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PubMed1987

Testing of chemicals, safety evaluation and regulation at European Community level.

Regulations regarding safety of chemicals are covered by the following main programmes: health and safety at work, internal market and technical harmonization, environmental and consumer protection. The elaboration of draft Community legislation by the Commission for transmission to Council and the European Parliament requires an evaluation of the scientific data together with a determination of the technical possibilities and economic impact. Studies, scientific committees, national experts and tripartite advisory committees are used. For new chemicals premarketing testing is required for labelling. The testing scheme is described. From the legislative point of view chemical safety is considered essentially in terms of six broad categories: air and water pollution and handling of toxic wastes, classification and labelling of dangerous chemicals and preparations, limitations of use of dangerous substances and preparations, occupational health and safety measures, prevention of major industrial chemical accidents, public health measures related to dangerous chemicals. The classification and labelling of carcinogens and the regulation of the various facets of the use of lead will illustrate these regulatory procedures.

Accident Prevention↗
PubMed1988

Commuting--a further stress factor for working people: evidence from the European Community. II. An empirical study.

This report summarizes the main results of research promoted by the European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions, concerning the impact of commuting on the health and safety of workers. An empirical study, carried out among 1167 industrial Italian workers, shows that "commuters" (workers whose journey from home to work usually does not take less than 45 min in each direction) experienced a more stressed life-style than did "non commuters" (whose journey does not take more than 20 min). Commuting appears for many workers to be a necessity which is imposed by external factors, such as the housing market and job opportunities. Commuting is shown to interfere with patterns of everyday life by restricting free-time and reducing sleeping time. A majority of commuters use public transport mainly because of cost. Public transport commuters have problems due to more changes between modes, idle waiting times and delays leading to late arrival at work. Inside transport modes, commuters suffered discomfort as a result of overcrowding, microclimatic conditions, noise and vibrations. Commuters also reported higher psychological stress scores, more health complaints, essentially of psychosomatic nature, and greater absenteeism from work due to sickness. Commuting, in addition to shiftwork, further increases sleep problems, psychosomatic complaints and difficulties with family and social life. Women commuters were at a greater disadvantage than men, having more family difficulties, more travelling complaints and higher absenteeism.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Differences between national reference laboratories of the European community in their ability to serotype Salmonella species.

The capacity of national reference laboratories of the European Union member states to correctly serotype Salmonella strains was assessed in four collaborative studies on serotyping in the period 1995-1999. Participants were asked to identify 20 strains in studies I, II and III and 16 strains in study IV, using the typing method routinely performed in their laboratory. In the first study, the strains to be identified belonged to Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica, salamae or houtenae, while in the other studies only strains belonging to Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica were included. Significant differences between laboratories and between studies were found. Differences were related to the frequency of actual occurrence of the study strains in the area served by the laboratory and the number of antisera available in the laboratory.

Bacterial Typing Techniques↗
PubMed1993

Staff views on parental visiting of very low birthweight infants in neonatal intensive care units--results of a staff enquiry across eleven countries of the European Community. EC-Study Group on Parental Involvement in Neonatal Intensive Care.

As part of a larger European study of parental visiting and involvement in the care of very low birth weight infants in neonatal intensive care units, the results of a self-completed anonymous enquiry of 1008 medical/nursing staff of 35 units in 11 European countries are presented. The study demonstrates a general agreement with parental visiting and involvement, with sometimes striking differences in views of staff of different countries, but with little or no differences between medical and nursing staff. Staff with more than seven years experience in neonatal care have a less positive attitude towards parent's presence in the unit. The same holds true for staff of units that have a restricted policy toward parents' visiting, i.e. units which do not have a 24-hours visiting policy for parents.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗