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At least 343 records · Page 19Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

Patient attitudes to glove use by orthodontists.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the awareness of orthodontic patients of the importance of glove wearing by orthodontists, and consisted of a patient completed questionnaire carried out at an orthodontic clinic in Ireland. The subjects were 194 consecutive patients [122 (63 per cent) female, 72 (37 per cent) male; mean +/- SD age: 15.5 +/- 2.2 years] attending an orthodontic clinic. They completed a questionnaire designed to determine their attitudes to the wearing of gloves by orthodontists. Most patients (97 per cent; n = 188) considered that orthodontists should routinely wear gloves. However, approximately 15 per cent of patients (n = 30) would attend an orthodontist who did not wear gloves. Ninety-four per cent (n = 182) of patients considered that gloves were worn to protect both the orthodontist and the patient. A total of 86.5 per cent (n = 168) of patients thought that the orthodontist should change gloves between patients. The overwhelming majority of patients surveyed demonstrated a strong awareness of the importance of glove wearing by orthodontists. The results suggest that many patients will not attend an orthodontist who does not wear gloves during treatment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

The role of gown and glove isolation and strict handwashing in the reduction of nosocomial infection in children with solid organ transplantation.

OBJECTIVE: Nosocomial infection is an important contributor to morbidity and mortality in pediatric solid organ transplantation. The relative effect of protective gown and glove isolation was compared with strict handwashing in pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) patients with solid organ transplantation. DESIGN/SETTING: A prospective, randomized design was used; children in a 23-bed PICU with solid organ transplantation were enrolled into a gown and glove protective isolation protocol or a strict handwashing protocol. PATIENTS: All children admitted to the PICU immediately after solid organ transplantation, excluding renal transplantation, and at subsequent readmissions to the PICU were eligible for the study. Children with current infection or known exposure to varicella were excluded from the study initially or at readmission. INTERVENTIONS: By using a block randomization design based on organ transplanted, age, and initial admission vs. readmission, each patient was randomized to either strict handwashing or protective gown and glove isolation intervention groups. MEASUREMENTS: We analyzed demographics, infection outcomes (defined according to Centers for Disease Control criteria), and monitoring of patient contacts in compliance with protocols. RESULTS: The infection rate in the overall PICU population did not change significantly from the year before the study compared with during the study (2.1 per 100 vs. 1.95 per 100 patient days; p =.4) The infection rate in the gown and glove group (2.3 per 100 patient days) was reduced significantly compared with the prestudy infection rate in the transplant population (4.9 per 100 patient days; p =.0008). Strict handwashing also significantly reduced the infection rate in the transplant population (3.0 per 100 patient days; p =.008). Compliance with gowning and gloving was 82% and compliance with handwashing was 76% (compared with 22% before study [p <.0001] and 52% after the study [p <.0001]). Despite an increased mean length of stay in the PICU in the gown and glove group (p =.014), there was a trend toward reduction in the incidence of infection (Fisher's exact test, p =.07; odds ratio,.76) in the gown and glove group. CONCLUSIONS: Increased compliance with handwashing was associated with a reduction in nosocomial infections, and gown and glove isolation appeared to have an additional protective effect. Some nosocomial infections may be preventable in the pediatric solid organ transplantation population.

Child↗
PubMed1997

Does double gloving protect surgical staff from skin contamination during plastic surgery?

In a randomized study, the effectiveness of double gloving in maintaining an intact barrier between the patient and the hands of the surgical staff during plastic surgery operations was tested. For 2 months, the surgical staff of a plastic surgery unit randomly wore single or double gloves during all elective surgical procedures. At the end of the operations, the gloves were tested by the water filling test. A total of 1092 gloves were examined. Twelve accidental injuries were noticed during the operations, and 67 unnoticed perforations occurred. The data suggest that the risk of perforation and exposure increases with the length and complexity of the procedures. It was concluded that double gloving is effective in plastic surgery, inasmuch as the barrier protection was maintained by the inner glove in two of three cases in which the outer glove was perforated inadvertently. Plastic surgeons must balance the improved security of double gloving with the possible discomfort or reduced sensitivity.

Gloves, Surgical↗
PubMed2004

Glove perforation in outpatient dermatologic surgery.

BACKGROUND: Intact surgical gloves ensure protection of health-care employees and health-care recipients. Nevertheless, glove perforation is very common and puncture rates above 50% have been published in the literature. OBJECTIVE: It was our aim to evaluate the perforation rate of surgical gloves in outpatient dermatologic surgery. METHODS: Six-hundred and sixty latex surgical gloves used in outpatient dermatologic surgery were evaluated for perforations using the approved water-leak method. Perforations were analyzed microscopically. RESULTS: Twenty of the 660 gloves were found to have perforations, which corresponds to a perforation rate of 3.0%. Only 5 of these perforations (25%) were noticed by the wearer. Perforations were more numerous in nondominant-handed gloves. Microscopically, all perforations could be identified as needle stick injuries. CONCLUSION: The risk of glove perforation in outpatient dermatologic surgery is lower than in many other medical specialties. The relatively high number of surgical procedures performed successively in outpatient dermatologic surgery, however, emphasizes the decisive relevance of an intact barrier between surgeon and patient. In view of the major fact that most perforations go unnoticed by the wearer, dermatologic surgeons must balance the improved safety of double gloving with costs and the loss of sensitivity and dexterity.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed1998

Glove powder affects skin roughness, one parameter of skin irritation.

Most patients with immediate-type-hypersensitivity to natural rubber latex (NRL) give a history of hand eczema. Susceptibility to allergens is increased by irritant hand eczema due to damage to the skin barrier. Therefore, especially for employees in medical or paramedical professions, reduction in skin irritation is of importance. The present study reports the effect of glove powder on skin roughness, one feature of skin irritancy. Skin replicas, performed before and after wearing different types of gloves, were evaluated by laser profilometry. Significant alteration of skin roughness was evident and determined by different factors. Use of unpowdered Biogel gloves on prepowdered hands results in an increase in skin roughness, in contrast to the use of Biogel gloves on hands without any pre-application. On the other hand, powdered Manex neoderm gloves show no influence on the skin structure, whereas powdered Peha taft gloves also increase the roughness of the skin. Other potential candidates causing skin morphology alteration could be the glove pH, rubber chemicals with irritant potential and other characteristics of gloves, which are already under investigation.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Permeability of protective gloves to (di)methacrylates in resinous dental materials.

Dentists may develop contact allergy induced by handling resinous dental materials, and vinyl and latex gloves may provide protection against the monomers of these materials only during the time it takes for a monomer to permeate the glove. The passage times and rates of penetration of four commonly used (di)methacrylates--HEMA, TEGDMA, BISGMA, and UEDMA--for 11 protective gloves were measured. The passage time for HEMA and TEGDMA through vinyl gloves was 1-3 min, and around 20 min for BISGMA and UEDMA. The rate of penetration of HEMA and TEGDMA in vinyl gloves was 0.5-4.5 mumol.min-1.cm-2. The passage time of HEMA and TEGDMA through most of the latex or the modified latex gloves was 5-8 min and the rate of penetration 0.5-3.1 mumol.min-1.cm-2. Latex or modified latex gloves provide a protection against BISGMA and UEDMA for 80 min or more with one exception (Elastyrene), which burst after about 50 min in contact with the resins. Of the tested gloves Ansell, Neutralon, Mediglove, and Biogel D provide protection against HEMA and TEGDMA for at least 5 min.

Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate↗
PubMed1990

Latex and vinyl nonsterile examination gloves: status report on laboratory evaluation of defects by physical and biological methods.

We have reported previously (H. R. Kotilainen, J. P. Brinker, J. L. Avato, and N. M. Gantz, Arch. Intern. Med. 149:2749-2753, 1989) that the quality of nonsterile examination gloves available for clinical use may be extremely variable. In view of the concern over human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis B virus transmission to health care workers, the continuing variability of gloves available for use, and the need for a simple and safe test, we have evaluated 2,500 vinyl (five brands) and 2,000 latex (four brands) gloves by the 300-ml and the newly proposed 1,000-ml water tests and for permeability to herpes simplex virus type 1 and poliovirus type 1, respectively. While all 300-ml watertight gloves were unlikely to leak herpes simplex virus type 1 (1.3% vinyl; 0.5% latex), poliovirus was recovered much more frequently (8.9% vinyl, 6.1% latex). In all gloves that passed the 1,000-ml test, herpes simplex virus type 1 was not recovered. Poliovirus was recovered infrequently (1.4% vinyl, 1.5% latex). Preliminary analyses suggest that the 1,000-ml water test has significantly increased sensitivity over the 300-ml water test in the detection of small holes in both vinyl and latex gloves that may allow the passage of viral particles. Gloves that pass a 1,000-ml water challenge are unlikely to allow the passage of a small virus such as poliovirus. Given that human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus and herpes simplex virus type 1 are larger particles than poliovirus, gloves that pass the 1,000-ml water test theoretically could provide better protection.

Gloves, Surgical↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Differential expression of allergens on the internal and external surfaces of latex surgical gloves.

BACKGROUND: Differences in latex allergen sensitization profiles have been described between children undergoing repeated surgical interventions and health care workers. The purpose of this study was to determine whether such sensitization profiles are associated with differences in the expression of latex allergen between the internal and external surfaces of surgical gloves. METHODS: Extracts were obtained from whole surgical gloves as well as from their external and internal surfaces. The extracts were centrifuged, filtered, concentrated, dialyzed and lyophilized. The protein profile of the extracts was analyzed using hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Immunoblotting was performed using sera from two patients with confirmed latex allergy. Latex recombinant allergen-specific IgE in these two patients was determined using a fluorescence enzyme immunoassay (FEIA) method. Latex allergen quantification was determined on both glove surfaces using an ELISA method. RESULTS: HIC and SDS-PAGE showed qualitative and quantitative differences in proteins between the internal and external glove surfaces, with the former being much richer in proteins. Immunoblotting of glove extracts using sera from two latex-allergic health workers showed differences between glove surface extracts. ELISA quantification of latex allergens demonstrated that the internal glove surface had high amounts of Hev b 5 and Hev b 6.02 whereas the external surface showed Hev b 1, Hev b 3, and Hev b 6.02. CONCLUSIONS: Our results reveal substantial differences in the composition of latex allergen profiles between the internal and external surfaces of surgical latex gloves, which may suggest a relationship between latex allergen localization and sensitization routes in different risk groups.

Allergens↗
PubMed1995

Latex gloves with a lower protein content reduce bronchial reactions in subjects with occupational asthma caused by latex.

Latex gloves have been documented as causing rhinitis and asthma. Using inhalation challenges, we evaluated the bronchial response to hypoallergenic gloves in eight health care workers with latex-induced asthma. The subjects were exposed to the powdered latex gloves causing asthma at work and various brands of gloves with a lower protein content, either low-powdered, nonpowdered, or powdered. Exposure to hypoallergenic gloves resulted in the absence (in six subjects) or a significant reduction (in two subjects) of bronchial response. The effects of repeated exposure to hypoallergenic gloves was assessed in two subjects who did not demonstrate changes in peak expiratory flow rates and nonspecific bronchial responsiveness to histamine. This study on a limited number of patients suggests that the use of hypoallergenic gloves could be an effective means of reducing the risk of asthmatic reactions in health care workers with latex-induced asthma when complete avoidance cannot be achieved. The long-term effect of exposure as well as the widespread use of hypoallergenic gloves warrant further investigation on larger cohorts of subjects.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Biogel Skinsense N: surgical glove management for latex allergies.

Healthcare staff with a high occupational exposure to latex gloves, such as those who work in the operating theatre, have a higher than average incidence of latex allergies. Certain patient groups are also known to be considered "high risk" for latex allergies. When wearing gloves, staff allergic to latex and those working with patients allergic to latex must wear latex-free gloves to protect themselves and their patients. Of all the different types of gloves available--examination, medical or diagnostic--surgical gloves have to meet the highest standards, offering both protection and comfort. However, latex-free surgical gloves have previously lacked some of the "comfort" qualities of natural latex. This article describes appropriate glove management for latex allergies and looks at the new generation of latex-free surgical gloves.

Elastomers↗
PubMed1989

Needlestick injuries at operations for trauma. Are surgical gloves an effective barrier?

Surgeons are at risk from both hepatitis B and human immunodeficiency viruses. While vaccines have been developed against the former, barrier methods remain the mainstay of protection. Puncture wounds of the hand are a potential source of contamination; the protection afforded by surgical gloves has been investigated. Gloves from 280 orthopaedic operations for trauma were tested for perforations; one or more was found after 30% of the operations in gloves worn by the surgeon or scrub nurse. About 60% of the perforations were noticed at the time of penetration and most affected the dominant thumb and index finger. Puncture was more common during operations lasting more than one hour. The incidence of perforation was 19% for the outer of double gloves, 14% for a single glove and 6% for the inner of double gloves. These results indicate that surgical gloves function poorly as a protective barrier, especially in difficult, lengthy, fracture surgery. The practice of double-gloving confers increased but not absolute protection.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2005

Scientific basis for the selection of emergency medical examination gloves for emergency medical technicians, paramedics, firefighters, and emergency department personnel. An update.

The use of powder-free natural rubber or latex-free emergency medical examination gloves is especially important to emergency medical technicians, paramedics, firefighters, and emergency department personnel to avoid eliciting an allergic reaction in the latex sensitized patient. The majority of our emergency medical technicians, paramedics, and firefighters are now wearing powder-free emergency medical examination gloves that comply with the stringent codes and standards established by the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), while very few hospital emergency department personnel have been provided with NFPA-approved gloves. There are four well-defined goals of this report that will assist emergency medical services, fire departments, and hospitals in the selection and purchase of emergency medical examination gloves. First, we will review again the stringent regulations for emergency medical examination gloves that are outlined by the NFPA. This design and performance standard was devised by the NFPA to address protective clothing for emergency medical operations. The design and performance requirement of the emergency medical examination gloves were described in the NFPA 1999, Standard on Protective Clothing for Emergency Medical Operations, 1997 Edition. As of September 2003, the emergency medical examination glove must meet the new design and performance requirements of emergency medical examination gloves discussed in NFPA 1999, Standard on Protective Clothing for Emergency Medical Operations, 2003 Edition.

Certification↗
PubMed1994

Biomechanics of surgical glove expansion.

The purpose of this study was to correlate the latex gloves' susceptibility to hydration to its development of glove expansion or irreversible elongation of the latex glove. During hydration, the Micro-Touch glove exhibited significantly more creep strain than did the Biogel gloves. Similarly, the Micro-Touch glove exhibited glove growth, while the Biogel glove maintained a uniform fit during hydration.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗
PubMed1998

Latex glove penetration by pathogens: a review of the literature.

Universal precautions mandate the use of examination and surgical gloves to protect the health professional from contact with the HIV virus. The purpose of this paper is to provide a review of the literature on the barrier properties of examination and surgical gloves measured by water leakage and viral penetration. The literature data indicate that glove composition, glove manufacturer, glove design (examination vs. surgical), and mechanical manipulation had considerable influence on glove performance when tested for leakage and viral penetration. In general, latex gloves were found to be superior to vinyl gloves as barriers to water leakage and viral penetration.

Bacteriophage phi X 174↗
PubMed1992

[Permeability of protective gloves to (di)methacrylates in resinous dental materials].

Dentists may develop contact allergy induced by handling resinous dental materials. Vinyl and latex gloves may provide protection against the monomers of these materials during the time it takes for a monomer to permeate the glove. The passage times and rates of penetration of four commonly used (di)methacrylates, HEMA, TEGDMA, BISGMA and UEDMA for 11 protective gloves were measured. The passage time in vinyl gloves for HEMA and TEGDMA was about 2 min, and around 20 min for BISGMA and UEDMA. The rates of penetration of HEMA and TEGDMA in vinyl gloves were between 1 and 4 mumol.min-1.cm-2. The passage times of HEMA and TEGDMA through most of the latex and modified latex gloves were between 5 and 8 min and the rates of penetration between 0.5 and 1 mumol.min-1.cm-2. Latex and modified latex gloves provide protection against BISGMA and UEDMA in 80 min or more with one exception (Elastyrene), which burst after about 50 min in contact with the resins. Of the tested gloves Ansell, Neutralon, Mediglove and Biogel D provide protection against HEMA and TEGDMA for at least 5 min.

Composite Resins↗
PubMed2005

Conversion to low-protein, powder-free surgical gloves: is it worth the cost?

This study was conducted to determine changes in overall costs associated with conversion to powder-free gloves including cost of workers' compensation cases for natural rubber latex (NRL)-related symptoms and health care workers' glove satisfaction. The study, a 2-year, longitudinal design with retrospective and prospective aspects, was developed to determine health care worker use of powder-free, low-protein NRL gloves, sensitization, cost, and glove satisfaction. Informed consent was obtained from 103 health care workers. Prior to glove conversion, nearly one-half (44%, 36 of 82) of the operating room staff reported symptoms related to NRL exposure. At the end of the 14-month data collection period, only 27% (22 of 82, McNemar test = .007) reported symptoms related to NRL exposure. Additionally, a cost savings of 10,000 dollars per year for gloves was evident with reports of increased user satisfaction. This study demonstrated that conversion to the use of powder-free, low-protein NRL gloves not only reduces health care worker NRL symptoms, but also positively affects the costs of glove purchases and workers' compensation.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Protective gloves of polymeric materials. Experimental permeation testing and clinical study of side effects.

In the occupational use and handling of hazardous chemicals and infectious materials, exposure must be minimized. To diminish the risk of direct skin contact and percutaneous toxicity, the use of protective gloves is one of the most important measures to consider. For effective protection, the selection process must include evaluation of permeation test data as well as the risk of side effects possibly caused by the glove materials. In permeation testing (in vitro), breakthrough time and permeation rate are key values measured. Test conditions such as size and design of the permeation test cell, flow rate of the collecting medium through the test cell, measurement systems, testing procedures and analytical equipment can vary and can have crucial influence on the test results. In the present investigation, five permeation test cells of different sizes and design were used, the collecting gas flow rate was varied between 60 and 120 ml/min and 120 to 500 ml/min, the ASTM F 739 and ISO/DIS standard test procedures were performed using two different measurement systems, and in vitro versus in vivo testing techniques were studied. Gloves and glove materials of neoprene were exposed to four organic solvents. The breakthrough times (in vitro) for the test chemicals were slightly influenced by variations in cell size and design, flow rate and test procedure. The only significant influence on the breakthrough time values was between the two measurement systems, direct flow and automatic sampling. On the other hand, the permeation rate values were affected to a much greater extent, in most cases significantly. The test conditions in the in vitro and in vivo procedures differed in many ways and the test results were therefore compared on a relative basis. The breakthrough time values for the solvents through gloves of vinyl, natural rubber and butyl rubber were in the same rank order in both in vitro and in vivo testing. There was no evident correlation between the relative permeation rate values (in vitro) and the relative absorption rate values (in vivo). Disposable gloves of latex or plastic materials are also commonly used in health care as protection against microorganisms. Therefore contact with disinfectants is frequent. The resistance of gloves made of natural rubber latex, vinyl (PVC) and polyethylene to permeation by ethanol, isopropanol, m-chlorocresol and glutaraldehyde-based disinfectant was studied mainly according to the ISO/DIS permeation test procedure. In addition, glove pieces exposed to isopropanol and ethanol were studied with the scanning electron microscope (SEM).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Mechanisms of glove tears and sharp injuries among surgical personnel.

OBJECTIVE: --The development of strategies to prevent exposure to blood for operating room personnel has been hampered by a lack of knowledge about the specific mechanisms of exposure. The purpose of this study was to classify the mechanisms of glove tears and sharp injuries in the operating room. DESIGN: --During a 3-month period, a nurse interviewed operating room personnel immediately after a glove tear or sharp injury had occurred. SETTING: --Yale-New Haven (Conn) Hospital is a tertiary care teaching hospital. RESULTS: --There were 249 glove tears and 70 sharp injuries. Visible skin contact with the patient's blood occurred in 156 glove tears (63%). The mechanism causing the tear could be identified in only 81 (33%). For 230 glove tears (92%), personnel were wearing single gloves. Of 70 sharp injuries, 47 (67%) were caused by needles and usually occurred during suturing. The following three mechanisms accounted for 40 sharp injuries (57%): (1) hands injured while stationary and holding an instrument, 11 (16%)-a position of risk not previously identified; (2) hands injured while retracting tissue, 12 (17%); and (3) injuries caused by sharp instruments not being used, 17 (24%). Instrument passage caused only four sharp injuries (6%). CONCLUSIONS: --The majority of glove tears have an unknown mechanism, and alteration in the manufacture or number of gloves worn may be helpful in reducing cutaneous blood exposures. The identification of specific mechanisms of sharp injuries should lead to effective strategies to prevent exposure to the human immunodeficiency virus and other blood-borne pathogens in the operating room.

Accidents, Occupational↗