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At least 343 records · Page 19Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

Updating about reductions of air and blood lead concentrations in Turin, Italy, following reductions in the lead content of gasoline.

Considering its well-know toxicity and the chronic human exposure to lead, international law-makers enforced some directives or laws calling for the reduction of lead content of gasoline. All of these legislative acts aimed to reduce health risks for the general population. The aim of this study was to consider the effectiveness of these laws on air lead levels and consequently on blood lead levels in a randomly selected urban Italian population. In particular, these markers were analyzed over the course of several years, corresponding to the periods just before and after enforcements of the reductions of lead in petrol. Data presented point out some considerations: (1) enforcement of legislative measures concerning the reduction of lead in petrol has reduced atmospheric levels of lead. This result demonstrates a major environmental success in primary prevention efforts. (2) This success is clear especially considering that the actual Pb-B levels can be extended to the urbanized populations. Pb-B levels were consistently higher for drinkers, for older adults, and for males. The mean of Pb-B level for the present urbanized population is higher than the U.S. overall population (6.4 vs 3 microgram/dl). This difference can be also explained considering the different historical period of enforcement of the restriction laws.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Comparative short-term effects of methyl tertiary butyl ether and unleaded gasoline vapor in female B6C3F1 mice.

PS-6 unleaded gasoline (UG) and methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), an UG additive, with long-term exposure at high concentrations increased liver tumors selectively in female mice. PS-6 UG is a liver tumor promoter in N-nitrosodiethylamine-initiated female mice and produces short-term effects potentially relevant to its tumor promoting ability. The new formulation of UG (91-01) and MTBE were evaluated for similar short-term effects in mouse liver. Mice were exposed to 7814 ppm MTBE, 2014 ppm 91-01 UG, or 2028 ppm PS-6 UG vapor for 3 or 21 days, 6 hr/day, 5 day/week. Relative liver weights increased and uterine weights decreased in MTBE-, 91-01 UG-, and PS-6 UG-exposed mice. Because the decrease in relative uterine weight is suggestive of hormonal modulation, we evaluated the effects of MTBE, 91-01 UG, and PS-6 UG in vivo on hepatic 17-beta estradiol metabolism in vitro. Gavage treatment with either blend of UG and with MTBE increased estrogen metabolism in isolated mouse hepatocytes. Hepatic microsomal P450 activity was assessed by 7-pentoxyresorufin-O-dealkylase (PROD) and 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activities. Similar increases in P450 content and PROD and EROD activities were observed in all exposed mice as compared to controls. No hepatoxicity was observed in any treatment group. The hepatic labeling index, as measured by the incorporation of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine, was increased in all exposed mice at 3 days but not 21 days, indicating that MTBE and 91-01 UG are also hepatic mitogens. These data demonstrate that a newer blend of UG and the UG additive MTBE elicit short-term effects similar to those of PS-6 UG. Given that these effects are potentially related to tumor promotion and the general lack of genotoxic activity, MTBE and 91-01 UG may exhibit tumor promoting activity similar to that seen with PS-6 UG. Since the liver is under multihormonal control, the increase in hepatic estrogen metabolism and uterine effects supports a potential role for endocrine modulations in both MTBE-and UG-induced hepatocarcinogenesis.

Administration, Inhalation↗
PubMed1994

Investigation of antiestrogenic properties of unleaded gasoline in female mice.

Chronic exposure of female B6C3F1 mice to a high concentration of unleaded gasoline (UG) vapor induced liver tumors and caused uterine changes suggestive of estrogen antagonism. These effects of UG may be related, since estrogens inhibit hepatocarcinogenesis in mice. The purpose of this study was to determine if antiestrogenic properties of UG could be demonstrated in sensitive short-term assays. Competitive binding to estrogen receptors was assayed in vitro in uterine cytosols prepared from ovariectomized (OVEX) mice. UG did not inhibit specific binding of 17 beta-[3H]estradiol (E2) to uterine cytosols. To determine if UG induced estrogen metabolism, hepatocyte suspensions were prepared from female mice treated by intragastric intubation (ig) for 3 days with corn oil (control) or UG (1800 mg/kg/day). In a quantitative in vitro assay, hepatocytes isolated from UG-treated mice converted E2 and 17 alpha-ethinyl estradiol to water soluble metabolites at a three-fold faster rate than control hepatocytes. Dose-response studies confirmed the induction of E2 metabolism by UG doses as low as 600 mg/kg/day. In a 3-day uterotrophic assay, immature female mice cotreated with UG (600 or 1800 mg/kg/day, ig) and E2 (1 microgram/day, sc) had similar relative uterus weights and uterine peroxidase activity as mice cotreated with corn oil and E2. In a modified uterotrophic assay, OVEX mice treated with corn oil or UG (2400 mg/kg/day, ig) on Days 1-4 and cotreated with E2 (4 micrograms/kg/day, sc) on Days 3-4 had similar uterus weights on Day 5. Thus, while ig treatment of mice with UG induced estrogen metabolism in isolated hepatocytes, this induction did not have functional antiestrogenic consequences as measured by uterotrophic assays. These data suggest that the uterine effects caused by chronic exposure of mice to UG vapor may not be due to direct antiestrogenic effects of UG.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Fibrosing alveolitis (pulmonary interstitial fibrosis) evoked by experiemntal inhalation of Gasoline vapours.

Rats exposed to an atmosphere contaminated with gasoline vapour for 6--12 weeks exhibit progressive focal interstitial fibrosis of the lung, which is associated with irregular alveolar collapse. It is suggested that this experimental model of diffuse fibrosing lung disease constitutes a useful tool for the study of the dynamics of pulmonary reactivity to atmospheric pollutants and which may facilitate an understanding of the pathogenesis of fibrosing alveolitis in man.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed1992

Oxidative destruction of biomolecules by gasoline engine exhaust products and detoxifying effects of the three-way catalytic converter.

Aqueous solutions of engine exhaust condensation products were derived from cars powered by diesel or four-stroke gasoline engines (with and without three-way catalytic converter). The cars were operated on a static test platform. Samples of the different exhaust solutions accumulated in a Grimmer-type distillation trap (VDI 3872) during standard test programs (Federal Test Procedure) were incubated with important biomolecules. As indicators of reactive oxygen species or oxidative destruction, ascorbic acid, cysteine, glutathione, serum albumin, the enzymes glycerinaldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase and xanthine oxidase, and the oxygen free-radical indicator keto-methylthiobutyrate were used. During and after the incubations, oxygen activation (consumption) and oxidative destruction were determined. Comparison of the oxidative activities of the different types of exhaust condensates clearly showed that the exhaust condensate derived from the four-stroke car equipped with a three-way catalytic converter exhibited by far the lowest oxidative and destructive power.

Antioxidants↗
PubMed2004

Accurate determination of sulfur in gasoline and related fuel samples using isotope dilution ICP-MS with direct sample injection and microwave-assisted digestion.

Inductively coupled plasma isotope-dilution mass spectrometry (ICP-IDMS) with direct injection of isotope-diluted samples into the plasma, using a direct injection high-efficiency nebulizer (DIHEN), was applied for accurate sulfur determinations in sulfur-free premium gasoline, gas oil, diesel fuel, and heating oil. For direct injection a micro-emulsion consisting of the corresponding organic sample and an aqueous 34S-enriched spike solution with additions of tetrahydronaphthalene and Triton X-100, was prepared. The ICP-MS parameters were optimized with respect to high sulfur ion intensities, low mass-bias values, and high precision of 32S/34S ratio measurements. For validation of the DIHEN-ICP-IDMS method two certified gas oil reference materials (BCR 107 and BCR 672) were analyzed. For comparison a wet-chemical ICP-IDMS method was applied with microwave-assisted digestion using decomposition of samples in a closed quartz vessel inserted into a normal microwave system. The results from both ICP-IDMS methods agree well with the certified values of the reference materials and also with each other for analyses of other samples. However, the standard deviation of DIHEN-ICP-IDMS was about a factor of two higher (5-6% RSD at concentration levels above 100 mircog g(-1)) compared with those of wet-chemical ICP-IDMS, mainly due to inhomogeneities of the micro-emulsion, which causes additional plasma instabilities. Detection limits of 4 and 18 microg g(-1) were obtained for ICP-IDMS in connection with microwave-assisted digestion and DIHEN-ICP-IDMS, respectively, with a sulfur background of the used Milli-Q water as the main limiting factor for both methods.

Fuel Oils↗
PubMed1998

Liquid-gas partitioning of the gasoline oxygenate methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) under laboratory conditions and its effect on growth of selected algae.

The partitioning of the widely used gasoline additive methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) between liquid growth media and gaseous phase was measured daily under laboratory conditions to determine how closely dissolved MTBE concentrations matched nominal concentrations. Total (gaseous and dissolved) MTBE averaged across 6 days for 29.6, 503.2, and 1005.7 mg L-1 MTBE treatments were 89.9, 90.3, and 73.0% of nominal, respectively, and mean dissolved MTBE in these same treatments were 74.6, 73.8, and 69.6% of total MTBE, respectively. This suggests that dissolved MTBE concentrations can vary substantially from nominal. The effect of MTBE on the growth of selected algae was also evaluated under laboratory conditions. Three unicellular algae, Selenastrum capricornutum (Chlorophyta), Navicula pelliculosa (Bacillariophyta), and Synechococcus leopoliensis (= Anacystic nidulans, Cyanophyta = Cyanobacteria), representative of three taxonomic groups, were used as test organisms. Toxicity tests were acute and increase in cell number was used as an indicator of growth. Algal species were exposed by injection of MTBE into sealed vessels containing defined liquid growth media. The growth of N. pelliculosa and S. leopoliensis was negatively affected at nominal 2400 mg L-1 MTBE, whereas the growth of S. capricornutum was negatively affected at nominal 4800 mg L-1 MTBE and positively affected at nominal 600 mg L-1 MTBE. The differential sensitivity of the growth of these representative species suggests that MTBE may alter algal community composition in the natural environment.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed2006

Rapid intrinsic biodegradation of benzene, toluene, and xylenes at the boundary of a gasoline-contaminated plume under natural attenuation.

A groundwater plume contaminated with gasoline constituents [mainly benzene, toluene, and xylenes (BTX)] had been treated by pumping and aeration for approximately 10 years, and the treatment strategy was recently changed to monitored natural attenuation (MNA). To gain information on the feasibility of using MNA to control the spread of BTX, chemical and microbiological parameters in groundwater samples obtained inside and outside the contaminated plume were measured over the course of 73 weeks. The depletion of electron acceptors (i.e., dissolved oxygen, nitrate, and sulfate) and increase of soluble iron were observed in the contaminated zone. Laboratory incubation tests revealed that groundwater obtained immediately outside the contaminated zone (the boundary zone) exhibited much higher potential for BTX degradation than those in the contaminated zone and in uncontaminated background zones. The boundary zone was a former contaminated area where BTX were no longer detected. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-amplified bacterial 16S rRNA gene fragments revealed that DGGE profiles for groundwater samples obtained from the contaminated zone were clustered together and distinct from those from uncontaminated zones. In addition, unique bacterial rRNA types were observed in the boundary zone. These results indicate that the boundary zone in the contaminant plumes served as a natural barrier for preventing the BTX contamination from spreading out.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1998

Exposure of gasoline road-tanker drivers to methyl tert-butyl ether and methyl tert-amyl ether.

Organic oxygenates, namely, methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) and methyl tert-amyl ether (MTAE), are added to gasoline to reduce carbon monoxide in exhausts and to enhance the octane number. The aim of this study was to investigate road-tanker drivers' exposure to oxygenate vapors during road-tanker loading and unloading as well as to evaluate the measurements of these ethers and their metabolites in the urine as a means of assessing the uptake of the ethers. A total of 11 drivers in different parts of Finland were trained to monitor their exposure with personal samplers, to report their working conditions, and to collect their whole-day urine samples. Charcoal tubes of the air samples were analyzed for MTBE, MTAE, benzene, toluene, and aliphatic hydrocarbons. For biological monitoring purposes the two main oxygenates, tertiary ethers MTBE and MTAE, as well as their main metabolites, tertiary alcohols tert-butanol (TBA) and tert-amyl alcohol (TAA), were determined in urine specimens. On average the drivers were exposed to vapors for short periods (21 +/- 14 min) three times during a work shift. The mean concentrations of MTBE and MTAE (mean +/- SD) were 8.1 +/- 8.4 and 0.3 +/- 0.4 mg/m3. The total MTBE uptake during the shift was calculated to be an average of 106 +/- 65 mumol. The mean concentrations of MTBE, TBA, MTAE and TAA detected in the first urine after the work shift were 113 +/- 76, 461 +/- 337, 16 +/- 21, and 40 +/- 38 nmol/l, and those found the next morning, 16 h later, were 18 +/- 12, 322 +/- 213, 9 +/- 10, and 20 +/- 27 nmol/l. The good relationship (r = 0.84) found between MTBE exposure and postshift excretion suggests that urinary MTBE can be used for biological monitoring of exposure, but at the present low level of exposure the corresponding metabolite TBA is not equally reliable. The determination of MTAE and its metabolite TAA in urine is sensitive enough to detect the low degree of exposure to MTAE, but in this study the data were too scarce to allow calculation of the correlations due to very low levels of MTAE exposure.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Profile of PAH in the exhaust of gasoline driven vehicles in Delhi.

A preliminary study to determine the profile of PAHs in the exhaust of gasoline vehicles in Delhi was conducted. Three different types of vehicles (cars, autorickshaws and scooters) were selected with different age groups for sampling purpose. The concentration of Total PAHs (Sigma12PAHs) was found to be 27.27 +/- 2.27, 28.61 +/- 3.70 and 29.81 +/- 3.57 mg/g in the exhaust of cars, auto- rickshaws (three wheelers) and two wheelers, respectively. The levels of PAHs were found to be high in scooter exhaust as compared to that of cars and autorickshaws. The total PAHs concentration in the present study was found to be higher as compared to other studies. Such a high concentration could be attributed to different parameters like the age of the vehicles, driving conditions, the fuel quality and the emission standards.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed1986

Assessment of unscheduled and replicative DNA synthesis in hepatocytes treated in vivo and in vitro with unleaded gasoline or 2,2,4-trimethylpentane.

In a recent chronic inhalation exposure study, unleaded gasoline (UG) produced kidney tumors in male rats and liver tumors in female mice, but did not increase the incidence of liver tumors in male mice or rats of either sex. To examine the possible basis for this pattern of hepatocarcinogenesis, unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) as an indicator of genotoxic activity and replicative DNA synthesis (RDS) as an indicator of cell proliferation were measured in rat and mouse hepatocytes following in vivo and in vitro exposures to UG and 2,2,4-trimethylpentane (TMP), a nephrotoxic component of UG. Primary hepatocyte cultures, prepared from cells isolated from Fischer-344 rats, B6C3F1 mice, or human surgical material, were incubated with [3H]thymidine and the test agent. UDS was measured by quantitative autoradiography as net nuclear grains (NG). By similar methods, UDS and RDS (S-phase cells) were measured in hepatocytes isolated from rats and mice treated by gavage with TMP (500 mg/kg) or UG (100 to 5,000 mg/kg). A dose-related increase in UDS activity was observed in rat hepatocytes treated in vitro with 0.05 to 0.10% (v/v) UG. These doses were, however, toxic in both mouse and human hepatocyte cultures. Weak UDS activity was observed in hepatocytes isolated from male and female mice treated 12 hr previously with UG. No UDS was induced in rat hepatocytes treated in vivo or in vitro with TMP. Twenty- and fourfold increases in the percentage of cells in S-phase were observed 24 hr after treatment with TMP in male and female mice, respectively, as compared to a fivefold increase in male rats. UG increased the percentage of S-phase cells in male mice by ninefold but failed to induce RDS in females. Thus, there appears to be genotoxic compounds in UG that can be detected in cultured hepatocytes and in the livers of exposed mice. The lack of UDS activity in rat liver was consistent with the reported lack of liver tumors in chronically exposed rats. However, neither the UDS nor the RDS responses in mice exposed by gavage correlated to the sex-specific pattern of liver tumors observed in the 2-year bioassay.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Assessment of unscheduled and replicative DNA synthesis in rat kidney cells exposed in vitro or in vivo to unleaded gasoline.

Unleaded gasoline (UG) induces renal toxicity and neoplasia in male but not female rats after chronic inhalation exposure. Before a meaningful determination of the potential human health risk of UG can be made, it is imperative that the mechanism responsible for its carcinogenic action be understood. The purpose of the present investigation was to determine whether the induction of kidney tumors by UG is related to genotoxic or to cell-proliferative effects. Unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS), as an indicator of genotoxicity, was measured autoradiographically as the incorporation of [3H]thymidine in isolated rat kidney cells following in vivo or in vitro exposure to UG. As an indicator of proliferative activity, cells in S-phase were quantitated in isolated cell preparations obtained from exposed rats. UG was administered to rats by inhalation (2000 ppm) or by gavage (up to 5000 mg/kg). The ability of the in vivo/in vitro kidney cell UDS assay to detect genotoxicants was verified using a variety of compounds. No UDS activity was elicited by UG under any of the conditions employed, including inhalation exposure to a concentration that produced kidney tumors in the 2-year bioassay. A five- to eightfold increase in the percentage of cells in S-phase was observed in male rats exposed to UG for 18 days either by inhalation or by gavage. Cell turnover was not markedly enhanced in identically treated female rats. These data indicate that UG does not evoke UDS in the rat kidney even after exposures that, in all probability, resulted in greater tissue concentrations of UG components than was realized in the long-term inhalation bioassay. The sex-specific induction of replicative DNA synthesis in the kidney paralleled the carcinogenic activity of UG, suggesting that induced cell turnover may be an important factor in the carcinogenic action of this motor fuel.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed1989

Elevated proliferation of proximal tubule cells and localization of accumulated alpha 2u-globulin in F344 rats during chronic exposure to unleaded gasoline or 2,2,4-trimethylpentane.

In order to better characterize the pathogenesis of alpha 2u-globulin (alpha 2uG) nephropathy, cell proliferation was quantitated within the three proximal tubule segments of the kidney (P1, P2, and P3) and proximal tubule segments affected by chronic progressive nephrosis (CPN) in male and female F344 rats exposed to 10, 70, or 300 ppm unleaded gasoline (UG) or 50 ppm 2,2,4-trimethylpentane (TMP) from 3 to 50 weeks. The P2 segment of male rats exposed to UG or TMP responded with dose-related increases in cell turnover (up to 11-fold) that persisted during chronic exposure. This proliferative response closely paralleled the extent and severity of immunohistochemically detectable alpha 2uG in the P2 segment. Neither alpha 2uG nor cytotoxicity was evident in cells of the P1 or P3 segment; however, cell proliferation was increased (up to 8-fold) for up to 22 weeks of exposure in the P3 segment. Increased numbers of proximal tubules affected by CPN were found in males exposed to UG or TMP for 22 or 48 weeks, compared to controls. These lesions contained epithelial cells that were highly proliferative. Control or treated female rats exhibited neither alpha 2uG nephropathy nor increases in P2 or P3 cell turnover, and the extent of CPN was greatly reduced as compared to male rats. The results of this and related studies suggest that chronic cell proliferation associated with alpha 2uG nephropathy and CPN in male rats exposed to UG or isoparaffinic components of UG, such as TMP, may be responsible for the sex- and species-specific nephrocarcinogenic effects of UG.

Acute Kidney Injury↗
PubMed1992

An analysis of resuscitative requirements of petrol (gasoline) burns.

A retrospective study was carried out to confirm the clinical impression that petrol (gasoline) burns had a greater resuscitation requirement than other types of thermal injury. A total of 450 admissions to the St Andrews Hospital Regional Burn Unit from 1982 to 1988 were reviewed. Patients with pre-existing cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease, inhalation injury and fatalities occurring within the first 72 h of admission were excluded from the study. Forty-four patients met all requirements for inclusion within the study. These 44 patients consisted of 15 with petrol burns and 29 with non-petrol burns, all of whom were resuscitated using the modified Muir and Barclay formula, with adjustments made on the basis of clinical and laboratory monitoring. Comparison of resuscitation requirements of the two groups by the Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test showed that the petrol burns group had a significantly greater fluid resuscitation requirement (P less than 0.01).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Petrol--something nasty in the woodshed? A review of gasoline-related burns in a British burns unit.

Petrol (gasoline) is probably the fuel most easily available and widely in use today. Indeed, most households have a can lurking in the garden shed or basement for domestic use. It's chemical properties make it a highly explosive as well as a combustible fluid, a fact that is sometimes poorly appreciated. We looked at the incidence of petrol-related burns seen in our unit over a 2-year period. Nearly 33 per cent of the adult male admissions were petrol-related and 16 per cent were in children under the age of 16 years. The commonest cause of injury was attempting to start or accelerate a bonfire (38 per cent) with only a small number of barbecue injuries (4 per cent). Petrol causes a significant number of burn injuries a year, and particularly worrying were the number of children injured. However, we feel there is a need for greater public education and perhaps stricter control of this substance.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Systemic toxicity following gasoline aspiration.

The major cause of mortality and morbidity associated with the ingestion of aliphatic hydrocarbon products is related to pulmonary aspiration. Despite the high frequency of the ingestions, there is little documentation of nonpulmonary toxic effects of petroleum distillates. Two cases of gasoline aspiration/ingestion that resulted in probable intravascular hemolysis are reported. In one of these cases, the patient also manifested a consumptive coagulopathy, acute renal failure and elevation of transaminase enzymes. With modern intensive pulmonary care, the outlook for patients with petroleum distillate aspiration is good, but any documented extrapulmonary manifestations of this condition may be important in the overall management of these patients.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed2004

Determination of methyl tert-butyl ether in gasoline: a comparison of three fast methods based on mass spectrometry.

A high-speed quantitative analysis of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) using three different methods with mass spectrometry detection has been performed. The first method is based on fast chromatography and required an analysis time of 5.23 min per sample, although a certain period (6 min) was necessary for the initial measurement conditions to be regained prior to analysing the next sample. The other two are non-separative methods and are based on direct injection and headspace generation. The analysis times were 1.5 and 3.5 min, respectively, although in the latter case an additional period of time was required to extract volatiles from the sample. The analytical characteristics of all three methods are highly satisfactory in terms of linearity, lack of fit, precision and accuracy. The methods were applied to the determination of MTBE in different gasoline samples. The non-separative methods afforded slightly higher concentrations than those found when fast chromatography was used; this is due to the presence of other minor components that contribute to the abundance of the ion at m/z 73, characteristic of MTBE. We propose a correction that removes this error very satisfactorily and allows the same results to be obtained with all three methodologies proposed.

Gasoline↗
PubMed2005

Determination of aromatic hydrocarbons in gasolines by flow modulated comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography.

Valve based/flow modulated comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC x GC-FID) was used for quantification of C6 through C12 aromatic hydrocarbons by carbon number in gasolines. A 0.53 mm i.d. non-polar first dimension column was coupled to a 0.53 mm i.d. polar second dimension column through a double loop eight port valve modulator. Depending on the sample type, normalized percent and internal standard (I.S.) quantification was performed. For normalized percent quantification, a one-point calibration performed with one aromatic compound per carbon number/class provided an average % accuracy of 2.1% and a short-term n--1 relative standard deviation of 1.0%. For total aromatic compounds good agreement with the more complex conventional multidimensional GC technique was obtained. However, GC x GC has certain advantages over most other methods, mainly increased selectivity for total and carbon number aromatic content. The identification of the aromatic hydrocarbons was confirmed by GC x GC-MS.

Calibration↗