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PubMed1990

[Hypersensitivity in patients with Hebra's prurigo caused by flea bite].

The authors present a study of hypersensitivity of patients with Hebra's prurigo (HP) to feleabites. Thirty six patients were studied. With the results obtained the following conclusions are held: 1. Among the probable responsible factors found in the history of patients with HP, the flea bite is the principal factor. 2. Almost all the patients with HP who were studied show hypersensitivity to flea bites. 3. With the flea bites on the patients with HP, one can observe the clinical and histopathology similarity of both the experimental and elementary lesions of the disease. 4. It was possible to show humoral antibodies in the serum of the patients with HP immunodiffusion technique to the 1:40 flea extract.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Effects of sedation on intradermal skin testing in flea-allergic dogs.

Effects of 4 commonly used sedatives on the wheal-and-flare response to histamine and flea antigen were evaluated in 8 flea-allergic Beagles. Skin testing was performed in 12 separate occasions, 3 to 4 days apart. Twelve intradermal injections were given during each skin test: 5 doubling dilutions of histamine phosphate, 6 doubling dilutions of flea antigen, and a phosphate-buffered saline solution (negative control). Of the 12 intradermal skin tests, 8 were control tests performed on nonsedated dogs. The remaining 4 tests were performed on dogs sedated with xylazine, ketamine and valium combination, acepromazine, or oxymorphone. Oxymorphone had the most profound effect on skin test results, significantly (P less than 0.05) decreasing skin responsiveness in 8 of 11 test sites (by objective evaluation) and in 5 of 11 test sites (by subjective evaluation). Xylazine sedation enhanced skin test results in 4 of 11 test sites (by objective evaluation) and in 1 of 11 test sites (by subjective evaluation). In non instance did xylazine significantly decrease skin responsiveness to histamine or flea antigen. Xylazine is the recommended sedative in dogs when sedation is necessary for intradermal skin testing.

Acepromazine↗
PubMed1988

A model of myxomatosis based on hormonal control of rabbit-flea reproduction.

A two-dimensional first-order nonlinear system of ordinary differential equations with constant coefficients is constructed to model the rabbit/flea dynamics of the European rabbit viral disease known as myxomatosis. It is proved that infected fleas induce stable oscillations of small amplitude for a range of coefficient values when the Rothschild coupling coefficient r, which models biochemical control of flea reproduction by the rabbit, attains a critical (Hopf) value rO. These oscillations may lead to rapid local extinction of rabbits depending on the virulence gamma 2 of myxoma. The coefficient gamma 1 = r gamma 2 measures the effect on the fleas. Since the four determining coefficients may change over evolutionary time-scales, the mathematical results together with a natural selection argument proves that virulence gamma 2 attenuates. This has been observed both in Australia and in Great Britain. However, the rabbit flea Spilopsyllus cuniculi is not an effective vector for myxoma in Australia, but is the principal vector in Britain, as verified by R. Muirhead-Thomson at the suggestion of M. Rothschild. This preliminary model assumes density-independent rabbit reproductivity pR, but the qualitative results hold for a wider class of density-dependent models. Yet, the former condition is basic for the technique of parameter reduction used to simplify statistical estimation of the more general density-dependent model.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

A flea-borne outbreak of dermatitis.

In April 1986, an outbreak of pruritic rash occurred among workers in a warehouse in Jurong and affected 18 out of the 46 workers within one week. The rash was papular and distributed mainly over the thighs, abdomen and the upper limbs. Epidemiological investigations were carried out to determine the cause of the outbreak and the mode of transmission. As the warehouse was colonised by a local species of wild birds (Mynahs) and badly littered with bird-droppings during the outbreak period, samples of bird excreta and feathers were sent for identification of tick, mite, flea and other ectoparasites. The aetiology of the outbreak was confirmed when a flea caught from the body of one of the affected workers was identified as Ceratophyllus gallinae (Schrank), a bird-flea. Furthermore, when the bird-droppings were cleaned up and the premises fogged with insecticide and made bird-proof, no further case of dermatitis was reported. This is the first documented report of a bird-flea causing an outbreak of dermatitis in Singapore.

Adult↗
PubMed1971

The effect of flea control on Yersinia (Pasteurella) pestis antibody rates in the California vole, Microtus californicus, and its epizootiological implications.

The effects of flea control on the prevalence of (Pasteurella) pestis antibody rates in the California vole, Microtus californicus, were studied in San Mateo County, California, USA. In this area, which had shown antibody prevalence rates of 50% or more during epizootics in previous years, continuous flea control measures reduced the antibody rate to virtually zero and held it at that level for 12 months, although a nearby area showed an incidence of 40-80% seropositive voles for 5 months during the same period. The striking correlation between the reduction of the flea population and the decline of Y. pestis antibody rates suggests that in the area studied there is no evidence that soil, or any factor other than the flea vector, was the agent of transmission of the infective agent in wild rodents.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Characteristics of the interspecies relationship of flea images based on 5 species (Siphonaptera) infesting meridian gerbils].

Many years of observations (1966-1981) in the southern part of Volga-Ural sands prove interspecific interactions between five species of fleas, specific parasites of Meriones meridianus, following the Gause's principle. The major mechanism for avoiding interspecific competition for the host is a temporal separation of the five species of fleas. During every season of the year, independent of the exchange of one species of fleas by others, their number on the infested host is maintained on the stable level which is regulated by overdispersion of fleas in the host population.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Paradoxopsyllus scorodumovi (Aphaniptera) flea, an effective vector of plague in a Gorno-Altai natural focus].

A study was conducted on the fleas of P. scorodumovi and five local strains of the plague microbe, one of which is typical of the strains of the Altai subspecies and four are non-typical of this nidus. The fleas of this species are capable to transmit not only the plague agent of the strains typical of this nidus but also non-typical ones which differ in some biological properties and are avirulent for most carriers but Pallas's pika. Biological peculiarities of fleas of P. scorodumovi in addition to their high efficiency as vectors of the plague microbe enable us to associate the more active autumn epizooty with fleas of this species.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Failure of brewer's yeast as a repellent to fleas on dogs.

Active and inactive brewer's yeast, when given as a dietary supplement to dogs at the rate of 14 g/day, failed to repel or kill fleas. Twenty dogs in each of 3 groups were inoculated weekly for 7 weeks with 100 unfed cat fleas (Ctenocephalides felis). One group served as a control while one group received inactive and the other active yeast during the last 5 weeks of the trial. There were no significant differences in flea counts among the 3 groups during the first 4 weeks of yeast supplemental feedings. Total flea counts during the 5th week of yeast supplementation did not differ significantly from the counts on control dogs, although there was a significant difference between counts from dogs receiving active and those receiving inactive yeast.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Fleas (Siphonaptera) of the Taimyr Peninsula].

10 species of fleas are reported from the Taimyr peninsula, of which Ceratophyllus penicilliger, C. calcarifer, C. rectangulatus, C. advenarius, Amphipsylla sibirica, Doratopsylla birulai, Catallagia dacencoi are associated with wild small mammals. Their populations are not abundant, their northern border of distribution passes along the division line of tundra and forest--tundra and they do not occur in tundra. The flea C. garei is brought to tundra by migrating birds from more southern regions; the flea M. arctica occurs in great numbers in nests of Rissa trydactila L. C. fasciatus, the flea of synanthrops, is very abundant on house mice in one other northern settlements.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

[Chemoreceptor organs of the antennae and maxillary palps of fleas (Siphonaptera)].

Ultrastructure of chemoreceptor sensillae on antennae and maxillary palps of fleas of Ceratophyllus sciurorum is described. On antennae of fleas are the following types of sensillae: trichoid cuspidate and obtusate, fungoid, basiconical sensillae in olfactory fossae and on the surface of antennae. On maxillary palps there are trichoid cuspidate, basiconical and campaniform sensillae. A comparison was made of the composition and number of chemo- and mechanoreceptor sensillae in 14 species of fleas differing in the type of parasitism. It has been established that "nest" fleas have the greatest number of sensillae.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Susceptibility to DDT, malathion, fenitrothion and dieldrin of three flea species in the boyolali plague endemic area, Central Java, Indonesia.

Insecticide susceptibility tests with 4% DDT, 0.5% and 5.0% malathion, 1% fenitrothion, and 0.2% dieldrin impregnated papers were carried out with fleas spp. from the Boyolali plague zone. The field flea (Stivalius cognatus) which was highly susceptible to malathion before, has now been found to be resistant to the insecticide, but was found susceptible to the other three insecticides. The oriental rat flea (X. cheopis) which found previously highly resistant to DDT, was now found to be less resistant, and susceptible to other insecticides tested. From preliminary tests with DDT to another field flea (Neopsylla sondiacus), it was found to be susceptible to the insecticide.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Evaluation of a single oral dose of lufenuron to control flea infestations in dogs.

A single dose of lufenuron was administered to dogs to test its efficacy in controlling cat flea (Ctenocephalides felis) infestations for at least 30 days. Efficacy measurements revealed marked differences in the reproduction capability of fleas collected from dogs in the treatment vs the control group. Essentially, all of the eggs collected from dogs treated with lufenuron were unable to develop into normal adult fleas. Conversely, in the control group, 68.6% of the flea eggs developed into normal adult progeny.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1993

Studies on the ectoparasites (fleas and lice) on rodents in Riyadh and its surroundings, Saudi Arabia.

A survey was conducted on rodents from the Riyadh City and surroundings. Two species of fleas, Xenopsylla cheopis and Ctenocephalides felis felis together with Polyplax spinulosa were collected. The highest infestation rate by both fleas occurred on Rattus rattus followed by Rattus norvegicus and Mus musculus. Females of R. rattus and R. norvegicus were more infested by fleas than males. On the other hand, Meriones spp., Gerbillus spp., Jaculus jaculus and Acomys dimidiatus were infested with X. cheopis and C.f. felis. The highest infestation rate by fleas occurred on Gerbillus spp. followed by Meriones spp.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Flea ectoparasites of commensal rodents in Shebin El Kom, Menoufia Governorate, Egypt.

Rodents population are widely distributed in some Egyptian Governorates, particularly those in the Nile Delta. Generally speaking, rodents particularly those living in close association with man, play a major role in human health, welfare and economy. Besides, their arthropod ectoparasites are important vectors of pathogenic agents as well as they themselves are causative agents of many allergic disorders. No doubt, the increase in rodent population is followed by an increase in many zoonotic diseases. In Shebin El Kom city, the capital of Menoufia Governorate three commensal rodents were identified. They were Mus musculus (house mouse), Rattus rattus (black rat) and Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat). The maximal rat index was in Autumn (0.69) and minimal was in Winter (0.2). Five species of fleas were collected from the rodents. They were Xenopsylla cheopis (57.7%), Xenopsylla ramesis. (12.7%), Pulex irritans (12.7%), Leptopsylla segnis (11.3%) and Ctenocephalides felis (5.6%). The maximal flea index was in Spring (1.02) and the minimal was in Winter (zero) The highly infested rodent species was R. rattus (0.65/rat), R. norvegicus (0.62/rat) and the lowest was M. musculus (0.45/mouse). The overall flea index was 0.59. The role of fleas in disease transmission was included. No doubt, to carry out feasible control measures against rodents and their ectoparasites complete understanding of their bionomics must be well studied.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Identification of a natural cycle involving Rickettsia typhi infection of Monopsyllus sciurorum sciurorum fleas from the nests of the fat dormouse (Glis glis).

In a mountainous area in the Dinaric Beech-Fir Forest of southern Slovenia, summer nests of the European fat dormouse (Glis glis) were collected. From these dormouse nests, 180 Monopsyllus sciurorum sciurorum fleas were examined by polymerase chain reaction with primers for the Rickettsia citrate synthase gene. Samples from one nest yielded the expected 381 base pair DNA product. The origin of the DNA product was identified as Rickettsia typhi by AluI restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Inoculation of the triturated positive fleas into Vero cell culture resulted in the cultivation of a rickettsia which reacted with polyclonal and species-specific monoclonal antibodies for R. typhi. The widespread distribution of this sylvatic flea species in nearly all of Europe as well as in the Middle East and its presence on other mammalian and avian hosts suggests that R. typhi might exist in unrecognised enzootic cycles. Further investigations are needed to determine the extent of these cycles in Europe and the potential occurrence of human infections.

Animals↗
PubMed1955

Wild-rodent-flea control in rural areas of an enzootic plague region in Hawaii; a preliminary investigation of methods.

Preliminary field tests were carried out to develop methods for controlling fleas on wild rodents in the enzootic plague region of the Island of Hawaii. Among several designs, a metal hood-type DDT bait-box was developed which was simple in design, low in cost, easy to transport to and maintain in the field, protected the insecticide from the elements, and attracted all species of field rats inhabiting a gulch in the Hamakua District. These rats-Rattus rattus (and its subspecies), R. norvegicus, and R. hawaiiensis-readily fed in the DDT bait-boxes and were dusted with 10% DDT powder (in pyrophyllite) on contacting hanging cloth sacks, containing the insecticide, when entering and leaving the bait-boxes. The results indicate that a reduction of the plague-vector fleas, Xenopsylla cheopis and X. vexabilis hawaiiensis, may be obtained both on rats and within their burrows and nests, by the use of DDT bait-boxes. It is suggested that the use of such bait-boxes for wild-rodent-flea control may constitute a valuable method in the prevention of epizootics of plague in the Hamakua District, Hawaii.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Isolation, characterization, and recombinant expression of multiple serpins from the cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis.

Several clones encoding serine protease inhibitors were isolated from larval and adult flea cDNA expression libraries by immunoscreening and PCR amplification. Each cDNA contained an open reading frame encoding a protein of approximately 45 kDa, which had significant sequence similarity with the serpin family of serine protease inhibitors. The thirteen cDNA clones isolated to date encode serpin proteins, which share a primary structure that includes a nearly identical constant region of about 360 amino acids, followed by a C-terminal variable region of about 40-60 amino acids. The variable C-terminal sequences encode most of the reactive site loop (RSL) and are generated by mutually exclusive alternative exon splicing, which may confer unique protease selectivity to each serpin. Utilization of an alternative exon splicing mechanism has been verified by sequence analysis of a flea serpin genomic clone and adjacent genomic sequences. RNA expression patterns of the cloned genes have been examined by Northern blot analysis using variable region-specific probes. Several putative serpins have been overexpressed using the cDNA clones in Escherichia coli and baculovirus expression systems. Two purified baculovirus-expressed recombinant proteins have N-terminal amino acid sequences identical to the respective purified native mature flea serpins indicating that appropriate N-terminal processing occurred in the virus-infected insect cells.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Efficacy of imidacloprid, imidacloprid/permethrin and phoxim for flea control in the Mustelidae (ferrets, mink).

Farmed mink (Mustela vison), a close relative of the domestic ferret (Mustela putorius furo), naturally infested with the squirrel flea (Ceratophyllus sciurorum) were included in a study to investigate three compounds for flea control. The test products were imidacloprid in a 10% (w/v) solution, an imidacloprid 10% (w/v)/permethrin 50% (w/v) solution, and phoxim; all three are well-known compounds for the control of different ectoparasites in a wide range of animals. Two groups of mink received 0.1 ml per animal of the imidacloprid or the imidacloprid/permethrin combination at days 0 and 28, respectively. Two groups of mink were sprayed with 25 ml of a 0.1% phoxim solution at day 0 and either 1x25 ml or 2x25 ml, respectively, of a 0.05% phoxim solution at day 28. One group of mink served as an untreated control. At assessment on day 56 the efficacy was 91.9% in the imidacloprid group, 89.3% in the imidacloprid/permethrin group, 92.2% in the phoxim 1x25-ml group and 99.3% in the phoxim 2x25 ml group, respectively. In the untreated control group an average of 757 fleas per mink nesting material was recorded.

Administration, Topical↗