response and herpesvirus infection in Bell's palsy.

OBJECTIVES: To attempt early diagnosis of patients with Bell's palsy by detection of herpesviral DNA in body fluids, and to investigate whether tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), a cytokine associated with demyelination, is involved in the inflammatory response in this disease. STUDY DESIGN: Eleven patients with acute facial palsy admitted within 1 week after onset of the disease were followed in a consecutive prospective study. METHODS: Antibodies reactive to herpesviruses were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in serum samples from acute and convalescent (> 2-week interval) cases. Intrathecal antibody response was investigated by immunoblotting. Polymerase chain reaction amplification of herpesviral DNA was attempted from samples of serum, cerebrospinal fluid, tear fluid, and saliva TNF-alpha and its soluble receptors (types I and II) were assessed in serum and cerebrospinal fluid samples. RESULTS: Ten of the 11 patients demonstrated serologic evidence of herpesviral primary infection or reactivation, supporting the evidence that herpesviruses are the most prevalent etiologic agents in Bell's palsy. Despite this, DNA amplifications by polymerase chain reaction were negative for herpesviruses in the body fluids tested. TNF-alpha concentrations were significantly elevated in serum, as compared with controls. Only one patient had a remaining facial nerve dysfunction at follow-up after 3 months. CONCLUSION: The absence of herpes DNA in body fluids in the acute stage of serologically confirmed Bell's palsy suggests that viral replication is transient in cases with an early restoration of the facial nerve function. The elevated serum levels of TNF-alpha indicate that this cytokine might be a pathogenetic factor related to the demyelination in this disease.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Latent turkey herpesvirus infection in lymphoid, nervous, and feather tissues of chickens.

In earlier studies, we found that a late gene product, glycoprotein B (gB) was highly expressed in lymphoid tissues of chickens inoculated with turkey herpesvirus (HVT). The objectives of the present study were twofold. First, we wanted to expand on our previous research and determine if gB expression declines or disappears during later time periods of HVT infection. Second, we wanted to correlate gB expression with presence of HVT, i.e. if gB expression is absent, can HVT still be detected? Fifteen 1-day-old chicks were inoculated by intraperitoneal inoculation with 2000 plaque forming units of strain FC126 HVT. Thymus, spleen, bursa, brachial plexus, sciatic plexus, and feather tips were harvested at 21, 28, 35, 70, and 105 days postinoculation (PI). Brachial plexus and sciatic plexus were examined at 21, 28, and 35 days PI, and feather tips were examined at 21 and 28 days PI. An indirect immunofluorescence assay was used to detect HVT gB expression, and an in situ hybridization assay was used to detect HVT. At 21 days PI, gB expression was present in the thymus, spleen, and bursa. At 28 and 35 days PI, gB expression was detected in the thymus and spleen. At 70 days PI, gB expression was detected only in the spleen, and at 105 days PI, gB expression was not detected in any of the lymphoid tissue (thymus, spleen, or bursa). gB expression was not detected in the brachial plexus, sciatic plexus, or feather tips at any of the five time points. The bursa contained HVT only at 21 and 28 days PI. However, HVT was demonstrated in all other tissues from 21 to 105 days PI. Progression from a productive HVT infection to a latent HVT infection results in the loss of gB expression. Throughout this progression, a region of the HVT genome can be detected by appropriate methods.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Famciclovir. A review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy in herpesvirus infections.

Famciclovir, a synthetic acyclic guanine derivative, is a prodrug which, after oral administration, is rapidly metabolised to the highly bioavailable antiviral compound penciclovir. Penciclovir is active in vitro against the herpesviruses herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1, HSV-2 and varicella zoster virus (VZV). Famciclovir is an effective treatment of immunocompetent patients with acute herpes zoster (shingles) caused by VZV. Comparative studies have demonstrated that famciclovir has therapeutic efficacy similar to that of oral aciclovir (acyclovir) in attenuating the acute signs and symptoms of infection (including pain during the acute phase of infection). In a placebo-controlled study, famciclovir significantly reduced the duration of postherpetic neuralgia; this effect was more pronounced (almost a 3-fold reduction) in patients aged > or = 50 years. In immunocompetent patients with recurrent genital herpes infection, suppressive treatment with oral famciclovir effectively prolonged the time to recurrence of symptomatic episodes of infection compared with placebo. In addition, famciclovir significantly reduced the duration of viral shedding, accelerated healing of genital herpes lesions and reduced the duration of symptoms. Famciclovir is reported to be the first antiviral agent to significantly reduce symptoms associated with multiple genital herpes lesions. Famciclovir is a well-tolerated drug with a tolerability profile similar to that of placebo and aciclovir. Thus, famciclovir is now established as an effective treatment of immunocompetent patients with herpes zoster or genital herpes infection, particularly as famciclovir is administered in a convenient dosage regimen that may improve compliance compared with aciclovir.

2-Aminopurine↗
PubMed2000

[Molecular epidemiology of human alpha-herpesvirus infection].

Herpes simplex virus type 1, 2 (HSV-1, 2) and varicella-zoster virus(VZV) are significant pathogens in humans. These three viruses belong to the alpha-herpesvirus subfamily. The molecular epidemiological analyses of the viruses are based on the heterogeneity of each viral genome found in isolates. HSV-1, 2 strains are classified into genotypes as intratypic variations by gains or losses of cleavage sites using restriction endonucleases recognizing 6-base pairs. On the other hand, VZV strains can rarely be distinguished with respect to the presence or absence of restriation sites, so that the numbers and/or patterns of repeating units in the reinteration structures(R1, R2, R5) are also available to differentiate VZV isolates. Recently, analysis of viral DNA fragments amplified by polymerase chain reaction has been applied as an alternative method. The epidemiological relation of strains has been determined in various clinical conditions such as the transmission of the viruses by these molecular epidemiological methods.

Alphaherpesvirinae↗
PubMed1998

Serological association between spirorchidiasis, herpesvirus infection, and fibropapillomatosis in green turtles from Florida.

Serodiagnostic tests for detecting green turtle (Chelonia mydas) antibody responses were developed to test the strength of association between exposure to spirorchid trematode antigens or herpesvirus antigens and having green turtle fibropapillomatosis (GTFP). Plasma samples from 46 captive-reared green turtles, including paired pre- and 1-yr post-inoculation samples from 12 turtles with experimentally induced GTFP, were found by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to be negative for antibodies to adult spirorchid (Learedius learedi) antigens. In contrast, all 12 turtles that developed experimentally induced GTFP converted within 1 yr from having negative to positive antibody reactivity to GTFP-associated herpesvirus antigens, whereas the three controls and four turtles that failed to develop tumors remained negative. Plasma samples from 104 free-ranging green turtles from two Florida (USA) coastal feeding grounds with different GTFP prevalences were tested by ELISA for antibodies to L. learedi adult antigens; and there was no statistically significiant association between antibody prevalence and sampling site. When a low optical density cutoff value (0.15) was used to interpret ELISA results, 98% of the turtles from each site were spirorchid antibody-positive and there was no association between antibody reactivity to spirorchids and GTFP status. When a higher negative cutoff value was used, however, a statistically significant association between antibody reactivity to spirorchids and GTFP-free status was found. These results suggest that spirorchids do not have a role in GTFP pathogenesis. All 20 of the tumor-bearing lagoon turtles had antibodies to herpesvirus antigens whereas only two (10%) of the tumor-free reef turtles had detectable anti-herpesvirus reactivity. The strong association between antibody reactivity to herpesvirus antigens and GTFP status in both captive-reared and free-ranging turtles is consistent with the hypothesis that the transmissible agent that causes GTFP is a herpesvirus.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection and Kaposi's sarcoma in Brazil.

Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) became a critical health issue with the emergence of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in the 1980s. Four clinical-epidemiological forms of KS have been described: classical KS, endemic KS, iatrogenic KS, and AIDS-associated KS. In 1994, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) or human herpesvirus type 8 was identified by Chang and colleagues, and has been detected worldwide at frequencies ranging from 80 to 100%. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the frequency of KSHV infection in KS lesions from HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients in Brazil, as well as to review the current knowledge about KS transmission and detection. For these purposes, DNA from 51 cases of KS was assessed by PCR: 20 (39.2%) cases of classical KS, 29 (56.9%) of AIDS-associated KS and 2 (3.9%) of iatrogenic KS. Most patients were males (7.5:1, M/F), and mean age was 47.9 years (SD = +/- 18.7 years). As expected, HIV-positive KS patients were younger than patients with classical KS. On the other hand, patients with AIDS-associated KS have early lesions (patch and plaque) compared to classical KS patients (predominantly nodular lesions). This is assumed to be the result of the early diagnose of KS in the HIV-positive setting. KSHV infection was detected by PCR in almost all cases (48/51; 94.1%), irrespectively of the clinical-epidemiological form of KS. These results show that KSHV is associated with all forms of KS in Brazilian patients, a fact that supports the role of this virus in KS pathogenesis.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMed1984

Formation of non-infective herpesvirus particles in cultured cells treated with human interferon.

Treatment of HeLa cells with human lymphoblastoid interferon [HuIFN-alpha(Ly)] induced an antiviral state that rendered the cells refractory to infection by herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), and the yield of infectious HSV-1 was reduced by 98%. Analysis of the mechanism of the anti-herpes action of IFN indicated that no gross inhibition of viral protein synthesis took place and late proteins appeared, although the synthesis of some of them was partially inhibited. No differences were apparent between the glycoproteins or phosphoproteins synthesized in control and IFN-treated HSV-1-infected HeLa cells. No inhibition of the formation of new virus particles from IFN-treated cells was evident as assessed by electron microscopy and biochemical analyses, although their infectivity was drastically reduced. These virions exhibited some differences in their content of a few proteins as determined by PAGE. Studies on the second infection cycle with virions obtained from IFN-treated cells suggested that they attached and penetrated HeLa cells but that their development was impaired, since no viral protein synthesis was observed during the second infection. Altogether these results do not support the idea that the molecular mechanism of action of human IFN against HSV-1 is mediated via the 2'-5' A system, or by the inactivation of initiation factors. Rather, they focus the problem of the anti-herpes action of IFN at the level of formation of defective virions.

Glycoproteins↗
PubMed1993

Role of NK cells in immunomodulator-mediated resistance to herpesvirus infection.

Seven chemically diverse biological response modifiers (BRM) were compared for antiviral activity in intact and NK cell-depleted CD-1 mice. Both spontaneous and BRM-induced splenic NK cell cytotoxicity were depleted for at least 5 days following treatment with the monoclonal antibody NK1.1. Antiviral protection of standard doses of MVE-2, pIC, pICLC, rmIFN-tau and CL246,738 against lethal MCMV or HSV-2 infections was not abrogated by NK cell depletion, demonstrating that NK cells are not required for BRM-induced antiviral activity against these herpesviruses. When mice were treated with 100,000 U of rHuIFN-alpha B/D, NK cells were not required for activity against MCMV, while at a dose of 25,000 U, NK cells appeared to be partially required against MCMV. At lower doses, the activity of rHuIFN-alpha B/D against MCMV appeared dependent upon the presence of NK cells. A similar dose-related requirement for NK cells was observed for activity of OK-432. Thus, at higher doses of rHuIFN-alpha B/D and OK-432, elements of the natural immune system in addition to or other than NK cells are apparently involved, while at lower doses NK cells appear to play a more important role in antiviral protection against MCMV infection.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed1995

Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infects endothelial and spindle cells.

Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), a vascular tumour that contains characteristic spindle cells forming slit-like spaces, may have an infectious aetiology. Recently, sequences of a new human herpesvirus, KSHV/HHV-8, have been identified in both HIV-associated and classical KS. We sought to identify the target cell of this virus in KS tumour tissue. Using PCR in situ hybridization (PCR-ISH) we show that KSHV/HHV-8 is present in the flat endothelial cells lining vascular spaces of KS lesions as well as in typical KS spindle cells. These findings show that KSHV/HHV-8 is present in the cell types thought to represent neoplastic cells in these lesions.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMed1985

Pathogenesis of acute and persistent murine herpesvirus infection in mice.

Outbred laboratory mice were inoculated at the age of 5, 10 and 21 days by oral and/or intranasal routes with 2 different (a lethal and a nonlethal) doses of the murine herpesvirus isolate 68 (MHV-68). Severe exudative pneumonia with haematogenous dissemination of the virus to liver, heart muscle, and kidneys developed in the 5-day-old as well as in a part of the 10-day-old mice. Virus antigen was found by immunofluorescence (IF) in the alveolar lining of lungs, in heart muscle fibres, in spleen and thymic lymphocytes, in the tubular epithelium cells of kidneys, in the neurons of Gasserian ganglia and in the intima of large pulmonary vessels. Electron microscopy confirmed the transfer of virus particles through the capillary endothelium of the damaged alveolar septa. The surviving progeny and the mothers of animals, which had not succumbed to the lethal virus dose, were kept for 141-169 days when lungs and Gasserian ganglia were examined for virus presence. MHV-68 was recovered both by direct examination of the tissue homogenates as well as by the explantation technique. The results are suggestive for a dynamic persistence of MHV-68 rather than for static latency.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

IL-10 gene polymorphism and herpesvirus infections.

Genetics has an important role in resistance to various infections and it also may modify the clinical picture of an infectious disease. Here, we briefly review our recent data demonstrating that the polymorphism of the IL-10 gene is associated with resistance to some common herpesviruses and, additionally, that this same gene is involved in the regulation of the severity of the infection and in the reactivation process.

Cytomegalovirus Infections↗
PubMed2002

Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection in elderly Jews and non-Jews from New York City.

BACKGROUND: Worldwide, Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) occurs in immunocompetent elderly adults, especially men. Elderly Jews have relatively high KS risk, but it is unclear whether this indicates heightened prevalence of KS-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), the KS agent. We studied Jewish and non-Jewish patients at a New York City geriatrics clinic. METHODS: We measured plasma antibodies against K8.1 (a KSHV glycoprotein) by enzyme immunoassay and against viral latency antigens by immunofluorescence assay. Individuals positive by either were considered KSHV-seropositive. Titres were performed for positive subjects. We used polymerase chain reaction to quantify circulating KSHV DNA. RESULTS: Of 467 subjects (median age 80 years), 40 were KSHV-seropositive (8.6%). Seroprevalence was 8.8% among Jews (18 of 204), similar to other religious groups, and did not differ by sex or region of birth. However, K8.1 antibody titres were higher in men than women (geometric mean titre 177 versus 35, P = 0.03) and increased with age (P = 0.02). The K8.1 titres were higher in three people from Central/Eastern Europe (1,280, 1,280, 320), all of whom were Jewish, than in others (geometric mean titre 39, P = 0.006). The single person with detectable circulating KSHV (457 copies/million cells) had the highest titre (5,120). CONCLUSIONS: The KSHV seroprevalence was not elevated among elderly Jews, despite their known high risk for KS. However, among KSHV-seropositive individuals, K8.1 titres were highest in subgroups at greatest risk for KS (men, older individuals, people from Central/Eastern Europe) and may identify individuals with poor immune control of KSHV replication during asymptomatic infection.

Age Distribution↗