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PubMed1982

Fluoride deposited by topical applications with stannous fluoride in human enamel.

The aim of this study was to quantify the fluoridating effect of a 4% aqueous solution of SnF2 applied for 5 min. and 30 min. resp., and to measure the amounts of KOH soluble fluoride and acquired fluoride separately (APF gel data being included for comparison). Blocks of intact enamel were treated with the topical agents and subsequently exposed to 1 M KOH solutions for 24 h. No significant amount of fluoride was dissolved from control specimens by this treatment. Subsequently, the acquired F in the enamel was determined by the acid etch technique. The amount of fluoride in the KOH solutions after 5 and 30 min. SnF2 application are comparable : 6.2 and 7.4 micrograms . cm(-2) resp. A single topical treatment of SnF2 of 5 and 30 min. did not produce a significant enrichment of fluoride in the enamel. The considerable accumulation of fluoride reaction products on the outer enamel surface was only 1/3 of the amount deposited by APF gels.

Acidulated Phosphate Fluoride↗
PubMed2004

Combinations of topical fluoride (toothpastes, mouthrinses, gels, varnishes) versus single topical fluoride for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents.

BACKGROUND: Topical fluoride therapy (TFT) in the form of toothpastes, mouthrinses, varnishes and gels are effective caries preventive measures. However, there is uncertainty about the relative value of these interventions when used together. OBJECTIVES: To compare the effectiveness of two TFT modalities combined with one of them alone (mainly toothpaste) when used for the prevention of dental caries in children. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Oral Health Group's Trials Register (May 2000), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library Issue 2, 2000), MEDLINE (1966 to January 2000), plus several other databases. We handsearched journals, reference lists of articles and contacted selected authors and manufacturers. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomized or quasi-randomized controlled trials with blind outcome assessment, comparing fluoride varnish, gel, mouthrinse, or toothpaste in combination with each other in children up to 16 years during at least 1 year. The main outcome was caries increment measured by the change in decayed, missing and filled tooth surfaces (D(M)FS). DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Inclusion decisions, quality assessment and data extraction were duplicated in a random sample of one third of studies, and consensus achieved by discussion or a third party. Authors were contacted for missing data. The primary measure of effect was the prevented fraction (PF) that is the difference in mean caries increments between the 'treatment' and 'control' groups expressed as a percentage of the mean increment in the control group. Random effects meta-analyses were performed where data could be pooled. MAIN RESULTS: Eleven of the 12 included studies contributed data for the meta-analyses. For the nine trials that provided data for the main meta-analysis on the effect of fluoride mouthrinses, gels or varnishes used in combination with toothpaste (involving 4026 children) the D(M)FS pooled PF was 10% (95% CI, 2% to 17%; p = 0.01) in favour of the combined regimens. Heterogeneity was not substantial in these results (I square = 32%). The separate meta-analyses of fluoride gel or mouthrinse combined with toothpaste versus toothpaste alone favour the combined regimens, but differences were not statistically significant; the significant difference in favour of the combined use of fluoride varnish and toothpaste accrues from a very small trial and appears likely to be a spurious result. Not all other combinations of possible practical value were tested in the included studies. The only other statistically significant result was in favour of the combined use of fluoride gel and mouthrinse in comparison to gel alone (pooled DMFS PF 23%; 95% CI, 4% to 43%; p = 0.02), based on two trials. No other combinations of TFT were consistently superior to a single TFT. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: Topical fluorides (mouthrinses, gels, or varnishes) used in addition to fluoride toothpaste achieve a modest reduction in caries compared to toothpaste used alone. No conclusions about any adverse effects could be reached, because data were scarcely reported in the trials.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Fluoride release from aged resin composites containing fluoridated glass filler.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the fluoride release from aged resin composites containing different types of fluoridated glass filler into both deionized distilled water and lactic acid solution. METHODS: Three resin composites, UniFil S (containing fluoro-alumino-silicate glass filler), Reactmer (containing pre-reacted glass-ionomer filler) and Beautifil (containing both types of fillers) were used. A conventional glass-ionomer cement, Ketac-Fil, was used as a control. Five disk specimens of each material were prepared and aged in water for 10 weeks. After aging, specimens were immersed in deionized distilled water for a further 6 days and then in aqueous lactic acid (pH 4.0) for 2 days. This process was repeated twice more and the specimens were subsequently immersed in water for a further 12 days. Fluoride release was measured every 2 days throughout the post-aging period. RESULTS: The amount of fluoride release for aged UniFil S and Beautifil markedly increased in acid solution compared with water storage. The difference was not so great for aged Reactmer and Ketac-Fil. UniFil S and Beautifil gave significantly greater fluoride release in water following immersion in acid solution (p<0.05, two-way ANOVA and Scheffe's test), but Reactmer and Ketac-Fil showed no such increase in fluoride release after acid immersion. SIGNIFICANCE: These results suggested that the nature of the fluoridated glass filler within a resin composite and the way in which the material interacts with an acidic environment affected the amount of fluoride released.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2001

The effect of fluoridated and non-fluoridated rewetting agents on in vitro recurrent caries.

OBJECTIVE: This study examined the in vitro caries inhibiting potential of fluoridated and non-fluoridated rewetting agents that are applied to acid-etched enamel and dentine before the use of a water-free, dentine adhesive. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twelve caries-free premolars were divided into three groups of four teeth each. 2 x 3 x 1.5 mm cavities were prepared on the mesial and distal surfaces of each tooth, with half of the cavosurface margin in enamel and half in root dentine. In Group I (control), One-Step (Bisco, Schaumburg, USA) was applied without etching or rewetting agents. In Group II, cavities were acid-etched, rinsed, dried, and rewetted with Aqua-Prep (Bisco), a non-fluoridated rewetting agent, and then bonded with One-Step. Treatment for Group III was similar to Group II, except that Aqua-Prep F (Bisco), a fluoridated rewetting agent was used. Bonded cavities were restored with a non-fluoride-containing flowable composite (AEliteFlo, Bisco). Artificial carious lesions were induced in these specimens, from which multiple 100+/-20 microm thick longitudinal sections were prepared, yielding 16 specimens per group for evaluation with polarised light microscopy (PLM) and microradiography (MRG). Representative sections were processed for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) examination and scanning transmission electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray (STEM/EDX) analyses. RESULTS: The differences in demineralisation of dentine among the groups were not statistically significant for 'relative' lesion depth (p > 0.05, ANOVA, Student-Neuman-Keuls test), but highly significant for 'relative' lesion area (p < 0.001). Wall lesions were consistently present in Group I, while inhibition zones were invariably observed in Group III. 87.5% of Group II specimens exhibited neither wall lesion nor inhibition zone. TEM showed that remnant dentine apatite crystallites within the inhibition zones in Group III were larger and denser than those present within the corresponding wall lesions. STEM/EDX analyses confirmed the presence of calcium, phosphorus and fluorine in these plate-like crystallites. CONCLUSION: When used with a water-free, single-bottle dentine adhesive, a non-fluoridated rewetting agent is able to reduce, but cannot completely prevent recurrent caries. The use of a fluoridated rewetting agent is useful under the situation when microleakage occurs, by providing the additional benefit of fluoride-induced demineralisation inhibition.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1995

Fluoridation in Anglesey 1993: a clinical study of dental caries in 5-year-old children who had experienced sub-optimal fluoridation.

Several studies since the commencement of fluoridation in 1955 have demonstrated over 50% reduction in mean dmft for 5-year-old Anglesey children in comparison with local control groups. From 1987 fluoridation became intermittent and in 1991 it was terminated. In the present study, carried out in 1993, the total number of children examined was 725 (88.4% of the entire population of 5-year-old school children), of whom 498 had continually resided in specific water distribution zones. The mean dmft for the entire number examined was 2.01 (SD = 3.27). For those who had experienced fluoridation during approximately 35% of their lives (n = 230) it was 1.81 (SD = 2.86) and for those who had experienced fluoridation for less than 10% of their lives (n = 268) it was 2.28 (SD = 3.48). In 1987/88, the last year of optimal fluoridation, the mean dmft of Anglesey 5-year-old children was 0.80 (SD = 1.43) and for those resident on the non-fluoridated Gwynedd mainland it was 2.26 (SD = 3.17). The study demonstrates the serious consequences for dental health when fluoridation is withdrawn and how difficult it will be to reach dental health targets in North Wales without fluoridation.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed2006

Inhibition of mineral loss at the enamel/sealant interface of fissures sealed with fluoride- and non-fluoride containing dental materials in vitro.

OBJECTIVE: In this in vitro study we evaluated the enamel mineral loss effect of fluoride-containing and non-fluoride-containing materials at different distances from the sealant margin, and verified the fluoride-releasing capability of these materials. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Extracted molars were randomly assigned into nine groups (n = 12): Concise (C), FluroShield (F), Helioseal Clear Chroma (H), Vitremer (V), Fuji II-LC (FII), Ketac Molar (KM), Fuji IX (FIX), Single Bond (SB), and Clearfil Protect Bond (CF). All groups were subjected to thermo and pH cycling. Enamel mineral loss was evaluated by cross-section micro-hardness analysis at distances: -100 microm, 0 microm, 100 microm, 200 microm. The mineral loss data were analyzed using a multi-factor ANOVA with split-plot design, and fluoride-released data were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey tests. RESULTS: FIX demonstrated a lower mineral loss than C, F, and H, but did not differ from the SB, CF, V, FII, and KM groups, which also demonstrated no difference among them. C, F, H, and V presented the highest mineral loss, with no difference among them. V did not differ from the other groups (p > 0.05). Regarding the different distances from the sealant margin, -100 microm presented the lowest mineral loss. FIX showed the highest fluoride release on the 7th and 14th days of evaluation, while CF showed high fluoride release only on the 7th day. CONCLUSION: Resin sealant did not prevent enamel mineral loss, contrary to glass-ionomer cement, which showed the highest capacity for fluoride release. It is not exclusively the presence of fluoride in a material's composition that indicates its capability to interfere with the development of enamel caries-like lesions.

Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate↗
PubMed1981

Fluoride release from a fluoride-containing amalgam, a glass ionomer cement and a silicate cement in artificial saliva.

This study aimed to compare the fluoride release from a fluoride-containing amalgam, a silicate cement and a glass ionomer cement in artificial saliva. After storing specimens in an artificial saliva for 7 weeks, the fluoride content in the solvent was measured by a spectrophotometric method. The fluoride release from silicate cement was about 5 times greater than from glass ionomer cement, which again showed a release 4 times greater than the fluoride-containing amalgam. The fluoride release relative to fluoride content in test specimens was greater from fluoride-containing amalgam and silicate cement than from glass ionomer cement.

Chemical Phenomena↗
PubMed1976

A comparison between the release of fluoride from sodium fluoride lozenges and bone meal tablets.

The release of fluoride from a fluoride-containing bone meal tablet and a chewable sodium fluoride lozenge to 0.5 M perchloric acid, deionized water, and saliva was compared. In acid, all the fluoride was released from the bone meal tablet (0.25 mg F), while there was a poor release in water and saliva (2-10 %). The release from the sodium fluoride lozenge (0.25 mg F) was essentially complete in water and saliva as well as in acid. Following sucking and chewing on a sodium fluoride lozenge, the mean salivary fluoride concentration increased from 0.04 to 36 parts/10(6) 5 min after intake. Concentrations exceeding the preintake level were still recorded after 20 min. With the bone meal tablet, only a slight increase (to 0.2 parts/10(6)) in the salivary fluoride level was obtained.

Calcium Phosphates↗
PubMed1980

Reduced fluoride sensitivity of liver cells from rats chronically exposed to fluoride.

The fluoride sensitivity, determined as effect on protein synthesis (incorporation of 14C-leucine), of liver and kidney cells in suspension culture was exposed. The cells were freshly prepared by collagenase perfusion from rats given drinking water with or without addition of 100 p.p.m. (5.26 mM) fluoride for 9-28 weeks. The fluoride sensitivity of the liver cells from rats given fluoride sensitivity of the kidney cells from fluoride exposed and control rats appeared similar. Fluoride resistance (i.e. decreased sensitivity) may thus develop also in cells in vivo. When exposed to 3 mM NaF for 1 hour the intracellular concentration of fluoride in liver cells from fluoride exposed and controls animals were similar.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Secondary caries in situ around fluoride-releasing light-curing composites: a quantitative model investigation on four materials with a fluoride content between 0 and 26 vol%.

In the literature, secondary caries around composite restorations is reported often. Fluoridated composites are therefore interesting materials because they might reduce or inhibit secondary caries. In this article an in situ model investigation is presented in which the effect of F-releasing composites on enamel demineralisation around an artificial gap of 200 microns width was quantified after 1 month. The fluoride content of the composites varied between 0 and 26 vol%. The beneficial effect of the fluoride released was larger in the gap than at the outer enamel surface. In the gap, all fluoridated composites reduced the enamel demineralisation statistically significantly with respect to the non-fluoridated control. Microradiography showed a reduction of lesion depth values of 27-45%, and a reduction of mineral loss values of 25-56%. At the outer enamel surface next to the artificial gap, a beneficial fluoridation effect was measurable only near the most fluoridated composite. The results indicate that fluoridated composites may play a role in the future prevention of secondary caries.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed1994

An ex vivo investigation into the release of fluoride from fluoride-containing orthodontic bonding composites.

This study was concerned with an evaluation of fluoride release from commercially available orthodontic bonding composite resins, known as Reliance and Mirage Dual Cure, which are claimed to release ionic fluoride. Forty-eight premolar teeth had brackets bonded with four different composite resins--Mirage Dual Cure, Reliance, Right-on and Heliosit. They were then immersed in a demineralizing solution. The amount of fluoride released from the composites into the solution was measured. The results indicated that Mirage Dual Cure released statistically significant amounts of fluoride over the first 2 days. A similar pattern was noted with Reliance albeit releasing a lesser amount. From the third day onwards, fluoride release levelled out to concentrations similar to those of the two control materials, Right-on and Heliosit (i.e. 0.09 ppm). Fluoride-releasing composite resins, therefore, failed to demonstrate any potential long-term fluoride release within the ex vivo model. Even in the short term, the amount of fluoride released was very small.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2003

Fluoride release by restorative materials before and after a topical application of fluoride gel.

The release of fluoride from restorative materials (Vitremer, Ketac-Fil, Fuji II LC and Freedom) was evaluated during two 15-day periods, before and after a topical application of acidulated phosphate fluoride gel (APF). For each material, 6 specimens were made, which were immersed in 2 ml of deionized water. The fluoride concentration dosages in the solutions were read at intervals of 24 hours for 15 days. After this period, the specimens of each material received treatment with APF gel for 4 minutes and the fluoride released was analyzed at 24-hour intervals during the following 15 days. The analysis of variance and the Tukey test (p < 0.05) showed that the total mean fluoride released during the initial 15 days was greater for Vitremer and Ketac-Fil and lower for Fuji II LC and Freedom; and in the final 15 days there was a difference in release readings, with the greatest value for Vitremer, followed by Fuji II LC, Ketac-Fil and Freedom. The comparison of the results between the 1st day and the 16th day (after gel application) showed a greater fluoride release on the 16th day for Vitremer, Fuji II LC and Freedom and was equal for Ketac-Fil. Although all the materials evaluated gained fluoride with the application of APF, the data suggest that the resin-modified ionomers are more efficient in releasing fluoride to the medium than the other materials.

Acidulated Phosphate Fluoride↗
PubMed2006

Fluoride kinetics in saliva after the use of a fluoride-containing chewing gum.

There is a relationship between the use of fluoride, the reduction of dental caries and the increase of dental fluorosis. The purpose of this study was to analyze the fluoride kinetics in saliva after using the Happydent chewing gum, which contains 3.38 mg of fluoride as monofluorophosphate. Fifteen 7-9-year-old volunteers were instructed to chew the gum Trident (control) and Happydent on different days. Total saliva was collected for 3 minutes, at 0, 3, 6, 9, 15, 30 and 45 minutes after starting chewing. Salivary fluoride was analyzed with a fluoride-specific electrode (Orion 96-09) after acid hydrolysis. The data were analyzed by two-way analysis of variance and by Tukeys post hoc test (p < 0.05). The mean amounts +/- sd (mg) of fluoride released in saliva were 0.276 +/- 0.126 and 0.024 +/- 0.014 for Happydent and Trident respectively. The fluoride amount in the saliva samples after the use of Happydent was significantly higher than after the use of Trident in all experimental periods, except after 30 and 45 minutes. The high fluoride presence in saliva after the use of Happydent may be significant to prevent dental caries and this should be evaluated in clinical researches. On the other hand, children at an age of risk for dental fluorosis should avoid the use of Happydent.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1980

Fluoride uptake in enamel and dentin surfaces exposed to a fluoride-containing amalgam in vitro. a proton microprobe analysis.

Proton microprobe analysis was used to determine the fluoride concentrations in enamel and dentin surfaces exposed to a fluoride-containing and a conventional amalgam in vitro. After seven weeks of exposure, a considerable fluoride uptake was demonstrated from the fluoride-containing amalgam. The fluoride deposition was greater in the dentin than in the enamel. The greatest fluoride concentrations in enamel surfaces, about 4000 ppm, were found in the outer 0.05 micrometers of the tissue. In the dentin the greatest concentrations, about 9000 ppm, were found at a depth of 11.5 micrometers. This study demonstrates the ability of the fluoride-containing amalgam to deposit fluoride into dental hard tissues.

Dental Amalgam↗
PubMed2003

Relationship between the fluoride concentration of the fluoride-releasing elastomers and the acquired acid resistance of human enamel in vitro.

The objective of the study was to evaluate the relationship between the fluoride concentration of the fluoride-releasing elastomers and the acquired acid resistance of human enamel. Four kinds of fluoride concentration of the experimental fluoride-releasing elastomers were 1.25, 2.5, 3.75 and 5.0 wt%. An enamel block was cut into two smaller enamel blocks, one of which was set with an elastomer, the other as a control not set with elastomer. A plastic block that had the same shape as the small enamel block was also set with elastomer. Fluoride release and acid resistance tests were carried out. The mineral loss of the demineralized enamel was measured by microradiography. The results showed that the fluoride-releasing ability significantly increased with the increase of fluoride concentration in the elastomer (p < 0.05). The acid resistance of the enamel appeared to be enhanced greatly, however, its change was not proportional to the fluoride concentration in the elastomers.

Absorption↗
PubMed2006

Effect of curing method and storage condition on fluoride ion release from a fluoride-releasing resin cement.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate fluoride ion release from a resin-modified glass ionomer cement (Fuji IILC improved, FLC) and a fluoridated resin cement (Panavia F, PF) following different curing methods and storage conditions. The specimens, which were either light-cured (LC) or chemical-cured (CC), were stored in either distilled water (DW) or demineralizing solution (DS; pH 4.5) for 1, 3, 7, 15, 30, 60, and 90 days. Fluoride ion release was measured using a fluoride ion-specific electrode. Data (n = 5) were statistically analyzed using one- and three-way ANOVA (p = 0.05). A "burst effect" was observed in the first week from both materials. However, fluoride ion release from FLC was seven times higher than that from PF. Storage in demineralizing solution accelerated the amount of fluoride release from both materials. In addition, LC yielded a lower amount of fluoride ion release from both materials, as compared to CC. It was concluded that both curing mode and storage medium influenced the amount of fluoride release from the tested materials.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1976

[Fluoride levels in plasma and femur after single and multiple administration of fluoride in the rat].

In 12- and 22-week old rats the fluoride levels in plasma and in the femur were studied over a period of 24 hours. Without fluoride administration, the normal fluoride concentration was 0.01 to 0.03 ppm in plasma and an average 50 ppm in the femur. Peak values were observed in the plasma 20 to 40 minutes after fluoride intake, with the peak levels being the same irrespective of the age of the animals and the duration of fluoride administration. A quick and obvious fluoride retention in the femur was registered in young animals. Fluoride elimination from the plasma is influenced by the age of the animals and the previous fluoride load.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2005

Fluoride intake and fractional urinary fluoride excretion of Colombian preschool children.

AIMS: The purpose of this study was to assess the total fluoride intake and the fractional urinary fluoride excretion (FUFE) relative to the customary daily fluoride (F) ingestion in preschool children between 48-59 months of age. DESIGN: Total fluoride ingestion, from dietary and toothpaste samples was determined in 120 young children, dwellers of four Colombian cities. A "duplicate plate" technique was used. In Colombia, table salt is fluoridated to a concentration of between 180-220 mg F/kg. Individual (n=96) FUFE values were calculated as the ratio between the total amount of F excreted in the urine and the total amount of F ingested, over a 24-hour period. RESULTS: The average daily F-intake was 0.098 mg F/kg/day; 95% C.I. = 0.085-0.111 mg F/kg/day. The proportion of fluoride ingestion from toothpaste to the total fluoride intake was higher than 66% in all cities. The average FUFE values of subjects from each of the four Colombian cities under study did not differ significantly (ANOVA; p >0.91). The average 24-hour FUFE value for preschool children was 0.33; 95% C.I. = 0.29-0.37. CONCLUSIONS: The results obtained suggest that preschool children residing in Colombian urban areas are ingesting amounts of fluoride above the upper limit of the proposed safe threshold. FUFE values are similar to those reported in previous studies where daily F-doses were equal or higher than 0.064 mg F/kg.

Beverages↗