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PubMed2001

Effects of chlorhexidine gluconate as an endodontic irrigant on the apical seal: short-term results.

The aim of this study was to ascertain whether chlorhexidine gluconate (0.12%), used as an endodontic irrigating solution would affect the apical seal obtained when using three different root canal cements. One hundred extracted human single-canal teeth were divided into 9 experimental groups of 10 teeth each and a positive and negative group of 5 teeth each. The teeth were decoronated at the level of the cementoenamel junction, then accessed, instrumented to a Master Apical File #50, irrigated with either sterile saline, 5.25% NaOCl or 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate, and dried using paper points. Obturation was accomplished using lateral condensation and 1 of 3 endodontic sealers: Roth's 811, AH26, or Sealapex. At 90 and 180 days after obturation apical leakage was measured using the fluid filtration method. Using the ANOVA test the results showed no significant difference in seal related to the irrigant at both the 90- and 180-day observation periods.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2004

The effects of chlorhexidine gluconate (0.12%) on the antimicrobial properties of tooth-colored ProRoot mineral trioxide aggregate.

The purpose of this in vitro study was to determine whether the substitution of 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate for sterile water as a mixing agent would enhance the antimicrobial activity of tooth-colored ProRoot mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) against Actinomyces odontolyticus (ATCC17982), Fusobacterium nucleatum (ATCC2586), Streptococcus sanguis (ATCC10556), Enterococcus faecalis (ER3/2S), Escherichia coli (SM10lambdapir), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC6538), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (UME), and Candida albicans (ATCC10261). Two wells of 5-mm diameter were made in triplicate agar plates inoculated with standardized suspensions of each microorganism. MTA (33 mg) mixed with chlorhexidine (12 microl) or sterile water (12 microl) was placed to fill each well. Plates were incubated at 37 degrees C as required for microbial growth. A blinded, independent observer measured zones of inhibition. All MTA samples inhibited microbial growth regardless of mixing agent. MTA/chlorhexidine showed significantly larger zones of inhibition (p < 0.0002, paired t test). In conclusion, substituting 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate for water enhanced the antimicrobial activity of tooth-colored ProRoot MTA.

Actinomyces↗
PubMed1985

Effect of chlorhexidine gluconate on the adherence of Candida species to denture acrylic.

The effect of pretreatment of denture acrylic with chlorhexidine gluconate on the subsequent adherence of Candida albicans GDH 2346 was measured in vitro. Adherence was significantly reduced by pretreatment with chlorhexidine; maximal inhibition was achieved by incubation at room temperature for 30 min in 2% chlorhexidine. Inhibition of adherence was greatest when the organisms were grown in conditions that enhanced adherence the most, i.e., growth to stationary phase in high concentrations of galactose and sucrose. Yeasts grown in high concentrations of galactose, which were the most adherent to acrylic, were also the most sensitive to the fungicidal action of chlorhexidine gluconate, whereas those grown in a low concentration of glucose were the least adherent and also the most resistant. Adherence to acrylic of seven strains of C. albicans isolated from active infections (I strains) and grown in medium containing 500 mM sucrose was significantly higher than that of four strains obtained from asymptomatic carriers (C strains). A spectrum of adherence values was obtained when various yeasts other than C. albicans were tested.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed2001

Crystallization and preliminary X-ray crystallographic studies of recombinant thermoresistant gluconate kinase GntK from Escherichia coli.

The thermoresistant gluconate kinase GntK from Escherichia coli, an essential enzyme in gluconate metabolism, has been expressed, purified and crystallized. For crystallization, the hanging-drop vapour-diffusion method was used with polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000 and lithium chloride as precipitants. Three crystal forms belonging to the monoclinic space group C2 or the orthorhombic space groups P2(1)2(1)2(1) and P2(1)2(1)2 were obtained. The unit-cell parameters are a = 75.0, b = 79.3, c = 70.2 A, beta = 105.3 degrees (C2), a = 52.0, b = 79.3, c = 89.8 A (P2(1)2(1)2(1)) and a = 70.1, b = 74.1, c = 78.9 A (P2(1)2(1)2). In all three crystal forms, there are two molecules in the asymmetric unit; the different forms occur in the same crystallization drop. The crystals diffract to at least 2.0 A using synchrotron radiation.

Cloning, Molecular↗
PubMed1983

6-phospho-D-gluconate dehydrogenase from Pseudomonas fluorescens. Properties and subunit structure.

1. The 6-phospho-D-gluconate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) (EC 1.1.1.44) from Pseudomonas fluorescens, a B-side stereospecific enzyme, is active with both NAD+ and NADP+, having a specific activity of the homogeneous enzyme of 121 mumols NADH and 23 mumols NADPH, respectively, formed min-1 mg protein-1. The pI of the native enzyme is 4.62, the pH optimum is about 8.2. 2. The molecular weight of the native enzyme has been determined to be 126000 by sedimentation equilibrium studies. The molecular weight of the polypeptide chains composing the enzyme has been found to be 32000 by dodecylsulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and 31000 by sedimentation equilibrium studies in presence of 6 M guanidine hydrochloride. The native enzyme is composed of four polypeptide chains. 3. Reacting enzyme centrifugation studies gave at pH 8.2 a sedimentation coefficient s20, w of 8.04 S and a diffusion coefficient D20, w of 6.56 F, resulting in a molecular weight of 115000 for the catalytically active form. Thus, the enzyme is active as the tetramer. So far the enzyme from P. fluorescens is the sole 6-phospho-D-gluconate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) composed of four polypeptide chains.

Amino Acids↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Chlorhexidine gluconate versus chloroxylenol for preoperative skin preparation in dogs.

The efficacy of 3% chloroxylenol (PCMX) or 4% chlorhexidine gluconate (CG) for preoperative skin preparation was assessed in 100 dogs undergoing clean or clean-contaminated surgical procedures. Replication Organism Detection and Counting (RODAC) plates were used to quantify skin bacteria colony forming units (CFU) at the operative site before and after skin preparation and immediately postoperatively. Reduction of CFU after skin preparation and immediately postoperatively was significant for each agent. However, CFU levels were significantly lower in the CG group than in the PCMX group after surgical preparation, regardless of initial CFU numbers. No significant difference in CFU counts was observed between antiseptic groups postoperatively. Within-group comparisons showed PCMX to be significantly less efficacious when the prescrub CFU number was greater than 1,000. Bacterial reduction was similar in the CG group regardless of prescrub CFU levels. The number of negative cultures after skin preparation was significantly greater with CG than with PCMX. Chlorhexidine gluconate also had fewer cultures with heavy bacterial growth (> 5 CFUs) after surgical preparation. There was no significant difference between antiseptics in the number of negative cultures or cultures with more than 5 CFUs immediately after surgery. The number of skin reactions and postoperative wound infections that occurred with each technique were similar. Three percent PCMX, as used in this study, was less effective than 4% CG in its immediate antimicrobial activity, however, this difference was not associated with an increased wound infection rate.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

A mutant of gluconobacter oxydans deficient in gluconic acid dehydrogenase

Gluconobacter oxydans ATCC 9937 was subjected to transposon mutagenesis using Tn5. A non-pigmented mutant was shown to be defective in gluconic acid dehydrogenase and to produce gluconic acid from glucose, whereas the parent strain produced 2, 5-diketogluconic acid. Cloning and sequencing of the region containing the Tn5 insertion showed that the insertion point occurred in an open reading frame homologous (42% amino acid identity) to the ribF genes of Pseudomonas fluorescens and Escherichia coli. The resulting lack of a riboflavin cofactor would explain the loss of enzyme activity.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1977

The effect of partial dentures and chlorhexidine gluconate gel on plaque accumulation in the absence of oral hygiene.

A study was made of the effect of wearing partial dentures upon plaque accumulation in a group of 24 partial denture wearers, when oral hygiene procedures were withdrawn. The modifying effect of a 1% chlorhexidine gluconate gel on this plaque accumulation was measured. Plaque accumulation was measured at the end of four different denture-wearing regimens each 3 days in length. The wearing of a partial denture either day only or day and night, significantly increased plaque accumulation over not wearing a denture. There was no significant difference between plaque accumulation with day wear and day and night wear. The increase in plaque accumulation with day and night wear resulted from an equal and significant increase in both buccal and lingual plaque accumulation. Chlorhexidine gluconate in the form of a gel significantly reduced plaque accumulation during daytime wear. These results tend to confirm that plaque control is a major factor in determining the long-term effects of partial dentures upon the periodontal structures and emphasize the importance of oral hygiene in partial denture wearers.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

The effects of a 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate mouthrinse on plaque, toothstaining and candida in aphthous ulcer patients. A double-blind placebo-controlled cross-over study.

Despite the known effectiveness of 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwash in preventing plaque formation, relatively few studies have assessed adjunctive benefit to normal unsupervised oral hygiene measures. Furthermore, there have been few accurate measurements of toothstaining in the presence of normal oral hygiene and little data of effects on oral candidal carriage. This study was a double-blind placebo-controlled cross-over study of a 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwash used 3 times daily on plaque, staining and candidal carriage in a group of recurrent aphthous ulcer suffers who maintained normal oral hygiene measures. At the end of 2 6-week treatment periods, baseline plaque scores were reduced by active and placebo mouthwashes. Chlorhexidine significantly reduced plaque compared to the placebo. Staining has markedly and significantly increased during chlorhexidine rinsing. Candidal carriage was present in 22.2% of this group and there was no significant effect of chlorhexidine on the mean number of candidal colonies. The distribution of plaque and staining by tooth was plotted and observationally studied. Baseline and placebo treatment plaque distributions indicated the considerable relevance of toothbrushing behaviour for plaque distribution. The effects of toothbrushing on plaque distribution were minimised during the use of chlorhexidine. Staining associated with chlorhexidine showed a distribution again suggesting the influence of toothbrushing. In conclusion, chlorhexidine has significant adjunctive effects on plaque inhibition in the presence of normal unsupervised oral hygiene, but toothbrushing did not prevent toothstaining.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

The effect of exposure to chlorhexidine gluconate in vitro and in vivo on in vitro adhesion of Candida albicans to buccal epithelial cells from diabetic and non-diabetic subjects.

The effect of 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate on in vitro adhesion of Candida albicans to buccal epithelial cells (BEC) was studied in 12 healthy subjects and 12 patients with diabetes mellitus. Exposure of BEC for one minute with 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate in vitro, or by rinsing the mouth in vivo, resulted in a significant reduction in candidal adhesion to BEC in both diabetic and non-diabetic subjects and between both groups. In addition to the known fungicidal effect of chlorhexidine, it also reduces Candida albicans adhesion to oral mucosal cells, a factor of importance in the establishment of candidal infection.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Oral use of chlorhexidine gluconate toothpaste in epileptic children.

The purpose of this clinical study was to evaluate the effect of a 3-min daily toothbrushing with 1% chlorhexidine gluconate toothpaste on dental plaque, gingivitis and gingival hyperplasia in 30 mentally retarded epileptic children treated with phenytoin. A double-blind cross-over technique was used. Brushing once daily for 2 months with 1% chlorhexidine gluconate toothpaste resulted in significantly lower Pl I and G I values. Gingival hyperplasia was not significantly reduced by the use of the chlorhexidine toothpaste.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2001

DNA from uncultured organisms as a source of 2,5-diketo-D-gluconic acid reductases.

Total DNA of a population of uncultured organisms was extracted from soil samples, and by using PCR methods, the genes encoding two different 2,5-diketo-D-gluconic acid reductases (DKGRs) were recovered. Degenerate PCR primers based on published sequence information gave internal gene fragments homologous to known DKGRs. Nested primers specific for the internal fragments were combined with random primers to amplify flanking gene fragments from the environmental DNA, and two hypothetical full-length genes were predicted from the combined sequences. Based on these predictions, specific primers were used to amplify the two complete genes in single PCRs. These genes were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The purified gene products catalyzed the reduction of 2,5-diketo-D-gluconic acid to 2-keto-L-gulonic acid. Compared to previously described DKGRs isolated from Corynebacterium spp., these environmental reductases possessed some valuable properties. Both exhibited greater than 20-fold-higher kcat/Km values than those previously determined, primarily as a result of better binding of substrate. The Km values for the two new reductases were 57 and 67 microM, versus 2 and 13 mM for the Corynebacterium enzymes. Both environmental DKGRs accepted NADH as well as NADPH as a cosubstrate; other DKGRs and most related aldo-keto reductases use only NADPH. In addition, one of the new reductases was more thermostable than known DKGRs.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Continuous intravenous sodium ferric gluconate improves efficacy in the maintenance phase of EPOrHu administration in hemodialysis patients.

Although intravenous iron has proved to optimize the efficacy of EPOrHu in hemodialysis patients, hitherto no consensus exists with respect to the best regimen of intravenous iron administration. We started a prospective randomized study in 26 patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis who had adequate iron metabolism indices (serum ferritin >100 microg/l; %TSAT >20%; %HypoE <10% and CHr >26 pg) and were in the maintenance phase of EPOrHu administration (target hemoglobin obtained >10 g/dl). All patients were receiving sodium ferric gluconate (Ferrlecit) intermittently prior to the study and after a 1-month wash-out period where iron was not administered patients were randomized to receive the same previous dose of intravenous iron either in a continuous (6.25-21.3 mg in every hemodialysis session) or an intermittent regimen (62.5 mg every 1-4 weeks, not modifying the previous schedule of administration). At 16 weeks, the continuous group showed a significant increment in serum Hb (11.83 +/- 1.12 g/dl) with respect to baseline (10.96 +/- 1.31 g/dl) (p < 0.05), whereas no differences were obtained in intermittent group (baseline: 11.16 +/- 1.03 g/dl; 16 weeks: 11.14 +/- 0.90 g/dl, NS). In contrast with the intermittent group, serum ferritin increased significantly in the continuous group (16 weeks: 508 +/- 157 microg/l; baseline: 368 +/- 56 microg/l; p < 0.05), whereas %TSAT and CHr did not modified during the study in both groups. %HypoE increased significantly with respect to baseline values in the continuous group (p < 0.05) and close to significantly different in the intermittent group (p = 0.06). Our study suggests that hemodialysis patients in the maintenance phase of EPOrHu administration would obtain further benefit in terms of serum hemoglobin level with a continuous intravenous serum ferric gluconate regimen, at least in the short term.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

Effectiveness of 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate oral rinse in reducing prevalence of nosocomial pneumonia in patients undergoing heart surgery.

BACKGROUND: Decreasing the levels of bacteria in the oropharynx should reduce the prevalence of nosocomial pneumonia. OBJECTIVES: To test the effectiveness of 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate oral rinse in decreasing microbial colonization of the respiratory tract and nosocomial pneumonia in patients undergoing open heart surgery. METHODS: A prospective, randomized, case-controlled clinical trial design was used. Peridex (0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate) was the experimental drug, and Listerine (phenolic mixture) was the control drug. A total of 561 patients undergoing aortocoronary bypass or valve surgery requiring cardiopulmonary bypass were randomized to an experimental (n = 270) or a control (n = 291) group. Nosocomial pneumonia was diagnosed by using the criteria established by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. RESULTS: The overall rate of nosocomial pneumonia was reduced by 52% (4/270 vs 9/291; P = .21) in the Peridex-treated patients. Among patients intubated for more than 24 hours who had cultures that showed microbial growth (all pneumonias occurred in this group), the pneumonia rate was reduced by 58% (4/19 vs 9/18; P = .06) in patients treated with Peridex. In patients at highest risk for pneumonia (intubated > 24 hours, with cultures showing the most growth), the rate was 71% lower in the Peridex group than in the Listerine group (2/10 vs 7/10; P = .02). CONCLUSIONS: Although rates of nosocomial pneumonia were lower in patients treated with Peridex than in patients treated with Listerine, the difference was significant only in those patients intubated more than 24 hours who had the highest degree of bacterial colonization.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1991

[Ultrasonic root cleansing with 0.1% chlorhexidine gluconate as a coolant].

In 10 patients with marginal periodontitis a systemic periodontal treatment approach was employed in which the root surfaces were cleansed by exclusive use of ultrasound. The effect of 0.1% chlorhexidine gluconate as a cooling medium during the application of ultrasound was studied in a cross over design study. PI, GI, SBI and the probing depths at 6 sites per tooth as well as the clinical attachment levels were the parameters for evaluating the treatment effect. An improvement of the clinical findings was observed during initial treatment both in the test and the control group. Except for PI, which was better after chlorhexidine gluconate application, no obvious differences could be found.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[Toxin effects from chlorhexidine gluconate: case report].

A patient with side effect of chlorhexidine gluconate is presented. The patient showed major changes of the oral mucosa after extreme overdosage of mouthrinsing with chlorhexidine gluconate. The changes were different from other known mucosal lesions, as the patient showed thickening of the mucosa, clinical resembling leukoplakia. The changes disappeared after decreasing the dosage of the drug.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Efficacy of 4 percent chlorhexidine gluconate skin cleanser in the treatment of acne vulgaris.

We conducted three controlled, comparative studies to assess the effectiveness of a 4 percent chlorhexidine gluconate skin cleanser (Hibiclens) for the treatment of acne lesions in patients with acne vulgaris. In all studies, the chlorhexidine gluconate formulation achieved statistically significant reduction of the papules plus pustules count, which is generally accepted as the principal criterion of efficacy.

Acne Vulgaris↗
PubMed1988

Stability of milrinone and digoxin, furosemide, procainamide hydrochloride, propranolol hydrochloride, quinidine gluconate, or verapamil hydrochloride in 5% dextrose injection.

The stability of milrinone and digoxin, furosemide, procainamide hydrochloride, propranolol hydrochloride, quinidine gluconate, or verapamil hydrochloride in 5% dextrose injection containing milrinone was studied. Milrinone admixtures with digoxin, furosemide, propranolol hydrochloride, quinidine gluconate, and verapamil hydrochloride were studied at two concentrations. Admixtures of milrinone and procainamide hydrochloride were studied at four concentrations. Duplicate solutions of each admixture and each control were prepared and stored in glass containers for four hours at room temperature (22-23 degrees C), under normal fluorescent lights. The samples were analyzed immediately by visual inspection, tested for pH, and assayed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Milrinone 0.35 mg/mL-furosemide 4 mg/mL and milrinone 0.1 mg/mL-furosemide 5 mg/mL admixtures precipitated immediately after preparation and were not studied by HPLC. No changes in pH or visual appearance were observed in the remaining admixtures after storage at room temperature for four hours. Admixtures containing milrinone 0.175 or 0.2 mg/mL and procainamide hydrochloride 1, 2, or 4 mg/mL satisfied the USP standard for procainamide hydrochloride injection USP assay after one hour but failed this test in all cases after four hours. No degradation of milrinone was observed in any of the admixtures containing procainamide hydrochloride. Milrinone and furosemide are incompatible in 5% dextrose injection and should be administered separately. The remaining admixtures were compatible, and all except those containing procainamide hydrochloride were stable for four hours at room temperature.

Digoxin↗