Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “GINSENG”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 343 records · Page 19Linked to original sources
PubMed1989

[Study on the biological nature of ginseng pearl knot].

Pearl knots of the root system of cultivated ginseng in different ages and different development stages were studied and compared with wild ginseng. It has been found that the biological nature of pearl knots is the foundation of seasonal absorbing root of ginseng. It is pointed out that to remove the cold-proof matter later and keep suitable soil water in spring are important to prevent cold injury and promote growth of root system of ginseng. Key words ginseng; pearl knot; seasonal absorbing root

Panax↗
PubMed1987

Modification of radiation response in mice by fractionated extracts of Panax ginseng.

A water-soluble extract of the root of Panax ginseng, a plant native to northeastern China, was fractionated into three components: carbohydrate, protein, and saponin fractions. The fractions obtained were tested for their ability to protect against the lethal effects of 60Co gamma irradiation in C3H mice. The results were compared to the protective ability of the water-soluble fraction of whole ginseng. An experiment designed to test the optimum time of injection of whole ginseng showed that administration 24 h prior to irradiation was optimal. Ginseng extract or one of its three fractions was dose adjusted and injected intraperitoneally into mice that 24 h later were irradiated, whole body, with doses ranging from 7 to 11 Gy. The LD50 in 30 days was calculated using Probit analysis. The results indicated that the water soluble extract of whole ginseng gave the best protection against gamma radiation. The isolated protein and carbohydrate fractions gave less protection, while the saponin fraction did not protect.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

[Effect of ginseng on antiperoxidate injury in myocardium and erythrocytes in streptozocin-induced diabetic rats].

We have investigated the effect of ginseng on antiperoxidation in myocardium and erythrocytes of streptozocin-induced diabetic rats. In the group of ginseng administration (ginseng solution 0.2g/200g/day, lasting 15-16 days), there was a significant decrease in the level of fasting blood-glucose and lipid peroxide (LPO) in myocardium and erythrocytes, in comparing with that of model group, P < 0.05. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in myocardium and erythrocytes in group of ginseng administration was increased, P < 0.05, compared with that of model group and vitamin E treatment group. The mechanisms of antiperoxidation effect of ginseng might include the following: 1) By lowering the level of fasting blood-glucose, decreasing the rate of monosaccharide auto-oxidation and partially protecting the production of free radicals; 2) Elevating the activity of enzymatic free radicals scavenger in cells, such as SOD; 3) directly eliminating the superfluous free radicals.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Elevated serum digoxin levels in a patient taking digoxin and Siberian ginseng.

A 74-year-old man taking a constant dose of digoxin for many years was found to have an elevated serum digoxin level with no signs of toxic effects. Common causes of elevated serum digoxin were ruled out, and the patient's digoxin level remained high after digoxin therapy was stopped. The patient then revealed that he was taking Siberian ginseng, a popular herbal remedy. The patient stopped taking ginseng, and the serum digoxin level soon returned to an acceptable level. The digoxin therapy was resumed. The patient resumed taking ginseng several months later, and the serum digoxin level again rose. Digoxin therapy was maintained at a constant daily dose, the ginseng was stopped once more, and the serum digoxin levels again returned to within the therapeutic range. It is unclear whether some component of the ginseng was converted to digoxin in vivo, interfered with digoxin elimination or caused a false serum assay result. The author cautions physicians to be alert to the potential for herbal remedies to interact with prescribed medications and to affect biochemical analyses.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Study on chemoprevention of hepatocellular carcinoma by ginseng: an introduction to the protocol.

In patients with chronic hepatitis C virus disease, there is a high incidence of development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in the process of transition from chronic hepatitis to hepatic cirrhosis. Although ginseng traditionally has been used mainly as a nutritional supplement in Asian countries, a case-control study found that it may inhibit the development of HCC. We therefore planned a clinical study of HCC prevention by medicinal ginseng. The subjects are patients with chronic C virus disease (chronic hepatitis and hepatic cirrhosis), who are high risk group for HCC. This intervention study is a multi-center, double-blind, randomized controlled trial. The participants will be randomly divided into two groups. The test sample (1 g of red ginseng powder per day) will be administered for 5 yr, and ginseng intake will be prohibited during the administration period. The primary endpoint of this study is the development of HCC. Target number of recruiting subjects are 300. The participants should be registered from February 2001 to January 2003.

Anticarcinogenic Agents↗
PubMed2026

Comprehensive Identification of WDR Gene Family in Panax ginseng: PgWDR Gene Expression Analysis with Ginsenosides Biosynthesis Under MeJA.

Panax ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Mey.) produces pharmacologically valuable ginsenosides. WD40-repeat (WDR) proteins act as versatile regulators of plant specialized metabolism, yet their biological roles under methyl jasmonate (MeJA) elicitation remain largely uncharacterized in ginseng. In this study, we identified 29 PgWDR family members at the whole-genome level, and systematically analyzed their phylogeny, gene structure, cis-acting promoter elements, as well as organ- and development-dependent expression patterns. Six candidate genes potentially associated with ginsenoside biosynthesis were screened through integrating gene-metabolite correlation analysis and gene co-expression analysis. Under MeJA treatment, three of these candidates showed statistically significant expression responses, while the other three exhibited variable expression fluctuations with no statistical significance. PgWDR24 displayed a positive correlation with key ginsenoside biosynthetic enzyme genes, and a negative correlation with protopanaxadiol-type ginsenoside accumulation. Combined with its predicted nuclear localization, we hypothesize that PgWDR24 participates in the negative modulation of protopanaxadiol-type ginsenoside accumulation, although further genetic functional validation is still required. This work provides valuable candidate genes for deciphering ginsenoside regulatory networks and offers support for molecular-assisted breeding of high-quality ginseng.

Panax ginseng C. A. Mey.↗
PubMed2005

Protective effects of ginseng components in a rodent model of neurodegeneration.

To test the proposed neuroprotective activity of whole ginseng extract and its components, we used 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP), an inhibitor of succinate dehydrogenase, to produce neurodegeneration. Treatment with 3-nitropropionic acid (90 mg/kg) over a 5-day period resulted in severe impairment of movement and loss of neurons in the striatum. Pretreatment with a preparation from the whole root of American ginseng had no protective effects. Pretreatment with a preparation of ground leaves and stems, which contains greater levels of ginsenosides than ground root, improved the behavioral score and reduced the volume of the striatal lesion. A partial purification of American ginseng was performed to concentrate the putative protective components: Rb1, Rb3, and Rd (termed Rb extract). Pretreatment with the Rb extract significantly reduced the 3-nitropropionic acid-induced motor impairment and cell loss in the striatum, and it completely prevented any mortality. Significant effects on motor function, mortality, and the striatal lesion volume also were measured in animals pretreated with the individual ginsenosides, Rb1, Rb3, or Rd. The results demonstrate that some of the ginsenosides have neuroprotective activity, and that a partial purification of whole ginseng to concentrate the neuroprotective components may have utility as a neuroprotective agent.

Animals↗
PubMed2007

Pesticide multiresidue analysis in Panax ginseng (C. A. Meyer) by solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography with electron capture and nitrogen-phosphorus detection.

An analytical multi-residue method using gas chromatography coupled with electron capture and a nitrogen-phosphorus detector was investigated for the simultaneous determination of 18 commonly used insecticides and fungicides in Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer). Samples were previously extracted with an acetonitrile and cleaned up by solid-phase extraction (SPE). The calibration curves were linear, with determination coefficients higher than 0.989. Recoveries at concentrations between 0.01 and 14.9 ppm ranged from 72.3 to 117.2%, with precision, which was expressed as relative standard deviation (RSD), at values lower than 5%. The proposed method was applied to the determination of pesticide levels from 12 ginseng samples, taken from four different agricultural areas of Jeonnam province, where several insecticides and fungicides were applied. Except in one sample, tolclofos-m was the only pesticide contained at a level lower than the maximum residue limits (MRL) authorized by the Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA) in real ginseng samples grown for 4, 5 and 6 years.

Calibration↗
PubMed2004

Mechanistic studies on protopanaxadiol, Rh2, and ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) extract induced cytotoxicity in intestinal Caco-2 cells.

Certain ginsenosides, also known as triterpene glycosides, have been recently reported to have a characteristic effect on cultured intestinal and leukemia cell growth. Ginsenoside aglycones 20(S)-protopanaxadiol (PD), 20(S)-protopanaxatriol (PT), and ginsenoside Rh2 have been identified as having a strong effect on reducing cell viability. Furthermore, ginsenoside Rh2 is thought to be a rare ginsenoside not found in all ginseng products. Rather, Rh2 has been recently reported to be a breakdown product of thermal processing of North American ginseng. In this study, pure ginsenosides PD, PT, Rh2 standards and an enriched Rh2 fraction derived from ginseng leaf were tested in cultured Caco-2 cells for relative cytotoxic potency. PD and Rh2 LC50 were similar after 24 to 72 h, whereas a drop in PT LC50 occurred later at 48 and 72 h. Furthermore, PD and Rh2 affected membrane integrity as indicated by LDH secretion earlier than PT and the enriched Rh2 fraction (P < or = 0.05). Ginsenoside Rh2 showed the greatest (P < or = 0.05) build up of necrotic cells (18.3 +/- 0.1%) at the respective LC50 after 24 h and PD (21.3 +/- 0.3%) showed the largest effect after 44 h of exposure. The effect on apoptotic cells at 44 h of treatment were significantly different (P < or = 0.05) for Rh2 (21 +/- 0.4%), PD (14.6 +/- 0.1%), enriched Rh2 leaf fraction (9.9 +/- 0.6%), and PT (2.3 +/- 0.1%) treatments. Caco-2 caspase-3 activity was different between ginsenoside exposure; Rh2 (10.6 +/- 0.3 nM pNA) had the greatest (P < or = 0.05) activity followed by the enriched Rh2 leaf fraction (8.3 +/- 0.2 nM pNA), PT (7.3 +/- 0.3 nM pNA). The PD (4.8 +/- 0.04 nM pNA) treatment was similar to untreated cells (4.3 +/- 0.05 nM pNA) in caspase-3 activity. These results show variable bioactive response in cultured intestinal cell to specific ginsenosides and an enriched Rh2 North American ginseng extract which may be explained on basis of hydrophobic/hydrophilic balance.

Annexin A5↗
PubMed2005

Evaluation of chemopreventive action and antimutagenic effect of the standardized Panax ginseng extract, EFLA400, in Swiss albino mice.

In the present investigation the chemopreventive action and antimutagenic effects of a standardized Panax Ginseng extract (EFLA400, processed Panax ginseng extract containing a high titre of ginsenoside Rg3 (>3.0% w/w) known as Phoenix ginseng) in Swiss albino mice have been evaluated. The oral administration of EFLA400 at 1, 3 and 10 mg/kg body weight at pre, peri and post-initiational phases, showed significant reductions in the number, size and weight of the papillomas. A significant reduction in tumour incidence (71.41 +/- 6.73%, 72.19 +/- 4.54% and 70.46 +/- 0.38% at 1, 3 and 10 mg/kg body weight, respectively) was observed in animals in the EFLA400 treated group compared with 100% tumour incidence in the control group. The cumulative number of papillomas during an observation period of 16 weeks was significantly reduced in the EFLA400 treated group (24 +/- 0.94, 16 +/- 1.41 and 11 +/- 1.41 at 1, 3 and 10 mg/kg body weight, respectively). However, the average latent period was significantly increased from 10.81 +/- 0.1 weeks in the control group to 12.39 +/- 0.28 weeks in the treated group (10 mg/kg body weight). The average tumour weight was recorded as 128.55 +/- 8.48, 116.00 +/- 8.48 and 57.5 +/- 3.29 mg in 1, 3 and 10 mg/kg body weight EFLA400 treated groups respectively. Chromosomal aberrations and micronuclei induction was also evaluated in bone marrow cells. These genotoxicity end-points were compared with papilloma occurrence at the same dose levels of carcinogen and ginseng. In the EFLA400 treated groups significantly reduced frequencies of chromosomal aberrations and micronuclei induced by DMBA and croton oil were observed. However, the maximum decrease in the frequencies of chromosomal aberrations and micronuclei were recorded in the 10 mg/kg body weight EFLA400 treated group than that of the 1 and 3 mg/kg body weight EFLA400 treated animals. The results from the present study suggest the dose dependent effectiveness of EFLA400 in chemoprevention and antimutagenicity in Swiss albino mice.

9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene↗
PubMed2001

Comparisons between white ginseng radix and rootlet for antidiabetic activity and mechanism in KKAy mice.

The mechanisms responsible for the antidiabetic activity of both the white ginseng radix (Ginseng Radix Alba, GRA) and the rootlet (Ginseng Radix Palva, GRP) were investigated. After a four week oral administration, the fasting blood glucose levels in the GRA- and GRP-treated groups were lower when compared to the control group. To elucidate the hypoglycemic mechanism(s) of the ginseng radices, glucose absorption from the small intestine, hepatic hexokinase and glucose-6-phosphatase activities, in addition to PPAR-gamma expression in adipose tissue were examined. The results strongly suggest that GRA can improve hyperglycemia in KKAy mice, possibly by blocking intestinal glucose absorption and inhibiting hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase, and GRP through the upregulation of adipocytic PPAR-y protein expression as well as inhibiting intestinal glucose absorption.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

In vitro anti-cancer activity and structure-activity relationships of natural products isolated from fruits of Panax ginseng.

PURPOSE: Panax ginseng and its extracts have long been used for medical purposes; there is increasing interest in developing ginseng products as cancer preventive or therapeutic agents. The present study was designed to determine biological structure-activity relationships (SAR) for saponins present in Panax ginseng fruits. METHODS: Eleven saponins were extracted from P. ginseng fruits and purified by use of D(101) resin and ordinary and reverse-phase silica gel column chromatography. Their chemical structures were elucidated on the basis of physicochemical constants and NMR spectra. Compounds were then evaluated for SAR with their in vitro cytotoxicity against several human cancer cell lines. RESULTS: The 11 compounds were identified as 20(R)-dammarane-3beta,12beta,20,25-tetrol (25-OH-PPD, 1); 20(R)-dammarane-3beta,6alpha,12beta,20,25-pentol (25-OH-PPT, 2); 20(S)-protopanaxadiol (PPD, 3); daucosterine 4, 20(S)-ginsenoside-Rh(2) (Rh(2), 5); 20(S)-ginsenoside-Rg(3) (Rg(3,) 6); 20(S)-ginsenoside-Rg(2) (Rg(2), 7); 20(S)-ginsenoside-Rg(1) (Rg(1), 8); 20(S)-ginsenoside-Rd (Rd, 9); 20(S)-ginsenoside-Re (Re, 10); and 20(S)-ginsenoside-Rb(1) (Rb(1), 11). Among the eleven compounds, 1, 3 and 5 were the most effective inhibitors of cell growth and proliferation and inducers of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. For 1, the IC(50) values for most cell lines were in the range of 10-60 microM, at least twofold lower than for any of the other compounds. Compounds 1 and 3 had significant, dose-dependent effects on apoptosis, proliferation, and cell cycle progression. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the type of dammarane, the number of sugar moieties, and differences in the substituent groups affect their anti-cancer activity. This information may be useful for evaluating the structure/function relationship of other ginsenosides and their aglycones and for development of novel anticancer agents.

Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic↗
PubMed2006

Methyl jasmonate and salicylic acid elicitation induces ginsenosides accumulation, enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant in suspension culture Panax ginseng roots in bioreactors.

The effects of methyl jasmonate (MJ) and salicylic acid (SA) on changes of the activities of major antioxidant enzymes, superoxide anion accumulation (O2-), ascorbate, total glutathione (TG), malondialdehyde (MDA) content and ginsenoside accumulation were investigated in ginseng roots (Panax ginseng L.) in 4 l (working volume) air lift bioreactors. Single treatment of 200 microM MJ and SA to P. ginseng roots enhanced ginsenoside accumulation compared to the control and harvested 3, 5, 7 and 9 days after treatment. MJ and SA treatment induced an oxidative stress in P. ginseng roots, as shown by an increase in lipid peroxidation due to rise in O2- accumulation. Activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) was inhibited in MJ-treated roots, while the activities of monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), SOD, guaiacol peroxidase (G-POD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione reductase (GR) were induced in SA-treated roots. A strong decrease in the activity of catalase (CAT) was obtained in both MJ- and SA-treated roots. Activities of ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione S transferase (GST) were higher in MJ than SA while the contents of reduced ascorbate (ASC), redox state (ASC/(ASC+DHA)) and TG were higher in SA- than MJ-treated roots while oxidized ascorbate (DHA) decreased in both cases. The result of these analyses suggests that roots are better protected against the O2- stress, thus mitigating MJ and SA stress. The information obtained in this work is useful for efficient large-scale production of ginsenoside by plant-root cultures.

Acetates↗
PubMed2006

Comparative analysis of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) of ginseng leaf.

The expressed sequence tags (ESTs) referenced in this report are the first transcriptomes in a leaf from a half-shade ginseng plant. A cDNA library was constructed from samples of the leaves of 4-year-old Panax ginseng plants, which were cultured in a field. The 2,896 P. ginseng cDNA clones represent 1,576 unique sequences, consisting of 1,167 singletons and 409 contig sequences. BLAST comparisons of the cDNAs in GenBank's non-redundant databases revealed that 2,579 of the 2,896 cDNAs (89.1%) exhibited a high degree of sequence homology to genes from other organisms. The majority of the identified transcripts were found to be genes related with energy, metabolism, subcellular localization, and protein synthesis and transport. The chlorophyll a/b-binding protein ESTs in the ginseng leaf samples manifested a substantially higher level of expression than was observed in other plant leaves. The ESTs involved in ginsenoside biosynthesis were also identified and discussed.

Expressed Sequence Tags↗
PubMed2005

Rescue of Helicobacter pylori-induced cytotoxicity by red ginseng.

Helicobacter pylori has been known to provoke gastric inflammation, ulceration, and DNA damage, based on which WHO defined H. pylori as a class I carcinogen. Although ginseng, the root of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer, has been reported to possess antiadhesion or antimicrobial activity against H. pylori, in this study, we examined the protective effect of red ginseng extracts (RGE) against H. pylori-induced cytotoxicity and DNA damage. RGE significantly attenuated both H. pylori-induced DNA damage assessed by comet assay and apoptosis measured by DNA fragmentation. Inactivation of ERK1/2 signaling and attenuation of caspase-3 activation and PARP cleavage were revealed with RGE against H. pylori infection. RGE decreased H. pylori-stimulated IL-8 gene expression, which resulted from the transcriptional regression of NF-kappaB. In conclusion, RGE showed significant gastroprotective effects against H. pylori-associated gastric mucosal cell damage, suggesting that red ginseng could be used as a medicinal phytonutrient against H. pylori infection.

Apoptosis↗
PubMed1985

Ginseng extract inhibits protein degradation and stimulates protein synthesis in human fibroblasts.

Aqueous extracts of Panax ginseng inhibit intracellular protein degradation in confluent cultures of IMR-90 human diploid fibroblasts. The magnitude of the inhibition is similar to that observed with insulin and polypeptide growth factors. Furthermore, the inhibition of proteolysis by ginseng, like that produced by insulin and growth factors, is selective in that it applies to long-lived proteins but not to short-lived proteins. Ginseng also stimulates protein synthesis in human fibroblasts indicating that components of ginseng extract are capable of acting directly on human cells to promote protein accumulation.

Cell Line↗
PubMed1994

A comparative pharmacological investigation of Ashwagandha and Ginseng.

The aqueous suspensions of roots of an Indian drug Ashwagandha and the Korean drug Ginseng were tested comparatively for 2 pharmacological activities, namely the anti-stress activity by the 'mice swimming endurance test' and anabolic activity by noting gain in body weights and levator ani muscle in rats. A significant increase in mice swimming time was shown by Ginseng (P < 0.001) and Ashwagandha (P < 0.01) as compared to the control group. Significant increase in body weights in the Ashwagandha treated group (P < 0.05) was better than Ginseng (P < 0.5). Gain in wet weights of the levator ani muscle were also significant in Ginseng (P < 0.001) and Ashwagandha (P < 0.01) treated groups, however, the weight gain of dried levator ani muscles showed comparable results for both these drugs (P < 0.01).

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1990

Suppression of avian hepatic cholesterogenesis by dietary ginseng.

The effect of the ginseng root powder on avian hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis and serum lipoprotein cholesterol levels were examined. Lohman strain broiler females were fed for 4 weeks a corn-based diet (control) or an experimental diet in which 0.25% Korean ginseng was incorporated (treatment). B.-hydroxy-B-methylglutaryl-CoA) HMG-CoA reductase activity was significantly lower (P < 0.01) in the treatment group (47% of control activity). Ginseng treatment affected a lowering of the serum total cholesterol level (83% of control, (P < 0.05) and of serum low density lipoprotein cholesterol level (77% of control, P < 0.05). The mechanism of the hypocholesterolemic action of ginseng involves the suppression of cholesterol biosynthesis.

Journal Article↗