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At least 343 records · Page 19Linked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

Hemodynamic analysis of an adult vein of Galen aneurysm malformation by use of 3D image-based computational fluid dynamics.

We applied computational fluid dynamic (CFD) analysis on the numerical grid of a 3D rotational digital subtraction angiogram obtained in a 22-year-old male patient, with an accidentally discovered vein of Galen malformation associated with single feeder aneurysm, to understand the flow pattern through the two aneurysms and improve our general understanding of hemodynamic characteristics of this variety of fusiform aneurysm. This technical note provides a good example of the application of CFD to 3D digital subtraction angiography for studying the flow pattern in patients with cerebrovascular disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Early diagnosis of a vein of Galen aneurysm: report of a case.

Congenital vascular malformation with an aneurysm of the vein of Galen is rarely seen, particularly in the prenatal period. With the advancement of diagnostic techniques such as ultrasonography, we were able to detect a case prenatally and to diagnose it postnatally.

Cerebral Veins↗
PubMed2003

["Euthanasia" operation by Nazis on patients with psychiatric or hereditary diseases, and Bishop von Galen of Münster].

In so-called "euthanasia" operations, Nazis murdered patients with psychiatric or hereditary diseases in large numbers. Psychiatric patients in Germany were sent to six institutions, where they were deprived of their lives in gas chambers. In his sermon delivered on 3rd August, 1941, at St Lambert's Church in Münster, Bishop von Galen of Münster intensely condemned this cruel operation in public. Quoting the fifth commandment, "Thou shall not kill", he said it was sinful to kill innocent people on account of their unproductiveness. By the influence of this brave sermon, Hitler had to order the closure of the institutions, though the "euthanasia" operation itself was secretly continued.

Concentration Camps↗
PubMed2004

Vein of Galen malformations: review.

Vein of Galen malformations are unique congenital malformations of the cerebral vasculature that result in persistence and 'aneurysmal' dilatation of the venous structures. The varied clinical presentations and their distinctive and complex angioarchitecture make it important for the caring physician to understand their embryological and pathophysiological aspects. Management of these lesions--both in the neonatal period and at the time of definitive intervention, is challenging. Considering the rarity of these lesions, there are very few studies that have been able to compare the results of different techniques in the management. Continuing developments in the diagnostic as well as interventional aspects during the last two decades have radically changed the management of these lesions. Antenatal diagnosis and referral to a center with facilities for advanced neonatal cardiac care as well as for interventional neuroradiological therapy can go a long way in improving the prognosis in these children.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Ultrasound diagnosis of aneurysm of the vein of Galen in children].

Aneurysm of the vein of Galen is rare and complex vascular disorder that develops during embriogenesis and provokes significant haemodynamic changes. Boys are more frequently involved. During the foetal period Ballantyne syndrome may develop, and postnatal clinical presentation vary with ages. Serious haemodynamic changes are followed by congestive heart failure and, if not treated, with lethal exitus. Fast and correct diagnosis is very important. Ultrasound examination of central nervous system supported with Duplex-Doppler and Colour-Doppler examination of the head and heart enables the diagnosis. This text comments ultrasound presentation of the malformation and ultrasound diagnostic possibilities.

Arteriovenous Fistula↗
PubMed1992

Complications of ventriculoperitoneal shunt procedures or hydrocephalus associated with vein of Galen malformations in childhood.

Twenty children with vein of Galen malformations and hydrocephalus required a ventriculoperitoneal shunt. Shunt placement was associated with a 70% incidence of complications that included status epilepticus in 3 patients, intraventricular hemorrhage in 7 patients, and subdural hematoma or hygroma in 5 patients. Based upon this experience, the authors recommend the use of preoperative prophylactic anticonvulsants and the placement of medium pressure frontal ventriculoperitoneal shunts. This report will address the overall experience with and the basis on which these therapeutic recommendations were made.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Vein of Galen arteriovenous malformations and neonatal convulsions].

INTRODUCTION: Vein of Galen arteriovenous malformation (VGAM) appears during the embryonic period and gives rise to a complex network of arterial and venous vessels that generates a blood shift, from the brain parenchyma towards the malformation, with haemodynamic repercussions. Heart failure is the most frequent presenting symptom during the neonatal period, yet, convulsions or other neurological signs have occasionally been reported in this stage of life. CASE REPORT: A term infant with symptoms of heart failure and convulsions that began during the first 12 hours of life. CAT and magnetic resonance angiography scans revealed a vascular malformation and areas of cerebral ischaemia. CONCLUSIONS: In the case of our patient, detecting areas of ischaemia in the cerebral hemispheres suggested that the damage could be caused by a "steal" syndrome leading the blood flow away from these areas towards the malformation. This situation can occur either before or after birth and the self-limiting nature of the seizures in cerebral infarcts could lead to them going noticed because they take place inside the uterus or when the patient is not being observed directly by his or her health care providers. We suspect that the convulsions in newborn infants with this malformation may well be more frequent than is currently believed.

Bradycardia↗
PubMed2005

[Galen from Pergamon (130-200)--views in ophthalmology. Part II--anatomic description of the eye].

The article presents Galen's views on the anatomy of the eye. He believed that the eye was composed of membranes and fluids. He distinguished the following membranes of the eye: the cornea, the sclera, the choroid, the capsula of the lens and the retina, as well as the structure covering the muscles of the eye and joining the individual elements of the eye with the orbital cavity and the skull (i.e. the bulbar conjunctiva and Tenon's capsula). The following were considered as fluid substances of the eye: egg-shaped fluid (i.e. albuminous fluid), crystal fluid (i.e. the lens) and vitreous fluid. The article also outlines his theory of vision. It assumes the existence of a specific life force called pneuma which is under a considerable influence of the soul and which reaches the eye from the brain through small channels in the optic nerve. Due to this element the eye was supposed to have the vision ability located in the lens which was the most important part of the eye receiving the vision sensations.

Anatomy↗
PubMed2005

GALEN Based Formal Representation of ICD10.

The authors present a formal representation of ICD10 based on GALEN CRM. The goal of the work is to create a coding support tool for coding clinical diagnoses to ICD10. The formal representation of the first two chapters of ICD10 has been almost completed. The paper presents the main aspects of the modelling, and the experienced problems. The constructed ontology has been converted to OWL, and a test system has been implemented in Prolog to verify the feasibility of the approach. The system successfully identified diseases in medical records from gastrointestinal oncology. The classifier module is still under development.

Clinical Coding↗
PubMed2005

Integrating the Modelling of EN 1828 and Galen CCAM Ontologies with Protégé: towards a Knowledge Acquisition Tool for Surgical Procedures.

The presentation assess the usability of the ontology platform protégé integrated with the terminology reasoning tool RACER to represent different terminology systems as the CEN European standard EN 1828 which is a categorical structure and the extensive French coding system CCAM supported by a GALEN representation. We present the 2 systems and some results showing the easiness to test the consistence of the ontology or of instances of terminology systems.This type of software tool which is accessible as open source could support a convergent "reference terminology representation" approach. Based on a formal representation development and allowing diversity in linguistic expressiveness of end users this approach can associate shared knowledge acquisition in the public domain and competing systems, software developers and researchers.

Humans↗
PubMed2005

Proatlantal intersegmental arteries of external carotid artery origin associated with Galen's vein malformation.

Carotid basilar anastomoses can occasionally persist beyond the embryonic period. These anomalies are most often incidentally detected in adulthood, during workups for unrelated pathologies. Persistence of the proatlantal intersegmental arteries is a rare form of primitive carotid-basilar anastomoses. Bilateral proatlantal inter- segmental arteries are an extremely rare occurrence, of which only 3 cases have been reported in the literature. An analysis of vascular anomalies associated with Galen's vein malformations revealed 3 children in whom persistence of type II proatlantal arteries was seen. These included one child in whom proatlantal arteries were persistent bilaterally. We report the clinical and angiographic findings and discuss the embryologic and therapeutic implications of this unique association.

Carotid Artery, External↗
PubMed2004

[Medical teaching in Galen: why does he report clinical cases?].

The article explains why Galen uses the exposition of clinical cases as a didactic tool in his anatomical demonstrations, in his physiological experiences, in his therapeutical choices, in prognosis, in reporting the errors of his colleagues.

Education, Medical↗
PubMed2005

Persistent pulmonary hypertension in a neonate with vein of Galen arteriovenous malformation.

Vein of Galen aneurysmal malformation (VGAM) often leads to death in the neonatal period, mainly due to congestive heart failure. Chronic and excessive pulmonary flow in utero and postnatally is attributed to large VGAM and right ventricular overload. We report a male neonate with VGAM complicated by severe heart failure and persistent pulmonary hypertension. Endovascular coil embolization of VGAM was performed, resulting in improvement of congestive heart failure; however, severe persistent pulmonary hypertension led to death 2 days after the embolization. Postmortem examination showed marked right and left ventricular hypertrophy and impressive muscular thickening of intra-alveolar arterioles. Neonatal embolization seems to be beneficial only in babies without suprasystemic pulmonary hypertension. Therefore, early delivery and repair of VGAM should be considered before the onset of persistent pulmonary hypertension.

Humans↗
PubMed2005

Galen's commentary on Hippocrates' De humoribus.

This paper deals with the fragments of the Galenic commentary on Hippocrates' De humoribus preserved in Oribasius, Rhazes, Maimonides, their philological history and a comparison of some passages.

History, Ancient↗
PubMed2005

"You can't make a monkey out of us": Galen and genetics versus Darwin.

The views on the biological relationship between human and ape are polarized. One end is summarized by the axiom that "man is the third chimpanzee", a thesis put forward in an indirect way initially by Charles Darwin in the 19th century. The other is a very modern concept that although similar, the human and ape genomes are distinctly different. We have compared these two views on the subject with the stance of the ancient medical writer Galen. There is a striking resemblance between current and ancient opinion on three key issues. Firstly, on the fact that man and apes are similar but not identical. Secondly, on the influence of such debates on fields much wider than biology. And finally, on the comparative usefulness of apes as a substitute for human anatomy and physiology studies.

Animal Experimentation↗
PubMed1978

Spectrophotometric determination of strychnine and brucine in liquid galenicals.

A rapid method is presented for determining strychnine and brucine in liquid galenicals. At pH 5.0, both strychnine and brucine are complexed with methyl orange. After treatment with 0.1N NaOH, the liberated alkaloids are determined spectrophotometrically, using the 2-wavelength method of analysis. The method has been successfully applied to the analysis of 4 batches of nux vomica tincture, nux vomica acid, and nux vomica alkaline mixtures. The method has a relative standard deviation of 0.52%.

Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet↗